CONTENTS
Reviews
Berseneva A.P., Funtova I.I. Prenosological diagnostics as a methodology 0f organism physiological condition assessment and its place in space and terrestrial medicine
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A new concept of the health doctrine – prenosology – was conceived in space medicine. Roman M. Baevsky was one of the founders. The concept was built not on diagnostics of diseases but assessment of health quality by assigning to one of 4 adaptation states: good, strained, bad, and failure.
Mass prenosological examinations of more than 25 thousand people in the period between 1975 and 2005 showed a high effectiveness of this approach in assessment of both personal and group health. It was found that about 20–30 % of people required medical care. In recent decades, the stress level and development of de-adaptation transiting to pathologies within six months have been growing catastrophically. Automated prenosological diagnostics system approved by the Russian Ministry of Health can be instrumental in prophylactic examination to triage the stream of people by the level of adaptation and need of medical care. In future, medicine will certainly be focused on the health of healthy people and prenosology will gain acceptance and progress.
Key words: prenosology, space medicine, adaptation, functional reserves, strain level, heart rate variability, index of functional changes.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 5-19.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-5-19
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Supolkina N.S., Shved D.M., Yusupova A.K., Gushchin V.I., Ryumin Î.Î. Prevailing phenomena in cosmonauts' communication within the crew – Mission control center communication system and wanted modifications
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The paper describes several phenomena of the crew – Mission control center (MCC) communication system established in space experiment KONTENT that attributable to cosmonauts' psycho-emotional conditions and necessitating the socio-psychological support. The authors propound their vision of social psychological support in context of the intergroup communication, as well as thoughts of how the crew-MCC communication can be improved. The recommended approaches will enable continuous psychological support to cosmonauts in orbit and reduce the psycho-emotional strain in MCC operators.
Key words: crew communication, content analysis, communication effectiveness, psychological support.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 20-25.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-20-25
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Kocherguin A.Yu., Markin À.À., Zhuravleva Î.À., Koloteva M.I., Labetskaya O.I., Zhuravleva T.V., Smirnova Ò.À., Kuzichkin D.S., Vorontsov A.L., Tikhonova G.A. Plasma component in the hemostasis system of volunteers for the experiment with a series prophylactic rotation on a short-arm centrifuge
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We studied the effects on the human system of plasma hemostasis of sequel rotations on a short-arm centrifuge with equal absolute g value and direction. Participants were 6 normal male volunteers at the age of 25 to 45 years. The volunteers were rotated 7 times in the head-to-pelvis direction (+Gz) at 2.1 g. The first rotation was performed prior to the series; the series of 5 rotations was performed with a 2-day interval between each; the final rotation was performed in 14 days after the series.
Citrated plasma was used to investigate the procoagulent component of homeostasis, physiological anticoagulents, and intensity of fibrin formation and fibrinolysis.
As compared to baseline data, fibrinogen concentration was increased significantly by 4 % on day 7 post rotations; thrombin time was found decreased by 5 % prior to the 6th rotation. Protein C activity was reduced significantly after rotations 3 and 5 by 8 % and 9 %, respectively. Antithrombin III was reduced by 4 % after rotation 5. Concentration of D-dimer was increased after rotations 5 and 6 by 87 % and 32 %, respectively. Rotations produced minor changes in the levels of pro- and anticoagulents, and also in the intensity of fibrin formation and fibrinolysis, that is these changes were within the physiological norm and reflected adaptive processes in organism.
Key words: space medicine, short arm centrifuge, hemostasis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 26-30.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-26-30
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Puchkova À.À., Shpakov A.V., Baranov V.M., Katuntsev V.P., Stavrovskaya D.M., Primachenko G.Ê., Gorbachev V.P., Tomilovskaya Å.S., Orlov O.I. General results of the 21-day head-down bedrest study without the use of countermeasures
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The paper reports the major results of an IBMP bedrest study with the emphasis on its preparation and implementation. The study involved 12 healthy males (29.8 ± 4.6 years of age, M ± SD) volunteered for a 21-d head-down bed rest at –6° (HDBR). Body length, mass and water balance were measured daily (2 days prior, during and in 2 days after HDBR). Routine checkups were performed twice a day. They included heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and temperature measurements, and recording complaints, if any.
Data analysis pointed to a tendency for body elongation and mass loss in the period of acute adaptation; these changes retained till the end of HDBR. Water balance was noted to be negative during HDBR but became positive on completion. HR, BP and body temperature were decreased in the early HDBR period and increased significantly on the first day after its completion. The most common complaints were about back discomfort, generally in the lumbar region.
Results of the study can be useful in planning the ground-based studies modeling the effects of lowered gravity.
Key words: head-down bed rest, microgravity, space flight.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 31-41.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-31-41.
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Voronkov Yu.I., Vovkodav V.S2, Nagovitsin A.V., Musaeva R.N., Godilo-Godlevsky V.À. Clinical expertise approaches to evaluation of cardiac rhythm disorders in flying personnel of the state aviation
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The paper is devoted to validation of approaches to evaluation of cardiac rhythm disorders in flying personnel adequate to the present clinical medicine standards and criteria used in medical certification of state aviation pilots. We compared a number of classification criteria in context of their adequacy to the needs of the pilot medical certification community. Clinical classification criteria do not meet in full the requirements of aviation medicine certification. We suggest that cardiac rhythms disorders should be graded with consideration of pilot's functionality.
Key words: cardiovascular system, cardiac rhythm disorders, flying personnel, flight medical certification.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 42-48.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-42-48
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Larina I.M., Kashirina D.N., Pastushkova L.Kh., Goncharova A.G., Korotaev K.S., Kononikhin A.S., Brzhozovsky A.G., Ilyin E.A., Orlov O.I. Characteristics of blood plasma proteome in the healthy human during a year-long wintering on the antarctic station «Vostok» under the conditions of hypobaric hypoxia and hypocapnia
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We pioneered mass-spectrometry analysis of blood plasma samples extracted from dry droplets to list proteins reflecting proteome dynamics in the course of professional activities during the 66-th Russian year-long Antarctic expedition. We analyzed the biological role of proteins with significantly altering concentrations over the wintering (ð < 0.05). Alterations in the level of proteins associated with the erythrocyte functions and membrane structure appear to be a result of gaining a certain level of adaptation to hypoxia following increases in concentrations in the acute period of adaptation. Reductions in the proteins involved in amino acid metabolism at the end of wintering point to lowering the activity of proteometabolism in tissues responsive to chronic hypoxia and hypodynamia.
Key words: Antarctic, station Vostok, healthy men, proteome of samples, drying droplet technique, protein regulators, adaptation, homeostasis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 49-57.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-49-57
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Ratushnyy A.Yu. Oxidative stress as seneccence inductor for adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells
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Studies of tissue-specific mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for medical purposes are inspired by their potential to multilineage differentiation, a broad spectrum of bioactive molecule secretion and other properties. Cell senescence induced by oxidative stress can alter the MSCs morphofunctional characteristics. The work was aimed at studying the senescence-related morphofunctional changes in adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) under sublethal oxidative stress.
Viability of cells in 96 hours after adding 500 µÌ H2O2 made up less than 5 % (incubation time – 6 hrs.). Percentage of survived cells in other samples was higher (> 85 %); however, the rate of cell growth decreased significantly. Treated AD-MSCs were increased in size and cytoplasm was more granular. Active senescence-associated ?-galactosidase was detected in nearly 100 % cells. These findings are evidence of activation of senescence. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased, as well as the activity of lysosomal and mitochondrial compartments. After the one-hour oxidative stress, ROS returned to baseline values. Increase in endogenous ROS was observed in 24–96 hrs. post the stress.
Key words: mesenchymal stromal cells, oxidative stress, cell senescence.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 58-63.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-58-63
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Komissarova D.V., Ilyin V.K., Shef Ê.À., Usanova N.A. Morozova Yu.A. Investigation of the probiotic activity of lactobacillaceae auto- strains regenerated following a prolonged cryopreservation in a study with isolation
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A comprehensive investigation of auto-probiotic prophylaxis of dysbiosis symptoms included, testing the methods of prolonged preservation of human microbial associations, and their potential use as probiotic substances during long-term isolation. The investigation was performed in a 14-d isolation study with participation of 6 human subjects. Over 7 days starting from the day of egress, 4 subjects consumed a priobiotic beverage, i.e. kefir supplemented for each one with own isolated Lactobacillaceae strains. Two subjects did not receive probiotic beverages.
In the group of subjects who had consumed kefirs the number of lactobacilli stabilized. An increased number of Bacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. and a decreased number of enterococci imply the benefits from the autoprobiotic beverage. After the egress, the upper airway (UA) microflora decreased abruptly; however, rise of the dyspnea index by the end of kefir consumption suggested UA microflora stabilization. Feces analysis after 6-month cryopreservation at –80 ?Ñ showed that opportunistic microorganisms decreased considerably in samples of all subjects. Noteworthy is that numbers of Lactobacillaceae before and after cryopreservation did not differ much and reductions in Bifidobacterium spp. and E. coli were within the physiological norm margins.
Our cryopreservation findings attest to potential applicability of the technology in extended space missions for preserving the intestinal bacteria consortium to be used for mixing autoprobiotic substances.
Key words: autoprobiotics, microlora, cyropreservation, isolation studies.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 64-70.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-64-70
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Golubkova Ì.À., Ogneva I.V. Content of cytoskeletal proteins, mrna of associated genes and post-translational histone modifications in Drosophila melanogaster ovaries in the condition of simulated microgravity
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Mechanism of the microgravity-induced changes in the cytoskeleton, reproductive system cells in particular, is still poorly known.
We measured the relative content of cytoskeleton proteins and mRNAs in associated genes, levels of lysines 4 and 9 methylation, and lysines 9 and 27 acetylation in histone H3 in ovaries of 5-day Drosophila melanogaster after rotation in a random positioning machine with the aim to investigate the effects of microgravity on the course of hametogenesis.
After the exposure in simulated microgravity, β-actin and α-tubulin in fly ovaries were found increased as compared to the control; content of associated mRNAs did not change. There was an increase in the relative content of histone H3 modifications, and also increases in both lysines 9 and 27 acetylation and lysines 4 and 9 methylation.
These data shed light on the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of gene expression and development of an adaptive pattern of the reproductive system cell structure in the condition of microgravity.
Key words: simulated microgravity, hametogenesis, ovaries, cytoskeleton, histone post-translational modifications, Drosophila melanogaster.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 71-77.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-71-77
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Moroz G.A., Kriventsov Ì.À., Kutia S.À. Effect of systematic gravitational overloads on structural organization of the adrenals and thymus in an experiment
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Effects of various anthropo-ecological factors on organism are one of the central topics of present-day morphology. Subject of our investigation was structural transformations in the adrenals and thymus as a result of systematic exposure to gravitational overloads (GOL), and arginine glutamate as a corrigent agent. Light and electron microscopy techniques were used to explore morphological changes in the adrenals and thymus of 24 adult male Wistar rats with the initial body mass of 260–280 g. Over the period of 45 days, the rats were daily exposed to 10-minute rotation at 9 G with and without injection of 4 % arginine glutamate solution as an antioxidant and membrane stabilizer.
It was established that systematic exposure to extreme GOL produces serous changes in the structural and functional organization of both organs such as obvious hemodynamic disorders and degenerative structural effects in all cell populations. The extent of structural changes attests to adaptation failure and development of irreversible damages. The experiment showed that prolonged injection of arginine glutamate failed to abate these morphofunctional disorders in the adrenals and thymus and to enhance adaptive potential during the systematic rotation at extreme GOL.
Key words: morphology, adrenal, thymus, rats, gravitational overloads.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 78-86.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-78-86
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Alikina V.À., Tipisova E.V., Elfimova A.E. Identification of the groups of risk of endocrine system overstraining among employees at a pulp and paper mill in the Arkhangelsk oblast
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We examined male employees at a pulp and paper mill in Arkhangelsk to define risk groups based on frequency of deviations in the main endocrine parameters, i. e. cortisol, thyroxin (Ò4), thriiodothyronine (Ò3), insulin, somatotropin (STH) and tiroxin-binding globulin (TBG). The control was males who had not worked in the extreme production environment.
The investigation stated functional changes in the endocrine system of the PPM employees. These include an exaggerated activity of the pancreas, increased STH production, and misbalance in thyroid hormones with increased levels of Ò4 and decreased Ò3. Contributing factors were age and work experience, as well as place of residence prior to the employment. Groups of the risk to develop de-adaptive states are 22–25 y.o. people with increased cortisol and decreased STH; 36–50 y.o. people with increased Ò4, insulin and STH, and low Ò3; people with work experience of 11–15 yrs. and high levels of cortisol, Ò4 and somatotropin; people with work experience more than 16 yrs. with high levels of insulin, STH and low Ò3level; employees migrated from south regions of this country.
Key words: hormones, risk group, prenosological state, endocrine system, pulp and paper mill, North.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 87-96.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-87-96
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Berkovich Yu.À., Beliak À.Ì., Bagretsova Ì.R., Korshunov D.V., Savostianova L.I., Smolianina S.Î. Means to increase efficiency of artificial soil used for root crops cultivation in a space greenhouse
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The most promising method of root supply in space greenhouses (SG) operating in microgravity is porous membranes together with a capillary-porous salt-saturated artificial soil (AS). AS is a critical consumable that cannot be recycled in space missions. One of the options for increasing the specific harvest of cultures with extended period of commercial vegetation, carrot as an example, can co-cropping with fast-growing greens at the beginning of cultivation. Purpose of this work is experimental testing a technology of co-cropping carrot and leaf vegetables to see whether it will and better the AS efficiency. In a series of 3 experiments carrots were cultivated under a lighting unit with red and white LEDs (PFD in the range of 300 to 600 µmol(m2•s) in root modules stuffed with granular or fiber AS. Co-cultures were lettuce, Japanese turnip and basil. It was demonstrated that PFD at 450 – 550 µmol(m2•s) and water potential in the root zone at [(–0.5) – (–0.8) kPa] are favorable to the carrot and lie within the ranges recommended for cultivation of leaf vegetables in space greenhouses. No negative allelopathic effect was noted during carrot co-cropping with lettuce or Japanese turnip. Carrot cultivation with the Japanese turnip saved the specific, per a crop biomass unit, energy expenditure for lighting. Co-cropping with the Japanese turnip reduced the specific AS expenditure about 4 times; co-cropping with the lettuce reduced AS expenditure in 2.5 times.
Key words: space greenhouse, root vegetables, ionite artificial soil, energy saving.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 4. P. 97-105.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-4-97-105
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Obituary
Evgeny Alexandrovich Ilyin
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