CONTENTS
Reviews
Stepanova S.I., Koroleva M.V., Galichiy V.A., Karpova O.I. Interdependence of basic components of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and cosmonauts' work-rest schedule
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The paper considers the interdependence wakefulness and sleep as two basic components of the human diurnal body functioning. Many experimental investigations stated the facts that troubled slumber affects quality of wakefulness, cognitive function specifically, while wakefulness impaired by emotional strain, work overload and ensuing fatigue and overwork results in bad sleep.
Russian flight rules relies on interdependence of these diurnal components in setting limit to cosmonaut's work time (6.5 hrs.) and allotting sufficient time for night sleep (8.5 hrs). In reality, these rules are deviated because of scheduled night operations and systematic excessive workloads. Both of these factors provoke the risk of crew health impairment and performance degradation that should be kept in mind as by planners of orbital, so future space exploration missions.
Key words: sleep, wakefulness, cognitive functions, stress, overwork, spacecrew work/rest schedule.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 3. P. 5-17.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-3-5-17
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Klimarev S.I., Diachenko A.I. Retrospective of vhf devices for disinfection and heating of aqueous media within the life support system
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The review presents a sequential analysis of enhancing VHF devices for interaction of low-power electromagnetic field (1 kilowatt) with disinfected water medium over the period from late 1970s up to date. The review includes mostly the authors' experience and engineering solutions concerned with water disinfection and heating within life support system.
Key words: electromagnetic field, very high frequency, life support system, condensate of atmospheric moisture, rectangular waveguide, coaxial waveguide, disinfection, sterilization.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 3. P. 18-28.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-3-18-28
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Belova S.P., Zaripova Ê.À., Tyganov S.A., Turtikova O.V., Shenkman B.S. Expression of E3-ubiquitin ligases MURF-1 and MAFBX in human postural and locomotor muscles during head-down hypokinesia
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Functional unloading of skeletal muscles enhances proteasome degradation in which the key role is played by Å3-ligases atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF-1. Their expression starts growing on the first day of unloading. There is actually little literature on expression of ubiquitin ligases in dry immersion or bedrest. Our purpose was to investigate MuRF-1 and MAFbx expression and control in postural m. soleus and locomotor m. vastus lateralis during a 21-day bedrest study. The observed reduction of cross-section areas in slow fibers of m. soleus and m. vastus lateralis was accompanied by activation of MuRF-1 and MAFbx in m. soleus and MAFbx in m. vastus lateralis, respectively. The investigation of E3 ligases signal pathways showed an increased expression of myogenin and IL-6 receptors in both muscles, whereas transcriptional activation of FoxO3 was seen in m. soleus only.
These results suggest elevated expression of Å3-ubiquitin ligases MuRF-1 and MAFbx in m. soleus and MAFbx in m. vastus lateralis, as well as their key signal pathways in bedrested human subjects. Also, our findings argue against the previously stated notion that degradation of protein has no influence on skeletal muscles atrophy due to hypokinesia.
Key words: MuRF-1, MAFbx, muscular atrophy, hypokinesia.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 57. ¹ 3. P. 29-36.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-3-29-36
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Blaginin À.À., Lapshina Ò.À., Dang Q.Í. Dynamics of doppler ultrasonography data from arteries of the lower extremities and brain in the course of static ergometric test
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The paper contains analysis of Doppler ultrasonography data (Doppler US) from the leg and brain arteries of 52 Vietnamese male pilots and 15 Russian male pilots during the static ergometric test (Statoergometre machine). The subjects' age varied between 19 and 27 years. The measured parameters included peak systolic velocity (Vps) and resistive index (RI) of the popliteal (PA) and superficial femoral (SFA) arteries in the right leg, and common carotid artery (CCA) before, during and after testing.
Results of the investigation evidenced that static strain in leg muscles during the test causes constriction in a segment distal from the superficial femoral artery confirmed by decreased Vps and increased RI in SFA and increased Vps and stable RI in PA. Under the head-to-pelvis g-loads, the static muscle strain is liable to impede blood pooling in leg muscles. Decreases of CCA Vps and RI due to the static muscle strain in consequence of, probably, vasodilatation in the brain, will be favorable to blood redistribution toward the head at the time of g-load. There was no reliable difference in doppler US data between the Vietnamese and Russian pilots.
Key words: pilots, static ergometry test, peak systolic velocity, resistive index, flight g-loads.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 3. P. 37-41.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-3-37-41
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Kovrov G.V., Shved D.M., Isaeva O.N., Lebedeva S.A., Chernikova A.G., Gushchin V.I. Medium-term prediction of the speed of simple ocular-motor reaction by values of blood pressure and heart rate variability
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One of the symptoms of asthenia in space flight is a decrement of cognitive efficiency, memory and concentration. A demand exists for simple noninvasive methods to forecast appearance of cognitive shifts.
It is hypothesized that blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) measured in the morning can predict the psychomotor reactions as at the time of measurement, so in the course of the day (medium-term prediction).
The investigation involved 6 volunteers (29-44 y.o.) for a 120-day isolation study. The protocol included 5-min ECG and BP measurement soon after awakening, and HRV evaluation. The classic simple ocular-motor reaction (SOMR) test was performed before and then after midday.
Regression analysis of reaction duration and stability showed that SOMR time correlated with the homeostatic parameters (BP, HR); stability of SOCM duration correlated both BP and HR, and parameters reflecting HR regulation processes. Elevated diastolic BP correlated with an increase of reaction duration irrespective of whether the test was performed before or in midday. Elevation of diastolic BP and autonomic balance shift toward the sympathetic activity in the morning correlated with a loss in SOMR stability no matter when the test was performed.
Key words: heart rate variability, blood pressure, psychomotor reaction speed, daytime activity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 57. ¹ 3. P. 42-49.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-3-42-49
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Godilo-Godlevsky V.A., Yakovleva E.V., Vovkodav V.S., Anikeev D.A., Voronkov Yu.I. Special features of clinical expertise and consulting aviation personnel with chronic viral hepatatis
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The paper deals with the results of clinical-functional examination and treatment of pilots with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) B and C employed by a Russian state-owned aviation company. The fact that the applied CVH treatment regimes have no side-effects on pilots' professional qualities serves as an evidence for their full safety. Recent regimens reduce the period of suspension from performing duties. Pilots with CVH did not experience problems with the loading tests, that is the flight factors do not impair their loading tolerance. Given that CVH-C is curable and CVH-B is controllable, there is no reason for grounding pilots with the disease. The authors provide some recommendations on how to improve management of pilots with CVH.
Key words: viral hepatitis, provocative tests, medical certification of pilots, state-owned aviations company.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 57. ¹ 3. P. 50-56.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-3-50-56
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Shtemberg A.S., Lebedeva-Georgievskaya K.B., Perevezentsev A.A., Kudrin V.S. Long dated changes in behavior and neurochemical features of the work of rat's cerebral brain after combined exposure to hypogravity and ionizing radiations modeled in a ground-based experiment
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We investigated the effects of combined exposure to hypogravity and ionizing radiations on neurochemical processes in key structures of the rat's brain leading to long dated changes in behavior.
The authoring procedure consisted of a synchronous combination of chronic tail-suspension, gamma- irradiation and irradiation by 12Ñ ions in an effort to extrapolate results of the ground-based experiment on real spaceflight conditions (Mars mission).
The modeled factors brought about significant changes in animal behavior and metabolism of neuromediators that persisted for several months, that is roughly a quarter of this animal's life. The behavior analysis (Morris labyrinth) suggests sustained major disorders in spatial memory and orientation. Data of neurochemical analysis demonstrate also lasting shifts in dopamine metabolism.
Key words: irradiation, heavy ions, hypogravity, tail-suspension, neurochemistry, behavior.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 57. ¹ 3. P. 57-64.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-3-57-64
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Deshevaya Å.À., Beliaev V.S., Bychkov V.B., Peklevsky A.V., Poddubko S.V., Shubralova E.V., Rabaev I.B. Experience of using research equipment «Bar» to monitor the iss climatic factors in the interest of controlling modules hermeticity
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The authors present 4-component research equipment BAR and results of monitoring the internal climatic factors in the ISS Russian segment, i.e. temperature, humidity and airstreams, and images of corroded shell sections. The authors dwell on the presence of microbial contaminants and associated climatic parameters, and further developments in the transfer module since 2020 when shell defects were detected.
It was concluded that corrosion and bacterial and fungal colonies could have emerged as in the zones of conceivable moisture condensation with surface temperatures below the dew point, so, unpredictably, in zones with higher temperatures. It is imperative to proceed dynamic monitoring of corroded zones and check for possible leakage of window sealants.
Key words: ISS RS module, space experiment BAR, microorganisms, space experiment EXPERT, acoustic vibrations, window, corrosion processes.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 3. P. 65-76.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-3-65-76
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Smolianina S.O., Korshunov D.V., Morozova Yu.A., Berkovich Yu.A., Ivanova À.À., Erokhin A.N., Ilyin V.K. Dynamics of microbiological community properties in the root zone of chineese cabbage grown on hydrophilic porous membranes combined with a fiber ion-exchange artificial soil
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One of the methods to deliver nutrients to roots in microgravity is to grow plants on a fiber ion-exchange salted artificial soil (AS) and control the watering potential by a tensiometer made of porous metals. Five experiments with Chinese cabbage crops raised on AS BIONA-V3 laid upon titanic porous membranes provided insight into dynamics of size and composition of a microbial community in the root zone and on roots.
It was found that the root zone and roots of healthy crops were populated by bacteria Bacillaceae and Pseudomonadaceae, and micromycetes Mucor sp. Analysis of changes in the number of microorganisms in root zone showed that an increase in micromycetes was parallel to a decrease in Pseudomonadaceae, and conversely.
The data infer that these groups of microorganisms are in competitive and/or antagonistic relations. The experiments did not establish a strong dependence between the size of Bacillaceae and Pseudomonadaceae populations which means they do not depress each other.
Key words: fibrous artificial soil, rhizosphere microorganisms, Bacillaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Mucor sp.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 3. P. 77-84.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-3-77-84
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Shurshakov V.A., Belov E.V., Ilyin Å.À., Inozemtsev Ê.Î., Molodtsova D.V., Konstantinova N.À., Artamonov À.À. Studies of the electromagnetic background on antarctic station «Vostok»
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The electromagnetic background was measured in living quarters of station «Vostok» located on the Antarctic plateau distant from potential sources of technogenic electromagnetic fields. Level of E-radiation in the range from 0.8 to 8 GHz was determined using integral dosimeter MERA.
Based on the results of long-term continuous (one to 4 months) measurements, the mean flux density was equal to 1.5 ± 0.8 nwatts/cm2 that is nearly 7 000 times lower than the admissible level for population adopted in Russia.
Antarctic station «Vostok» can be considered as a plausible location of biomedical investigations into the effects of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation.
Key words: electromagnetic radiation, flux density, Antarctic station «Vostok».
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 3. P. 85-88.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-3-85-88
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Sayapin S.N. Symbiotic self-relocating massage robot «Octahedral dodecapod»: concept and likelihood of use on a piloted space station
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The paper discusses the benefits of symbiotic self-relocating massage robot Octahedral dodecapod (OD) for unassisted massaging cosmonauts' upper and lower extremities irrespective of body spatial orientation. The declared capabilities were demonstrated with a full-sized kinematic model.
Key words: symbiotic massage robots, parallel mechanisms, space robotics technology.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 3. P. 89-97.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-3-89-97
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Chronicle and Information
Belakovskiy M.S. «A human can not live without stress» (Dedicated to the 100th anniversary of V.G. Volovich) (20.08.1923 – 05.09.2013)
Ushakov I.B., Bukhtiyarov I.V., Khomenko M.N. Origins of space biology and medicine. In commemoration of 110th birthday 0f V.I.Yazdovsky, a founder of a new discipline
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