CONTENTS
Reviews
Bubeev Yu.A., Syrkin L.D., Polyakov A.V., Usov V.M., Karpov A.A., Ivanov A.V. Practice of teleconsultation for evaluation of personal adaptation potential and detection of indications for providing qualified psychological services to employees in remote regions of Russia
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Psychological teleconsultations (PTCs) to people in remote regions of Russian are discussed in terms of current views, methods and procedures applied to evaluate the adaptation potential of patients with mental health disorders.
Early detection of the risks to mental health of employees is based on awareness of criticality of the adaptation potential and mental adaptability for successful overcoming the hardships of psychosocial adaptation. High-quality PTCs enable recognition of emotional reactions and feedback about patient's mental condition.
Analysis of the PTCs services provided during action of the COVID-19 restrictions demonstrated PTCs usability for personified diagnostics in remote regions. Besides the interactive objective data acquisition, PTCs can advice a person-centered program of risks prevention, health improvement or treatment in a local medical care organization.
Moreover, personal adaptation potential evaluation in local medical care organizations will help in detecting a deteriorated psychic adaptation potential. Artificial neural networks trained using data corpora (Data sets) are likely to recognize emotions automatically and thus to perfect the PTCs quality.
Key words: remote regions, psychological support to population, psychological adaptation potential, personal adaptation potential, psychological on-line consultation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 5-16.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-5-16
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Kuzichkin D.S., Markin À.À., Zhuravleva Î.À., Kocherguin A.Yu., Nichiporuk I.A. Hemocoagulation system in ground experiments simulating the effects of space flight: based on russian research materials
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The review presents the results of studying the hemocoagulation system in Soviet and Russian experiments modeling effects of some spaceflight factors on the human organism. The most adequate models of microgravity are head-down bed rest (BR) and immersion. Effects of g-loads were reproduced by rotation on a centrifuge.
In the course of these experiments, the procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities displayed different trends and dependence on the period of locomotion reduction. In immersion, the procoagulant activity increased, fibrinolytic activity decreased and the anticoagulant potential changed in the either direction. Some data suggest that hypergravity increases the anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities on the background of hypocoagulation; however, there are also other data suggesting the contrary, i.e. hypergravity leads to hypercoagulation and activation of fibrinolysis. According to investigators, the combination of gravitational loads and limited locomotion decreases the procoagulant activity and increases the fibrinolytic one. Discrepancy between the post-flight and ground-based data is attributed to the impossibility to reproduce in laboratory all the factors that act on the human organism in space flight.
Key words: space medicine, spaceflight factors, hemostasis, immersion, bed rest, g-loads, short-arm centrifuge.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 17-24.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-17-24
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Rusanov V.B., Yakhya Yu.D., Orlov O.I. Heart rate variability as a marker of regulatory mechanisms of cardiovascular homeostasis in space flight
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The article discusses the concepts of the work of regulatory mechanisms of cardiovascular homeostasis in space flight (SF) and heart rate variability (HRV) as a biomarker of homeostatic processes in the human body. HRV, which is fluctuations in time intervals between heartbeats, is caused by dynamic nonlinear processes of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), neurohumoral and metabolic regulatory circuits. Thus, HRV can quickly respond to changes in the body’s blood supply needs, being a qualitative indicator of the level of its adaptation to various environmental conditions. HRV is connected not only with the ANS, but also with brain structures, including the prefrontal cortex. This connection makes HRV even more significant as a complex biomarker, reflecting not only cardiac function, but also flexible adaptive regulation in the SF, allowing one to assess both the state of the circulatory system and the general functional state of the body.
Key words: autonomic nervous system, heart rate variability, homeostasis, adaptation, regulatory mechanisms, space flight.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 25-31.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-25-31
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Ivanov I.V., Burmistrov V.I., Matkevich E.I. Analysis of probable radiation levels to cosmonauts in a short-term lunar mission
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Probable dose loads to cosmonauts in a short-term lunar mission including the transit and stay on the surface were estimated using actual measurements and model calculations.
It was found that doses of radiation received in a 21-day mission with a 14-day stay on the Moon in the period of minimal solar activity will make about 130 mSv; in the period of solar maximum and in case of a solar event radiation doses may reach 9–12 Sv with the maximum admissible dose of 250 mSv over a month. Increase of mass thickness of radiation shield of the command module from 10 to 20 g/cm2 (aluminum equivalent) and of the EVA spacesuit from 0.2 to 0.5-1.0 g/cm2 (aluminum equivalent) can reduce 1.4 times the total dose to cosmonauts in the period of solar minimum.
Minimization of crew radiation levels requires a consideration of the solar activity forecast in order to choose the launch "windows" when high-energy electrons flow in the Earth's external radiation belt is minimal, and space weather along the route to the Moon.
Key words: space mission, cosmonauts, Moon, short-term lunar mission, solar activity, radiation dose, radiation protection.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 32-46.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-32-46
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Dunaev À.V., Loktionova Yu.I., Zharkikh E.V., Fedorovich A.A., Sidorov V.V., Vasin A.V., Dubinin V.I. Investigation of blood microcirculation in microgravity with the use of portable laser doppler flowmeters
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The paper reports the results of blood microcirculation studies in microgravity using portable laser analyzer LAZMA PF. Two cosmonauts (C-1 and C-2) performed pre-launch and in-flight (9 days) 8-minute sessions with the use of 2 portable flowmeters symmetrically attached to the temporal skin, palmer sides of distal phalanxes III, forearm superficies and planter surfaces of toe distal phalanxes I.
In C-1, mean perfusion rate in toes decreased more than in half due to blood redistribution toward the upper body on the first two days in orbit and then, by way of adaptation, regained normal mean values. In C-2, compression of the proximal regions of lower extremities to induce blood deposition caused high-amplitude NO-dependent oscillations at about 1/min. On the background of adaptation during flight days 2-3, high-amplitude endothelial vasomotions in C-1 (one oscillation every 3-4 minutes) can be associated with an endothelial hyperpolarizing factor. In whole, on flight days 2-3 adaptation of the microcirculation system, particularly pronounced in the temporal and planter tissues, was characterized by a significant reduction of perfusion and increased vascular tone. Baseline prelaunch values were regained by flight day 6.
For the first time, a research technique was proposed under microgravity conditions and data were obtained on the state of blood microcirculation of astronauts during the period of acute adaptation to microgravity conditions and readaptation after flight completion.
Key words: space flight, blood microcirculation, tissue perfusion, laser Doppler flowmetry, portable devices, microgravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 47-54.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-47-54
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Ukraintseva Yu.V., Zhurina Yu.D., Lazarev I.E., Tomilovskaya E.S. Comparison of eeg changes at rest during 21-day dry immersion and 21-day head-down bed rest
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Changes in EEG were investigated in two ground-based hypogravity simulation experiments: 21-d dry immersion (DI) and 21-d bed rest (BR).
Ten volunteers participated in DI, and 6 volunteers in BD. EEG was recorded before and on days 5 and 17 of DI and BR. EEG spectral power was analyzed using the fast Fourier transform. EEG spectral power during DI and BD were compared.
Our results showed that some EEG changes during DI and BD were similar. In both simulations, a decrease in theta1 and beta (beta1 in DI and beta2 in BR) spectral power was detected on the 5th day of exposure. However, in DI, the decrease in slow rhythms was more evident than in BR. Not only did theta1 decline, but the power in theta2, delta1, and delta2 bands also decreased. The differences between the two experiments were also seen on the 17th day of exposure. The theta and beta power increased on the 17th day of BR, reaching the baseline level, whereas, on the 17th day of DI, the spectral power of slow rhythms remained reduced.
Key words: dry immersion, head-down bed rest, EEG.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 55-61.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-55-61
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Zhuravleva T.V., Loguinov V.I. Psychological aspects of adaptation of the healthy human organism to simulated spaceflight factors in an experiment with 21-day dry immersion
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The 21-d dry immersion study with participation of 8 male volunteers at the age of 25 to 33 years included investigations of the psychological aspects of adaptation to simulated spaceflight factors. Psychological testing 14 days prior to DI and on day 21 of the study was performed using the multilevel adaptivity inventory (À.G. Maklakova and S.V. Chermianina), the inventory of mental activity, interests, affective tone, strain and comfort (L.A. Kurgansky and Ò.À. Nemchina), well-being in extreme conditions inventory (À. Volkova and N.E. Vodopianova) and situation-adaptable subjective vitality scale (R. Rayan and S. Frederick, apecialized by L.A. Aleksandrova).
Participants in the study adapted successfully to the conditions as could be deduced from stability of their personal adaptation potential. At the end of the study the participants were noted to be more neurotic, demonstrated symptoms of autonomic regulation imbalance, disorders in the sleep wakefulness cycles, psychological discomfort and reduction of the energy potential. These changes witnessed to a moderate stress reaction to the DI conditions.
Key words: dry immersion, personal adaptation potential, psychic activity, total neurotization level, situational subjective vitality.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 62-67.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-62-67
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Kuznetsova P.G., Korotaev K.S., Lebedeva S.A., Shved D.M., Savinkina À.Î., Gushchin V.I., Ilyin Å.À. Investigation of psychic performance and group dynamics in the autnomous conditions of wintering on station «Vostok»
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The paper deals with the investigation of psychic performance and group dynamics during Russian Antarctic expedition RAE66. Eight winterers were tested 7 times with the use of the cognitive Master-Test. Group dynamics was assessed by sociometry and cohesion diagnostics on the basis of common goals and values. Psychophysiological status was assessed weekly using the actigraphy and HR data, and questionnaires.
At the end of the polar day and in early autumn, it was the mood that went down first (autumn and winter), then accuracy of sensorimotor reactions degraded (winter) and mistakes in a simple math test became more frequent (winter and spring). On the contrary, performance of short-term memory tests improved in winter and spring. Motor activity reduced during the first half of the expedition and started increasing gradually at the beginning of the polar night. Though the sleeping time was normally from 7 to 8.5 hours, sleep quality subjectively changed during the wintering it correlated with physical activity and consequent changes of heart rate variability (stress) and blood oxygen saturation. The latter remained low throughout the period of life on station Vostok in comparison to measurements made on the ship. Cohesion was high but for some slackening by the third quarter of wintering; at the end of wintering cohesion grew strong again. The sociometric status of winterers varied with intensity of negative emotions.
Key words: psychophysiology, mental performance, Antarctic expedition, analog experiment, extreme conditions, autonomous crew, cohesion.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 68-79.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-68-79
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Shulguina S.M., Rykova M.P., Kutko O.V., Shmarov V.A., Antropova E.N., Zhirova E.A., Orlova K.D., Sadova A.A., Vlasova D.D., Ponomarev S.A. Effect of short-term isolation and confinement in a small chamber on subclinical reactivation of latent viral and bacterial pathogenes in humans
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The paper presents data of the investigations of subclinical reactivation of 7 human herpes viruses and bacteria Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum and Chlamydia trachomatis from 6 participants in a 14-day isolation study conducted in a small chamber with controlled environment. Purpose of analysis was to establish correlations between DNAs of latent viral and bacterial pathogens in bio-liquids of organism and indices of the natural and adaptive immune system.
It was determined that short-term isolation in a small chamber may provoke reactivation of latent pathogens both of the viral and bacterial nature. The events can be triggered by changes in the immune status and appear in consequence of depressed immunological control of latent infections. Dynamics of the latent infections lytic cycle in the course of the study demonstrated a high degree of individual variability.
Key words: immunity, latent infections, reactivation, isolation, space flight.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 80-87.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-80-87
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Miller N.V., Zobova L.N., Roshchin V.Yu., Badakva À.Ì. Procedure of check testing in the process of studying the effects of dry immersion on characteristics of performing a motor-ocular task
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Effects of reduced support, tactile and proprioceptive afferentation on mapping and manual operating the joystick were evaluated with participation of 14 female subjects. The idea was to compare performance of a 15 minute motor-ocular task in the conditions of dry immersion and lying supine on a couch.
The subjects were to direct the pointer from the screen center to one of 8 randomly emerging targets. Pointer coordinates and emergence scenarios were registered; time to reach the target and geometry of pointer trajectories were calculated. Comparison was made by 4 characteristics: latent time of reaction, time of implementing the reaction, relative trajectory length, and averaged precision of trajectory to a target and the sum of trajectories. It was found that despite some individual differences, for all participants these 4 characteristics, equally of moving to a specific target or the sum of targets, were essentially similar.
The results attest to the applicability of testing supine subject's manual tracking of the pointer to a target as a baseline data collection in dry immersion experiments aimed to define whether support-deprivation impacts effectiveness of manual moving the pointer to target.
Key words: dry immersion, support deprivation, motor-ocular task, movement control, joystick.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 88-93.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-88-93
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Ilyin V.K., Solovieva Z.O., Nosovsky À.Ì., Rykova M.P., Sheblaeva A.S., Sheblaev M.V., Lovtsevich S.M., Kraeva L.A., Guizinger Î.À. Investigation of the effect of prophylatic consumption of a streptococcus salivarius-based autoprobiotic on oral microbiota of participants in isolation study «SIRIUS-2021»
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Effect of an autologous preparation based on Streptococcus salivarius (S. salivarius) on oral cavity microbiota was investigated in participants of 8-month isolation study SIRIUS-2021 with the purpose of developing programs of preventing immunomicrobiological disorders.
We investigated microbiota qualitative and quantitative dynamics, microbiological changes before and after consumption of the S. salivarius preparation using a bacteriologic technique, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and microbial markers mass-spectrometry. Concentrations of secretion immunoglobulin À (sIgA) and IL-8, IL-10 cytokines in oral liquid were determined with the immune-enzyme assay.
It was found that the S. Salivarius-based autologous preparation had a favorable effect on the mouth microbiocenosis in all the participants in the study.
Key words: parodentium, oropharyngeal cavities, microbial markers mass-spectrometry, MALDI-TOF analysis, immune-enzyme assay, bacteriologic technique.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 94-101.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-94-101
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Samoilenko T.V., Shishkina V.V., Antakova L.N., Goryushkina E.S., Atiakshin D.À. Actin of smooth muscle cells as a criterion of gravity-sensitivity of the gastrointestinal tract of mice and mongolian gerbils
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Despite the key role of the smooth muscle tissue (SMT) in the gastrointestinal organs functioning, mechanisms of SMT gravity sensitivity still remain inadequately studied in space biomedicine.
Smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was studied in membranes of the stomach and small gut fundus in mice Ñ57BL/6N (experiment in 30-d BION-M1 mission and synchronous control BIOS-MLZh), Mongolian gerbils Meriones unguiculatus (experiment in 12-d Foton-M3 missions), and after 30-d tail-suspension according to E.R. Morey-Holton (Ñ57BL/6N males). Immunohistochemical detection of α-SMA was conducted in 2 µm sections using the mouse SMA monoclonal antibodies (1:100, Zytomed Systems, Cat. No. MSK030). Documentary photography and analysis of micropreparations were performed with microscope ZEISS Axio Imager À2. Quantitative analysis was performed on the basis of the area of immunopositive sections using ImageJ 1.51J8.
Morphometric analysis of α-SMA in muscular coat of the stomach and jejunum of the space-flown mice and gerbils detected a reduction of immunopositive sections which points to weakening of the SMT functional activity. Gravitational sensitivity of the gastrointestinal contraction structures can be conditioned by changes in structural components of actin myofilament in smooth myocytes or myofibroblasts. Absence of changes in the α-SMA expression after tail-suspension confirms that microgravity affects functional properties of the gastrointestinal muscular coats.
Key words, stomach, jejunum, smooth muscle tissue, smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), space flight, tail-suspension.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 102-110.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-102-110
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Methods
Orlov O.I., Mamonova E.Yu.,Perevedentsev O.V. Using the matrix method for assessing the incidence and medical support efficiency of industrial workers in large oil companies
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Staff health protection is an integral part of the corporate social policy of oil companies organized on a divisional basis. A medical support system based on outsourcing requires an effective system for monitoring its functioning. Since it includes dozens of objects, such control is possible only when using digital technologies. The matrix method of information representation was chosen for the implementation of the task.
Two matrices were developed: the health risk management results Matrix and the health risk resource and process management Matrix. System was developed for quantitative risk assessment, key indicators, processes and outcomes of medical support personnel for each group of indicators selected a five-point scale by experts determined the weights for each factor.
The developed methodology was applied to analyze the state of health and evaluate the medical support system at 49 enterprises. Special attention was paid to enterprises located in the "orange" zone of relative disadvantage (51-75 points). For three years of observations, 9-10 enterprises were registered in it, with 4 enterprises in both matrices. Based on the analysis of reports, a set of measures to correct the situation for specific enterprises was developed. Conclusion. Building health risk matrices using information technology allows you to monitor a significant number of enterprises, quickly obtain information, identify problem situations and make targeted management decisions.
Key words: medical support system, oil industry, risk-oriented management in healthcare, health risks, matrix method, medical information systems.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 111-117.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-111-117
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Kotov A.N., Katuntsev V.P., Sukhostavtseva T.V., Baranov V.M. On the assessment of human body orthostatic tolerance
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Ratio of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) has been used as a quantitative indicator of the human orthostatic tolerance. The indicator was conventionally designated as an efficiency coefficient (EC) of the mechanisms involved in systemic BP control during the passive orthostatic test (POT). The coefficient is measured in conventional units and calculated by formula EC (conv.unit) = BP (mm Hg) / HR (beats/min).
Informativity of this indicator was verified by means of a retrospective analysis of 118 POTs performed by 30 essentially healthy male subjects (aged 19 to 40 yrs) before and after bed rest of varying duration. Prior to POT, EC in supine position made up 1.88 ± 0.04 conv. units. The EC decrease to 1.3 – 0.95 conv. units during POT evidenced clearly the extent of changes in the cardiovascular functioning and POT endurance. After bed rest, all subjects demonstrated an increased cardiovascular strain and reduced POT endurance; however, EC values were reliably higher for the subjects who had shown a higher POT endurance before bed rest.
Based on analysis of individual reactions, the EC reduction to 1 conv.unit corresponded to the first pre-collapse signs and called for immediate POT termination. These results of the investigation make us believe that EC is an informative objective criterion for orthostatic tolerance evaluation that can be proposed for aerospace medicine applications.
Key words: orthostatic tolerance, bed rest, efficiency coefficient.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 1. P. 118-125.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-1-118-125
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