CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Kotovskaya À.R., Fomina G.À., Alferova I.V., Salnikov A.V. Predicting orthostatic stability of cosmonauts in microgravity by the condition of lower extremities veins in the course of 6-month space flights
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 3. P. 5–9
The paper presents the results of leg occlusive plethysmography performed in 29 cosmonauts before, in and after 6-month missions on the Russian segment of the International space station in the period from 2010 through to 2015.
It was stated that the level of change in venous capacity, compliance and rate of filling during the occlusion test as well as dynamics of these changes during microgravity can predict cosmonaut's orthostatic stability (OS) in long-duration missions. The most significant in-flight predictor is the rate of filling, i.e. its reduction is a good sign, whereas increase is untoward. Concurrent increases in venous capacity, compliance and filling rate may testify to a drastic OS decline. Gradual recovery of the baseline (pre-flight) status of leg veins together with OS suggests an adaptive nature of the changes developing in microgravity.
Key words: microgravity, veins, orthostatic stability, prognosis.
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Novikova N.D., Poddubko S.V., Deshevaya Å.À., Nagolkin À.V., Volodina Å.V., Zagidullov M.F. Resume and prospects for integration in space medicine of the microbiological air purification technology with the use of systems "Potok"
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 3. P. 10–16
Results of the long-standing microbiological investigations onboard the orbital complexes “Mir” and International space station showed that air decontaminating system (ADS) “Potok 150ÌÊ” have been capable to provide air biological cleanness and safety. The system inactivates microorganisms that form microflora of the human environment in space vehicles and controls air parameters within the established sanitary-microbiological limits. In space industry, ADS “Potok” could be used to the advantage not only of long-duration piloted missions, but also on the stage of pre-launch preparations of cargo and transport vehicles or assembly of robotic spacecrafts to meet the planetary quarantine requirements in interplanetary missions.
Key words: space vehicle environment, microorganisms, air decontamination, “Potok” technology.
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Konovalova I.O., Berkovich Yu.A., Erokhin À.N., Smolyanina S.O., Yakovleva Î.S., Znamensky A.I., Tarakanov I.G., Radchenko S.G., Lapach S.N., Trofimov Yu.V., Tsvirko V.I. Optimization of a light-emitting diode-based illumination system of a vitamin space greenhouse
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 3. P. 17–22
The paper describes a digitally-controlled light-emitting diode illuminator for a vitamin space greenhouse combining white (color temperature 4000 Ê) and red (660 nm) diodes. The illuminator controls emission intensity within the range of 0 to 6000 µÌ/(m2•s), pulsed radiation frequency within 0.5 to 30 kHz, and ratios of the red and white spectra. A fractional 3-factor experiment with Chinese cabbage crops with total duration of 14 832 hours failed to reveal differences between actual and preset parameters of illumination. Results of the experiment were used to construct regression dependences of Chinese cabbage yield and ascorbic acid content of sprouts on illumination conditions and to reconsider criteria of choosing optimal illumination for plants in the vitamin greenhouse.
Key words: space greenhouse, light-emitting diodes, spectral light composition, pulsed illumination, crop productivity, ascorbic acid, regression analysis, planning of an experiment.
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Mitrikas V.G., Khorosheva E.G. Effective doses from ionizing radiation exposure of cosmonauts during extravehicular activity
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 3. P. 23–29
To ensure radiation safety of cosmonauts it is necessary to know values of effective equivalent dose to cosmonauts not only over the period of life inside the International space station (ISS) but also during extravehicular activity (EVA). At present, calculation is the only method of correct estimate of radiation exposure of total body, and specific organs and systems. The paper discusses some aspects of mathematical modeling of radiation exposure during EVA on the ISS Russian segment. Comparison of dosimeter Pille calculation and experimental data evidences that determination of exposure by subtraction of control dosimeter readings from the EVA-used Pille readings results in a faulty absorbed dose estimate. The authors give some practical advice on how to determine values of additional radiation exposure during EVA and equivalent doses received by cosmonauts who had participated in the earliest 48 egresses to open space.
Key words: International space station, extravehicular activity, ionizing radiation, irradiation of cosmonauts, absorbed dose, shielding function.
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Smirnov S.Ê., Ilyin V.Ê., Usanova N.À., Gordeev Yu.V., Orlov Î.I. Evaluation of effectiveness of prebiotic Eubicor for prevention of dysbacteriosis in a delayed period of body rehabilitation after ?-irradiation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 3. P. 30–34
The subject of investigation was effectiveness of prebiotic Eubicor in correction of changes in intestinal microbiocenosis including those caused by ionizing radiation exposure of primates. Eubicor was found to lower amplitude of variations in intestinal microflora, to shorten time of pathogens elimination, and to activate obligate flora. We can make a supposition that a maximal Eubicor dose may correct microbiocenosis particularly swiftly with an apparent improvement coming already after one month of treatment.
Key words: microflora, primates, prebiotics, ϒ-radiation dose.
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Platova N.G., Lebedev V.Ì., Spassky À.V., Òîlochek R.V., Òrukhanov Ê.À. Chromosomal disorders in lettuce seeds due to combined sequential exposure to accelerated ions of argon and hypomagnetic environment
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 3. P. 35–41
Results of separate and combined exposure of Lactuca sativa L. seeds to argon nuclei of 290 MeV/nucleon (linear energy transfer about 1.1•102 keV/µm) and attenuated geomagnetic field (i.e. imitation of the conditions peculiar for the Moon and remote space) are reported. Absorbed dose amounted to 1 Gy; compared with the Moscow region (around 5 • 102 µTl), the geomagnetic field was attenuated in 2.5• 103; 3.6 • 102 and 5 • 101 times respectively. Ana-telophase analysis of the root meristem first mitosis evidenced the highest percent of aberrant cells in irradiated seeds that germinated in 2.5•103-fold attenuated geomagnetic field, this fact implies a synergic effect of 2 factors.
Key words: remote space missions, heavy ions, hypomagnetic environment, combined biological effect, Lactuca sativa, lettuce seeds, chromosomal aberrations.
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Clinical Investigations
Dzhimak S.S., Basov À.À., Fedulova L.V., Bykov I.M., Ivlev V.A., Melkonyan K.I., Timakov À.À. Determination of deuterium concentration in biological liquids with the use of NMR-spectroscopy
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 3. P. 42–47
One of the major goals of aerospace medicine is development of an advanced system of human life support including a technology of producing deuterium-depleted water which, in its turn, requires monitoring of the isotopic composition of bio-liquids. NMR-spectroscopy enabled acquisition of data about the isotopic composition (D/H) of some bio-liquids of lactating females. High effectiveness of the method of measuring deuterium in liquids using NMR-spectroscopy and Europium (III) trifluormethanesulphonate was demonstrated. According to the investigations, deuterium concentration in natural bio-liquids varies significantly bringing about an isotope (D/H) gradient (saliva δD >> blood plasma δD > mother's milk δD). It is noteworthy that consumption of potable water with δD = 60 ppm did not alter the isotope (D/H) gradient (saliva δD > blood plasma δD ≥ δD mother's milk); however, absolute difference in deuterium concentrations in bio-liquids decreased by more than a half. The largest invert correlation of organic components in the liquids under study (r = -0.77) was observed between deuterium and lipids. By and large, NMR-spectroscopy allows non-invasive determination of the deuterium content in mixed saliva and mother's milk.
Key words: biological liquids, non-invasive monitoring, deuterium, NMR-spectroscopy, isotope gradient.
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Kalmanov A.S., Makarov E.V., Shishkin A.N., Pisarev À.À., Bubeev Yu.A. Temporary correction of the functional status of divers by inhalation of special xenon-based gas mixtures in the course of instructional and training sessions
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 3. P. 48–54
Purpose of the work was a placebo-controlled study of benefits from a course of therapeutic inhalation of a xenon-oxygen gas mixture provided to professional divers at intensive instructional and training sessions.
Participating 18 divers (aged 30 ± 2.2 yrs.) were distributed into 3 equal groups (n = 6): experimental, control and placebo. The experimental group inhaled a gas mixture of 25 % Õå and 75 % Î2; the placebo group inhaled a moderately hyperoxyginated air mixture. Functional status was assessed by analysis of hemodynamics, heart rate variability, subjective sensations, and functional tests data.
The course of xenon-oxygen inhalation was shown to decrease the sympathoadrenal activity, to normalize the subjective status and to strengthen body tolerance of physical loads.
Key words: xenon-based gas mixtures, functional status, divers, physical performance.
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Methods
Gushchin V.I. Yusupova A.K., Shved D.M., Chekalina A.G., Shueva L.V., Kuznetsova P.G., Vinokhodova A.G., Karpova O.I., Chernova E.G. Methodological approaches to content-analysis of spacecrew communication
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 3. P. 55–64
The paper advances evolution of remote medico-psychological monitoring of spacecrews by instrumentality of communication content-analysis with due respect to the sound encryption rules applied to a limited reproducible set of quantified categories. Proposed estimation criteria for analysis of discussions held by crews and the Mission control center (MCC) about problem situations emerging in long-duration missions are described. Also, the idea that crew communications might be verbal evidence of strategies to cope with stresses in long-duration missions is discussed. Psychological roles within the crew – MCC loop are analyzed in light of E. Berne's transactional communication theory. Results of the approach validation are presented.
Key words: crew communication, content-analysis, transactional communication theory, problem situations, Mission control center, remote psychological monitoring.
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Gavrish N.N., Grabsky Yu.V., Pankratov V.V., Aminov A.M., Maksimov S.G., Kushchev G.G. Methodical approach to predicting efficiency of professional operators in extreme conditions using pharmacological agents to correct the functional state of organism based on animal data extrapolation on humans
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 3. P. 65–72
The work was aimed at scientific justification and development of a method to predict efficiency of human operators using body-supporting medications. The objectives were to analyze and summarize the existing methods of assessing operator' mental and physical performance, set requirements to clinical and experimental methods of physical and operant testing of bio-objects; develop a method to predict operator's efficiency in the conditions of physical fatigue, and using body-supporting medications.
Key words: operator's activity, performance, means of correction, extreme conditions.
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