CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Kotovskaya A.R., Fomina G.À. Changes in main vein characteristics of cosmonaut's lower extremities in the course of year-long space missions
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 6. P. 5–10.
Leg venous measurements were performed in two cosmonauts during the 379-d “Mir” mission (Ê-1 and 340-d ISS mission (K-2). The paper presents individual changes in venous capacity, distention and filling rate in the legs of these two cosmonauts, and 23 cosmonauts on 6-mos. missions as controls. In the first half of the year-long missions, changes in venous characteristics showed similar trends though had different dimensions. For instance, in K-1 increases in capacity and distention were more pronounced than in K-2. In the second half of the missions, the cosmonauts again displayed different changes in venous characteristics. In K-1 they all were unstable with episodes of simultaneous increases in venous capacity, distention and filling rate that were unfavorable for orthostatic stability (OS). Changes in the K-2 leg veins were less dramatic and detrimental to OS. Recovery of the pre-flight status of leg veins following the year-long missions took a longer time as compared with 6-mos. missions; the process was still incomplete by day 8 after landing. We surmise that in future one-year and longer missions the majority of cosmonauts are likely to have favorable changes in leg veins; however, untoward venous developments and consequent OS impairment must not be excluded.
Key words: year-long space mission, lower extremity veins, orthostatic stability.
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Stepanova G.P., Degterenkova N.V., Stepanova K.Yu. Reaction of the cardiovascular system to orthostatic testing during extended head-down bed rest as a function of the countermeasures start date
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 6. P. 11–20.
The cardiovascular system (CVS) and its regulation are highly vulnerable to limited physical activity equally on Earth and in space. Purpose of the work is to study mechanical cardiac reactions to the standing test during extended head-down bed rest (BR) as a function of countermeasures start date. Subjects were 9 male volunteers. To assess the bioelectrical activity of the heart (ECG) and mechanical activity (echoECG), the standing test was conducted during baseline data collection, every 60 days in BR, and on day 60 of recovery. The results showed a nonlinear dependence of the CVS function on time in BR. Level of orthostatic stability and time for orthostatic stability recovery were largely dependent on the scope of countermeasures applied during BR.
Key words: head-down bed rest, standing test, cardiac output and stroke volume.
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Popova I.I., Repenkova L.G., Rukavishnikov I.V. Monitoring of the functional state of human subjects in isolation in experiment Luna-2015
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 6. P. 21–24
The paper describes ECG, HR, blood oxyhemoglobin (SpO2) and noninvasive pressure, as well as respiration monitoring at di?erent times points in the Luna-2015 experiment with 9-day isolation implemented at the IBMP ground-based test facility.
Key words: monitoring, hard- and software.
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Ilyin V.K., Shumilina G.A., Solovieva Z.O., Nosovsky À.Ì., Kaminskaya E.V. Some characteristics of the oral cavity and teeth of cosmonauts on missions to the International Space Station
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 6. P. 25–30.
Earlier studies were furthered by examination of parodentium anaerobic microbiota and investigation of gingival liquid immunological factors in space flight. Immunoglobulins were measured using the enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The qualitative content of key parodentium pathogens is determined with state-of-the-art molecular biology technologies such as the polymerase chain reaction. Statistical data processing was performed using the principle component analysis and ensuing standard statistical analysis.
Thereupon, recommendations on cosmonaut's oral and dental hygiene during space mission were developed.
Key words: oral cavity, local immunity of the gingival liquid, anaerobic microbiota of the parodentium, hygienic necessaries, space mission.
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Fomina E.V., Savinkina À.Î., Chumachenko V.V. Locomotion strategies and intensity of support reactions as an approach to individualization of countermeasures against the negative effects of microgravity
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 6. P. 31–36.
A search for optimal methods of planning cosmonaut's training is currently guided by the concept of the leading role of support afferentation in hypogravity-induced changes of locomotion. Support afferentation is dependent on the strength of support reactions (SR); in this connection, the investigation was aimed at analysis of the vertical component of maximal SR at identical speeds of different types of locomotion on motorized and nonmotorized treadmill in 1 g and micro-g. Minimal vertical components of maximal SR were measured during walk on the motorized treadmill. Maximal vertical components of maximal SR were measured during run on the nonmotorized treadmill. This was observed regularly on ISS treadmill BD-2 outfitted with vibroisolation and a special training suit to produce axial loading. On the ground, the relationship was less regular. Considerable differences of individual locomotion strategies and maximal SR values imply that SR is a factor that must be taken into account when planning individual training programs for cosmonauts on long-duration missions.
Key words: space flight, microgravity, support reactions, locomotion strategy, prevention.
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Mukhamedieva L.N., Tsarkov D.S., Ozerov D.S., Markin À.À., Nosovsky À.Ì. Molecular metabolites in healthy human's breath during modeled prolonged hypodynamia
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 6. P. 37–44.
Low-molecular volatile metabolites were studies in breath of healthy human subjects exposed to prolonged hypodynamia and verified as potential biomarkers of hypoxia in skeletal muscles and myocardium by comparison with energy metabolism biochemical indices.
Profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was explored in breath of human subjects whose motor activities were limited due to 520-d isolation and confinement (Mars-500). Analysis of detected VOCs and comparison with dynamics of energy metabilism resulted in suggesting acetol as a potential breath biomarker of tissue hypoxia in skeletal muscles and myocardium.
Origination of acetol, the lactate precursor in methylglyoxal glucose oxidation, was hypothesized. It was shown that acetol decreases in consequence of low motor activity correlates with changes in biochemical indices of enzymes involved in energy metabolism and glycolysis, and also creatinine indicative of underloading the skeletal muscles.
Decline in the activities of muscular and myocardial constellation enzymes during hypodynamia matches with the reliable dicrease in breath acetol.
Key words: air expired by healthy human, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), acetol, hypoxia, enzymes, hypodynamia, biomarkers.
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Povysheva T.V., Chelyshev Yu.A. Spaceflight effects on glial cells of mouse bone marrow
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 6. P. 45–50.
Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze lumbar enlargements in C57BL/6N mice on day 30 of a space flight with and w/o 7-day deadaptation to Earth. Space flown and non-deadapted mice had an increased number of S100B+-cells in the central channel zone and decreased populations of GFAP+-astrocytes in ventral horns, Olig2+-cells in the corticospinal tract, P0+-cells in ventral horns and dorsal roots entry zone, Krox24+-cells in ventral horns, dorsal roots entry zone and central channel zone, and reduced OSP fluorescence density in ventral channels. Elevated expression of myelin-producing Olig2, P0 and Krox24 markers on day 7 of deadaptation implies recovery, significance of immunocytochemical changes in the myelin-producing cells in space flight, and suggests potentially rapid normalization of pathologic deviations in myelin fibers in consequence of the hypogravity motor syndrome.
Key words: space flight, microgravity, mice, bone marrow, glia.
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Tsetlin V.V., Moisa S.S., Levinskikh M.A., Nefedova E.L. Effect of very small doses of ionizing radiation and hypomagnetic field change physiological characteristics of higher plant seeds
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 6. P. 51–58.
Effects of a 40-times weakened geomagnetic field and its combination with low ?- and ?-radiation doses on the physiological characteristics of higher plant seeds and water redox properties were studied. Germination rate was found decreased and seedlings development retarded equally when exposure to the hepomagnetic field was direct or mediated by water. Besides, water-mediated irradiation by low ?-doses moderated and by low ?-doses augmented the negative HMF effect on seeds growth. In other words, ionizing radiation dominated in this combination. The redox potential of water (ROP) was noted to rise due to low-intensity ?-radiation (239Pu) that was nonlinear and polymodal. Comparing to ?-irradiation, the range of ROP changes due to ?-irradiation (137Cs) was narrow which was reflected in growth processes in seeds. Water ROP increases as the magnetic field induction attenuates which implies a natural reduction of water molecules internal energy and bettering of water oxidative qualities. In our view, this was the cause for retarded seed germination. Water is believed to be the determinant for the factors in this study as their effects on seeds were modified by changes in water qualities and structure.
Key words: ?- and ?-radiation, hypomagnetic field, redox potential, physiological properties of seeds.
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Yasnetsov V.V., Karsanova S.K., Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Motin V.G., Chelnaya N.A. Action of new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives with anti-naupathia properties on central neurons
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 6. P. 59–63.
Experiments with cats showed that microinjections into the lung of new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives SK-119 and IBKhF-27 had a direct action on 50 and 84 % of medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons respectively. The inhibitory response to the compounds was observed 6 and 25 times more frequently than exciting; inhibition by IBKhF-27 was observed 1.9 times more frequently than by SK-119. Also, microinjections of SK-119 and IBKhF-27 acted directly on 44 % and 81 % of cat's Purkinje cells, respectively. In case of Purkinje cells, the inhibitory reaction was seen 5.5 and 25 times oftener than exciting, respectively, and inhibition by IBKhF-27 occurred 2.1 times more frequently than by SK-119. Investigations of rat's cerebellum sections evidenced that 5 mM of IBKhF-27 inhibited population responses of Purkinje cells 95 ? 3 %. In the presence of specific noncompetitive NMDA-receptor antagonist (ÌÊ-801, 100 µM) the depressive effect was annulled almost fully by 96 ± 2 %. It follows that IBKhF-27 nearly entirely inhibits synaptic transmission from cerebellar parallel fibers to Purkinje cells, while ÌÊ-801 has a similarly strong anti-depression effect that testifies the involvement of the NMDA-receptor complex predominantly.
Key words: new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives, medial vestibular nucleusî, cerebellum, Purkinje cells.
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Clinical Investigations
Kniga V.V., Kataman Å.À., Kuzmina A.Yu. The use of operational multi-pilot limitation (OML) rule in medical certification of civil pilots with cardiovascular pathologies
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 6. P. 64–69.
In January, 2015, the Russian aviation medical certification boards adopted the rule of medical certification with OML. The review analyzes the first hands-on experience in medical certification with limitations (OML) of pilots with cardiovascular pathologies in compliance with the guidelines of the International Civil Aviation Organization, European requirements, and overviews the Russian practices of pilots’ medical certification.
Key words: pilots’ medical certification, aviation medicine, cardiology.
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Methods
Krasichkov À.S., Grigoriev Å.B., Nifontov Å.Ì., Shapovalov V.V. Algorithm of cardio complex detection and simultaneous classification for processing the data of continuous cardio signal monitoring
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V.50. ¹ 6. P. 70–78.
The paper presents an algorithm of cardio complex classification as part of processing the data of continuous cardiac monitoring. R-wave detection concurrently with cardio complex sorting is discussed. The core of this approach is the use of prior information about cardio complex forms, segmental structure, and degree of kindness. Results of the sorting algorithm testing are provided.
Key words: electrical cardio signal, cardio complex sorting, continuous monitoring, estimation theory.
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Chronicle and Information
Medenkov À.À. At the origin of space psychology (in commemoration of the 100th birthday of F.D. Gorbov)
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