CONTENTS
Reviews
Shafirkin A.V., Vasin A.L., Tatarkin S.V. On the subject of substantiating coefficients ÊÌ im and ÊÌ del characterizing modification of the organism response to radiation immediately or in delayed periods due to the combined action of the stressful factors in extended orbital and exploration missions
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Analysis of the huge array of experimental data on the effects of radiation and other physical and natural factors in space missions enabled substantiation of the coefficient of immediate response to radiation (ÊÌim) in context of the risk to cosmonaut's health and efficiency.
The ÊÌim value lies with the range of 0.8 – 1.3. Currently, ÊÌim can be taken equal to 1.0 owing to rapid cell recovery in the radiation sensitive bone marrow, GIT, lens epithelium, and brain cortex neurons during prolonged exposure to protons of the solar cosmic rays.
The authors validate the modification coefficient for a delayed response (ÊÌdel) presuming probable aggravating effects of air chemical contamination and weightlessness. The ÊÌdel value was established using a calculated overall logarithmic index to quantify the level of stress to the body regulation systems, and functional reserve reduction.
Acetone, acetaldehyde and ethanol vapors at maximal admissible concentrations may increase ÊÌdel up to 1.5. Moreover, ÊÌdel should be taken equal to 2.0 on the evidence that synergy of microgravity and GCR heavy nuclei threatens with morphological and functional CNS disorders, vascular damages and cardiovascular diseases and lifespan reduction.
Key words: space missions, radiation hazard, chemical air contamination in piloted space vehicle, weightlessness, synergy of the spaceflight factors, functioning of the body systems in immediate and delayed periods, lifespan reduction.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 5-20.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-5-20
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Mitrikas V.G. Effective radiation doses of the russian members of the main ISS missions
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The author presents mathematical modeling of the radiation effects on cosmonaut's organs and tissues and effective dose evaluation over the period of ISS operation from 2001 to 2021 with account of radiation protection in specific compartments. Also, he reports the results of comparing the calculated and measured skin absorbed doses and speculates on the likely reasons for their discrepancy.
Key words: space ionizing radiation, effective dose, skin absorbed dose.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 21-26.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-21-26
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Ilyin L.A., Vasin M.V., Ushakov I.B. Tolerance of medicament B-190 (indralin), its effect on pilot's professional activities and resistance to extreme flight factors
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We undertook analysis of testing tolerance to fast-acting radioprotector B-190 (indralin) by 147 pilots and test-subjects in a number of simulators. Indralin, a direct α 1(Â)-adrenergic vasopressor, increases peripheral resistance and controls local blood flow. As a result, diastolic and systolic pressure grows and heart rate decreases reflectively for a period of up to an hour.
Indralin did not impact endurance of head-to-pelvis g-loading (+5 g, 30 s), hypobaric hypoxia (5 000 m, 30 min), vestibular stimulation (continuous cumulative Coriolis effect), hyperthermia (+35 °Ñ and 55 % relative humidity) and 1-hour physical work at 50 watts in a protective marine outfit and sealed respirator mask. Indralin did not affect physical endurance or performance assessed by functioning of the neuromotor apparatus (dynamic work, static stability, resting and motion tremor, sensorimotor reaction). Investigations of the indralin effects on operator's psychophysiology and efficiency in a flight simulator showed that it did not act dramatically on job quality and attention, visual or motor functions and that operator's self-appraisal remained adequate.
Key words: B-190 (indralin), head-to-pelvis g-load, hypobaric hypoxia, hyperthermia, psychophysiological tests, operator's performance.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 27-34.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-27-34
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Yasnetsov, Vik.V., Kaurova D.E. Administration in extreme conditions of medicaments based on nicotinic acid and its derivatives
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The literary review encompasses the experimental and clinical evidence of the potency of Russian medicaments nicotinoyl gamma-aminobutyric acid (picamilon), hydroxyzine nicotinoyl glutamate calcium (ampasse), and combined drug cytoflavin containing nicotinic acid and its derivatives in extreme conditions. Analysis shows that these medicaments and nicotinic acid derivatives protect tangibly from acute and chronic hypoxia of varying genesis, hypo- and hyperthermia, hypokinesia etc. To increase potency and safety of medical care after exposure to extreme factors the search for other nicotinic acid derivatives should be furthered.
Key words: extreme conditions, nicotinic acid, picamilon, ampasse, cytoflavin, nicotinic acid derivatives.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 35-43.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-35-43
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Rozhkov S.V., Sharlo K.A., Shenkman B.S., Mirzoev Ò.Ì. Contribution of mTORC1 AND GSK-3 to the regulation of ribosome biogenesis in rat postural muscle under simulated microgravity
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The investigation was aimed to reveal a potential role of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3) in the regulation of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis in rat soleus muscle during simulated gravitational unloading.
Wistar rats were subject to 7-day tail-suspension (hindlimb unloading) and treated with rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor) or AR-A014418 (GSK-3 inhibitor). Protein synthesis was measured with SUnSET. Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase-1 (GS-1) and ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) was measured with the use of Western-blotting. Levels of 28S and 18S rRNA were determined using agarose gel electrophoresis. Expression of 47S pre-rRNA and c-Myc was assessed with RT-PCR.
Gravitational unloading led to an increase in phosphorylation of GS-1 (a marker of GSK-3 activity) and inhibited phosphorylation of rpS6 (a marker of mTORC1 activity), expression of the ribosome biogenesis markers (total RNA ÐÍÊ, 28S and 18S rRNA, 47S pre-rRNA, ñ-Myc) and protein synthesis in soleus muscle. GSK-3 inhibition prevented an increase in GS-1 phosphorylation and, partly, a reduction in the markers of both ribosomal biogenesis and protein synthesis. The mTORC1 inhibitor contributed to the phospho-rpS6 reduction but did not substantially influence the parameters of translational capacity and protein synthesis.
To sum up, unlike mTORC1, an elevated GSK-3 activity can contribute to the inhibition of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis in rat soleus muscle under 7-day gravitational unloading.
Key words: soleus muscle, tail-suspension, ribosome biogenesis, protein synthesis, mTORC1, rapamycin, GSK-3.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 44-52.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-44-52
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Schastlivtseva D.V., Kotrovskaya T.I., Koloteva M.I., Glebova Ò.Ì. Dynamics of the brain potentials in volunteers for modeled head-to-pelvis G-loads (+GZ) on a short-arm human centrifuge
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A series of +Gz runs on a short-arm human centrifuge (SAHC) was performed in support of the proposal to design a centrifuge as a source of gravity aboard piloted exploration vehicles. Nine male volunteers participated in a 3-stage experiment with exposure to 2.1 g, 2.41 g and 2.92 g. The runs were accompanied by electroencephalography monitoring (EEG).
Classic visual EEG analysis revealed characteristic and individual changes in the brain bioelectrical activity. Spectral analysis provided information about relative powers (RP) of the EEG bands: delta-2 (2–4 Hz), tetha (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz) and beta-1 (13–24 Hz) in 19 leads total.
The body of RP changes made it possible to trace dynamics of the brain functional response to different g-loads. The greatest tetha RP decay (up to 15.5 %) with the simultaneous beta RP rise up to 8.4 % at 2.92 g pointed to activation of the cortex of cerebral hemispheres due to attenuation of the inhibitory effect of the nonspecific brain system. The neurophysiological individual typological patterns and absence of alpha RP changes implied a reasonably good CNS adaptation to all SAHC g-loads.
Key words: electroencephalography, brain functioning, short-arm human centrifuge.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 53-58.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-53-58
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Kochergin A. Yu., Markin A.A., Zhuravleva O.A., Vostrikova L.V., Zabolotskaya I.V., Kuzichkin D.S., Zhuravleva T.V., Smirnova T.A., Vorontsov A.L. Influence of 21-day of head-down bed rest on the hemostasis system of a healthy human
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The bed rest experiment involved 6 healthy men aged 24 to 41 years. The subjects were in the supine position for 21 days, the angle of inclination in the cranial direction was -6°. In citrated blood plasma on days 2, 5, 8 and 21 of exposure, as well as 7 days after its end, the following hemostasis parameters were determined: thrombin time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen and D-dimer concentrations, as well as activity of protein C.
In comparison with background, there was slight elongation in prothrombin time on the 2nd and 5th days of the experiment, as well as on the 7th day of the recovery period, a slight shortening of the thrombin time on the 8th and 21st days of the experiment and on the 7th day of the recovery period, moderately elongated activated partial thromboplastine time on 5th and 21st day. The concentration of D-dimer was significantly reduced relative to the background in all periods of the survey, except for the 21st day, approaching the background values on the 7th day after the end of exposure. The activity of protein C did not change significantly during the entire experiment and was significantly lower than the background values only on the 7th day after the end of the experiment. The concentration of fibrinogen did not change significantly during all periods of the examination.
The results of the study indicate minor changes in the parameters of the plasma component of the hemostatic system, indicating a decrease in procoagulant potential in the early stages of exposure and its increase in the later stages of hypokinesia and in the recovery period.
Keywords: hemostasis, blood coagulation, head-down bed rest, adaptation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 59-63.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-59-63
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Ratushnyy A.Yu., Buravkova L.B. Differentiation potential of the mesenchymal stromal cells during replicative senescence
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Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are capable of multilinear differentiation and participate in tissue homeostasis including the remodeling and reparation processes. With aging these cells more and more often activate senescence (cell aging) that alters cell functions and microenvironment which can be the reason for age-related pathologies. One of the features of senescent MSCs is thought to be a decline of multipotency that may limit their reparative functions in tissues.
The paper presents a study of the MSCs osteogenic and adipogenic potential during replicative senescence. A decline of the MSCs adipogenic potential was associated with downregulation of PPARG, (a key transcription regulator of adipogenesis). There was evidence of reciprocal increasing of the osteogenic potential even though the several positive osteogenesis regulators (BMP2, BMP6, IGF1, IL1B) were downregulated. Besides, during differentiation matrix calcification was enhanced and osteoprotegerin concentration increased that can be an issue in context of atherosclerotic plaques calcification in elder people. Expression of key osteogenesis regulator RUNX2 and markers SPARC, SPP1, COL1A1, BGLAP remained stable during replicative senescence of MSCs.
Key words: mesenchymal stromal cells, replicative senescence, differentiation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 64-69.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-64-69
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Belova S.P., Tyganova S.A., Shenkman B.S. Changes of mechanical properties and myosin phenotype of postural and locomotor muscles after 21-day motor constraint
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Active mechanical properties of postural and locomotor muscles were investigated in Wistar rats after 21-d motor constraint in small cages.
Muscles Soleus and EDL of the right leg were tested mechanically ex vivo; RNA obtained from the left legs was used to determine concentrations of various type myosin.
Motor constraint caused a significant degradation of active mechanical properties (peak strength of tetanic contraction and intensity) and reliable mass loss in both muscles. Enhanced expression of myosin IIa, IIb and IId/x was revealed in m. soleus only.
Also, motor constraint affected functional properties of equally fast and slow muscles. We anticipate that further investigations will shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying degradation of the skeletal muscles activity.
Key words: motor constraint, anabolic signaling, protein synthesis, m. soleus.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 70-76.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-70-76
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Bychkova T.M., Nikitenko O.V., Utina D.M., Ivanov À.À. Effect of long-term fractionated γ-irradiation on mice lifespan
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The bio-effect of long-term fractionated γ-irradiation with a low total dose was assessed by the criteria of lifespan and death rate in certain life periods.
The experiment was made with 40 female ICR (CD-1) mice. Fractionated irradiation of the animals with γ-quants 60Co (50 mGy × 33 wks) brought about reduction of the mice mean life by more than 150 days. The total dose of 1.65 Gy is approximate to the admissible career dose limit for cosmonauts. Untimely deaths, in comparison with the control mice, were observed both in the early and terminal periods. Also, body mass of the irradiated animals was increased throughout the follow-up time.
The data can be used for evaluation of the risks of tumor and cardiovascular diseases from chronic irradiation of crews during long-term exploration missions.
Key words: fractionated irradiation, mice, lifespan, gamma-quants.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 77-82.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-77-82
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Bukhtiyarov I.V., Zibarev E.V., Betts K.V. Epidemiological investigation based on analysis of mortality among civil pilots of the Russian Federation
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The paper presents first results of an epidemiological investigation concerned with mortality among Russian civil pilots fulfilled in 2021. Object was a cohort of former pilots selected in the database of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation since 1991. Each one in the cohort had more than 6 000 flight hours and retired on a pension at the age of 35 the earliest. Mortality was analyzed in the timeframe of 2015 to 2019. Since the RFPF does not contain information about cause of death, the mortality rates were calculated without regard for the cause. As of 31.12.2019, out of 18 254 former pilots in the cohort 1381 (7.6 %) were dead and 16 873 (92.4 %) were alive; total number of person-year observations made up 78 453.7.
For the period between 2015 and 2019, the age-standardized mortality factor for pilots was 164.8 per 10 000 which is 31.3 % less when compared to the male population in Russia (238.9 per 10 000), p < 0.05. The risk of death for any reason among former pilots was reliably less in comparison to the male population in Russia: odds ratio is equal to 0.68 within the 95 % confidence interval of 0.56–0.83.
Comparatively low death risk for pilots is attributed to the effect of healthy employee, more careful professional selection, high level of medical care, and well-being. However, for the majority of flights the uncontrolled risk of tumor dictates the necessity of further prospective investigations of mortality among civil pilots.
Key words: civil pilots, flight labor factors, mortality, malignant neoplasm, effect of healthy employee.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 83-88.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-83-88
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Lishnevskii A.E., Ivanova O.A., Inozemtsev K.O., Hirn A., Apathy I., Zabori B., Csoke A., Deme S., Pazmandi T., Szanto P., Kartashov D.A., Tolochek R.V., Kartsev I.S., Shurshakov V.A. Monitoring radiation loads and quality factor of ionizing space radiation in the iss service module with the use of research equipment "Tritel"
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The paper reports the results of measuring absorbed doses and quality factor of ionizing space radiation in the ISS Service module in June-October of 2020 with the use of dosimeter Tritel as part of space experiment Matreshka-R. Mean dose rate over the period amounted to 0.38 ± 0.03 mGy/d. Experimental data on the dose rate dynamics allow to set aside contributions of Earth's radiation belts and galactic cosmic radiation in the total daily dose. The daily average quality factors made up 3.05 ± 0.16 for total dose, 1.6 ± 0.1 for Earth's radiation belts and 5.1 ± 0.3 for galactic space radiation.
Key words: space experiment Matreshka-R, radiation safety, detectors' telescope, quality factor.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 89-94.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-89-94
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Kudriavtseva N.S., Sorokin A.E. Preliminary multicriterion analysis of the structure of a physical-chemical life support system for a remote space mission vehicle
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Preliminary structural analysis of a physical-chemical life support system (LSS) was made for a 1000-day mission of 4 crew members from Earth's orbit to Mars orbit and back using the next 5 criteria: robustness, total equivalent mass, insertion mass and volume, and combined expenses on R&D and reliability testing. Analyzed were structures of 4 LSS designs including supply-relied, hybrid, semi-closed and two options of nearly closed LSS by the criterion of failure classifications: all failures are independent and common cause failures are probable.
An adequate level of robustness must be first reached using an integral approach that is inclusion of supplies, finalizing the system design and production, and inherent cold redundancy of critical regeneration subsystems. This must be followed by informal analysis of alternative LSS designs with rational values of the other 4 Q-factors.
It was concluded that simple, reliable and cheap supply-based LSS as well as hybrid LSS are uneconomic for exploration class missions, as their insertion masses exceed the acceptable level in 5 times and twice, respectively. Nearly closed LSS is also unacceptable for the reason of very high R&D costs. Therefore, we give preference to partly closed LSS, provided the requirement to increase the LSS specific weight from 0.15 to 0.28 is satisfied.
Key words: life support system, crew loss probability, total equivalent mass, insertion mass and volume, combined expenses, common cause failure.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 4. P. 95-101.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-2-95-101
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