CONTENTS
Reviews
Zhdanko I.M., Zinkin V.N., Soldatov S.K., Bogomolov A.V., Sheshegov P.M. Fundamental and applied aspects of preventing the adverse effects of aviation noise
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 4. P. 5–16.
In the article, aviation noise is discussed as a harmful physical factor with ecological, hygienic, clinical and social implications. Noise contributes to development of general and occupational pathologies, chronic diseases, and reduction of professional longevity.
The present-day knowledge of aviation noise sources and dynamics, and effects on environment, population, and aviation personnel is overviewed, as well as strategies to prevent noise consequences, muffling techniques being the key ones.
Key words: medical acoustics, aviation noise, protection against noise, hearing physiology, engineering acoustics.
|
|
|
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Afonin B.V., Sedova Å.À., Tikhonova G.À., Solovieva À.À., Valuev V.À. Evaluation of the liver functional changes due to modeling the hemodynamic effects of microgrvaity in bed rest studies
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 4. P. 17–22
Ultrasonic investigations of 8 male volunteers for bed rest at -15° showed plethora in peritoneal veins and slow blood flow through the liver with no effect on biochemical parameters. Breath test with 100 mg of 13Ñ-methacetine (MBT) pointed to diminution of the metabolic capacity and decline of the hepatic detoxification activity due to the hemodynamic effects. MBT can be used as a nonintrusive method for diagnosing functional changes in the liver induced by hemodynamic developments in microgravity and other situations triggering similar hemodynamic mechanisms.
Key words: bed rest, hepatic veins, venous plethora, 13Ñ- methacetine breath test, 13Ñ- methoxymethacetine, metabolic capacity, detoxification activity of the liver.
|
|
|
Stepanova G.P., Buylov S.P., Eshchenko A.I., Skedina Ì.À., Voronkov Yu.I. Effects of the 520-day isolation on the functional state of the cardiovascular system
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 4. P. 23–27
Purpose of the work was to study the cardiovascular effects of simulated factors in a 520-day crewed mission to Mars, and to validate the diagnostic value of the ultrasonic investigation of microcirculation and endothelium-dependent dilation of the right brachial artery in 6 male volunteers at the age of 28 to 39 years. It appears that 520-d isolation affected intracardiac hemodynamics and endothelium function more dramatically compared with 105-d isolation, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis. These findings add insight into the «cost of human adaptation» to very long isolation.
Key words: cardiovascular system, test-subject, ultrasonic investigation of microcirculation, endothelium-dependent dilation of the right brachial artery, ECG and BP monitoring.
|
|
|
Eskov Ê.N., Vinokhodova À.G. Interconnected operator’s activity under the conditions of experimental climatic stress
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 4. P. 28–32
Homeostatic testing was used to monitor the interpersonal instrumental interaction of participants in the experiment with isolation in the conditions of abnormally high temperatures and pall of smoke. It was found that the factor of extreme exposure influenced the team work activity in the isolated small group.
Homeostatic testing allowed differentiation between 2 types of people, i.e. leaders and subordinates, and identify those who combine traits of both the leader and subordinate.
The data suggest that success of a common task is determined as by well-considered, purposive actions of the leader, so by spontaneous, on the pattern of random search, contribution from operators.
Key words: homeostatic testing, isolated small group, extreme exposure, individual activity, leadership behavior.
|
|
|
Ivanov À.I., Lapa V.V., Davydov V.V., Ryabinin V.A., Golosov S.Yu. Experimental studies of reliability of symbolic information perception from the aviation LCD panel
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 4. P. 33–36
Results of tachistiscopic experiments on reliability of symbol recognition on LCD panel as a function of screen definition (640 õ 480, 800 õ 600 and 1024 õ 768 pixels), angular size of a picture element (10, 15, 20 and 30 angular min) and luminance contrast (LC) with the background (0.2 to 1.4 standard units) are presented.
The obtained quantitative relations indicate significance of the above parameters for recognition reliability. Symbols with the size of 30 angular min and LC of 0.5 were recognizable irrespective of screen definition in the study. Recognition of symbols 20 and 15 angular min of size was much dependent on screen definition and LC of symbols. For symbols of size 10 angular min and LC ≥ 1.0 the recognition probability did not exceed 0.59–0.7.
Key words: perception, symbol information, angular size, luminance contrast, LCD panel, screen definition.
|
|
|
Ogneva I.V., Biryukov N.S., Leinsoo T.A., Larina I.M. Structure of the cortical cytoskeleton of the left cardiac ventricle hystiocytes and of soleus muscle fibers in rats following short-time suspension
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 4. P. 37–45
Purpose of the investigation was to examine structural rearrangements in the cortical cytoskeleton as a result of changes in external mechanic conditions. Objects of the investigation were Wistar rat’s m.soleus fibers and left ventricle hystiocytes. Suspension for 6, 12, 18, 24 and 72 hours was performed according to the Ilyin – Novikov procedure modified by Morey-Holton. Cell stiffness, non-muscle actin and actin-binding proteins in the protein membrane and cytoplasmic fractions, and respective gene expression were evaluated. In addition, corticosterone levels were measured in blood serum.
After 6 hours of suspension, actin-binding proteins went down in the membrane fraction, i.e. alpha-actinin-1 decreased in hystiocytes and alpha-actinin-4 in m. soleus fibers. On the contrary, their content in the cytoplasmatic fraction increased. Expression of genes coding beta- and gamma-actin, alpha-actinin-1 and alpha-actinin-4 in m. soleus fibers showed a decrease. However, the apha-actinin-1 gene regained its baseline expression rate in 72 hours. Following 18 to 24 hours of suspension, expression of the beta-actin and alpha-actinin-4 genes in hystiocytes grew in comparison with baseline values, while expression of alpha-actinin-1 gene decreased. After 12 hours of suspension, beta- and gamma-actin levels were reduced in membrane proteins and increased in cytoplasmatic proteins in hystiocytes and m. soleus fibers. Stiffness showed a decline in each type of cell. Further into suspension, membrane proteins of hystiocytes increased levels of non-muscle actin and actin-binding proteins, and stiffness of these cells. Levels of these proteins decreased in m. soleus fibers, as also did cell stiffness. Serum corticosterone hardly altered but was slightly increased after 6 hours of suspension.
Key words: microgravity, non-muscle actin, cell stiffness.
|
|
|
Voeikova Ò.À., Tyaglov B.V., Novikova L.Ì., Krestyanova I.N., Emelyanova L.Ê., Korshunov D.V., Morozova Yu.À., Ilyin V.Ê. Bion-M1. Biological activities of microorganisms under the conditions of a 30-day space flight
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 4. P. 46–52
It was stated that spaceflight factors (SFF) affect the chromosomal DNA interchange during Streptomyces crossing. Cross polarity and primary input of a parent chromosome fragment in recombinant generation imply a more lasting cells contact in microgravity and a broader horizontal transport of genetic material. SFF had no effect on recombination frequency and mutation in a model of parental auxotrophic markers reversion to prototrophism. It was demonstrated that SFF boosted the fÑ31 phage exit from S. lividans 66 and did not influence phage induction in S. coelicolor A. SFF inhibited synthesis of antiobiotic actinorhodin in lisogenic S. coelicolor A3(2), and tylosin and desmicosin in S. fradiae. Survivability of electrogenic bacteria S. oneidensis MR-1 in space flight was higher compared with the synchronous control experiment. The reduction activity of S. oneidensis MR-1 as an indicator of electron generation effectiveness was identical in flight and laboratory samples.
Key words: microorganisms, biological activities, g. Streptomyces, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, spaceflight factors.
|
|
|
Mednikova E.I., Gurieva T.S., Dadasheva Î.À, Sychev V.N., Morozova Yu.À. Development of paste-type food for experiments with mice onboard unmanned spacecrafts
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 4. P. 53–56.
One of the crucial issues of handling animals in space flight is availability of food and water supply systems. However, water supply for animal experiments onboard unmanned spacecrafts is a particularly formidable problem.
To maintain laboratory mice in space flight, a paste-type food was formulated on the basis of the standard extruded combined food for laboratory rodents (PK-120) with a 18.3 % wet protein content and moisture raised to 68 %. Food manufacturing technology for rodents reproduces essentially the one for quails that had shown good advantages in an experiment with adult birds aboard orbital complex Mir. The proposed food was tested with white laboratory mice (males and females) of mature 37-d age. According to the data of blood clinical analysis and visceral organs morphology investigations, feeding with the paste-type food without additional water over 21 days did not change the life weight of mice or food digestibility and availability. These biological test results gave go to feed mice in the Bion-M1 and synchronous ground experiments with the paste-type food.
Key words: unmanned spacecrafts, paste-type food, mice, digestibility, availability.
|
|
|
Velichko V.V., Ushakova S.A., Tikhomirov À.À. Ion-exchange substrate as a source of nitrogen mobile forms in the conveyor method of vegetables cultivation on artificial soil
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. ¹ 4. P. 57–62
The investigation had the objective to evaluate the applicability of ion-exchange substrate to maintaining the mobile nitrogen content in irrigation solution and artificial coil during cultivation of a mixed (in term of age) vegetable container. Objects of the investigation were radishes and leaf cabbage crops with the period of vegetation of 28 days. A 120-day experiment showed that single introduction of the ion-exchange substrate promoted nitrogen stabilization in the irrigation solution and, consequently, yielding of higher crops as compared with the control.
Key words: ion-exchange substrate, artificial soil, conveyor, bio-engineering life support system.
|
|
|
Jubilee
Kniga V.V. Department of aviation and space medicine: 75 years
Chronicles and Information
Information letter. The IXth All-Army theoretical and practical conference with international participation on Barotherapy in Complex Treatment and Rehabilitation of the Wounded, Sick and Affected
|