CONTENTS
Reviews
Levanov V. M., Perevedentsev O. V., Orlov O. I., Chernogorov R. V. Extra-vehicular activity on the lunar surface during long expeditions: a preliminary assessment of additional health risks and the role telemedicina systems to minimize them
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 5-12.
The perspective plans of development of the Moon is stipulated pilot flights on circumlunar orbit and on its surface, including construction of planetary bases.
For years of a space age the mankind has saved up significant experience extravehicular activity (EVA) in a low circumterrestrial orbit of crews of the Soviet, Russian, American, Chinese spacecrafts and orbital stations, including International space station, and also works on surfaces of the Moon and on a line of flight «Moon – Earth» of USA astronauts under program «Apollo». In the scientific literature features of ability to live and work of cosmonauts and astronauts in a free space, including medical and biologic aspects EVA, including various supernumerary situations, and their influence on health are analyzed enough in details.
However during perspective long lunar expeditions of a condition and kinds of crews works outside of hermetic volumes will differ essentially from work in a free space onboard orbital stations as well as short-term outputs on a surface of the Moon in the flights which have been carried out in 60–70s of XX century, that objectively demands development of an additional complex of medical, preventive and technological actions, including at the present stage of realization of the program.
Authors of the article on the basis of the accessible literature analysis investigated potential risks for health at EVA and have made attempt to determine and systematize additional risks during work on a surface of the Moon in view of known and prospective factors physical, technical-origin, chemical, psychological, medical and biologic character, and also a direction of work on their prevention or minimization.
The special attention in system of medical maintenance EVA on a surface of the Moon is given to the intellectual telemedical systems, allowing to expand autonomy of acceptance and realization of decisions on prevention of development and Indemnification various medical situations and directed on preservation of health and life of lunar expeditions members.
Key words: extravehicular activity, lunar expeditions, a surface of the Moon, risks for health, system of medical maintenance, intellectual telemedical system.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-5-12
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Kotrovskaya T.I., Bubeev Yu.A., Schastlivtseva D.V. Xenon effect on posttraumatic trace memories
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 13-20.
The article reports a general theoretic study of plausible mechanisms xenon abates trauma memories in postraumatic stress disorders (PTSD). Earlier the authors demonstrated that inhalation of xenon reduced reliably the level of anxiety in people of stressful occupations. Penetration into the neurophysiological mechanisms of xenon will improve treatment of PTSD patients by mobilizing the endogenous fear-control circuits. Many aspects of therapies broadly used for patients with PTSD, phobia, panic and other anxiety disorders are an outcome of rodent experiments with fear conditioning and elimination, as neural circuits responsible for stress reactions are very much alike among mammals. The experimental studies of xenon effects and neural circuits showed both the direct anxiolytic effect due to control of inhibition processes and excitability of nervous system neurons, and also mediated effect (similar to anxiolytic) on memory mechanisms. However, whether memory reconsolidation and/or integration are triggered after repeated activation by xenon inhalation invites further investigation.
Key words: PTSD, anxiety disorders, trauma trace memories, xenon inhalation procedure, reconsolidation, memory integration, fear neural circuits, exciting glutamate NMDA-receptors, inhibitory GABA-receptors.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-13-20
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Shenkman B.S., Kozlovskaya I.B. Physiological basis of the low-frequency electromyostimulation, the promising countermeasure against sarcopenia and hypogravity-induced muscle atrophy
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 21-28.
Along with the other rehabilitation and exercise training means in sports, clinical and space medicine the electromyostimulation (EMS) plays the very important role. Many advanced laboratories all over the world are involved in the development of the new regimes and devices for the electrical stimulation of the skeletal muscles and in the studies of the physiological EMS effects.
In clinic they usually use the low-frequency low-intensity chronic stimulation for the preparation of the muscle for cardiomyoplastic surgeries, paralyzed muscle correction and rehabilitation of disused muscle.
The present literature survey is dedicated to the physiological basis (mechanisms of action) of chronic low-frequency electrostimulation. As early as from the 70ties of the last century the model of the low-frequency electromyostimulation of rodent muscles was elaborated and widely studied. As a result of the numerous studies it was established that such stimulation led to the increase of the muscle work capacity, fatigue resistance, elevated oxidative enzyme activities and the other structural and metabolic markers and steady fast-to-slow fiber type transformation. The similar data were obtained during the studies of the healthy volunteers. The low-frequency stimulation exerted the beneficial effects on the atrophied disused muscle. In the review we observe the advantages and disadvantages of the chronic low-frequency electromyostimulation as relevant to deconditioned muscle rehabilitation.
Key words: skeletal muscle, low-frequency stimulation, muscle fibers, muscle fiber types, slow And fast isoforms of myosin heavy chains, fatigue resistance, muscle force.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-21-28
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Stepanova S.I., Koroleva M.V., Nesterov V.F., Supolkina N.S., Galichiy V.A., Karpova O.I. Evaluations of the work–rest schedule of the Russian members of International space station crews 40/41-53/54 based on the flight monitoring data
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 29-35.
For retrospective (post-mission) analysis of the work-rest schedule (WRS) of ISS Russian crewmembers, missions from 40/41 to 53/54 were grouped depending on whether there were 3 (ISS 40/41–49/50) or 2 cosmonauts (ISS 50/51–53/54).
In the first group, symptoms of hard WRS were noted in 62 % mission weeks, whereas in the second group, in 94 % weeks. The cosmonauts had to work overtime irrespective of mission duration. In the first group, overtime averaged 25 minutes daily or 3 hours weekly. In the second group, daily and weekly overtimes averaged 1 hr 51 min or 13 hours, respectively, which is 4 times longer than in the first group.
Sleep hours during missions shifted clockwise and counterclockwise. Magnitude of sleep shifting varied between 30 min and 12 hours. As a rule, sleep duration was 6–7 hours and, in the opinion of most of the cosmonauts, was sufficient for good rest and recovery.
Key words: work-rest schedule, overtime, sleep shifting.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-29-35
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Ponomarev S.A., Shulguina S.M., Kalinin S.A., Antropova E.N., Rykova M.P., Orlova K.D., Kutko O.V., Sadova À.À. Condition of the system of recognition and signaling Toll-like receptors of human monocytes and granulocytes during 21-day dry immersion without countermeasures
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 36-42.
Major parameters of the recognition and signaling cell receptors system within natural immunity were investigated in six subjects (aged 24 to 32 yrs) volunteered for a 21-day dry immersion test without countermeasures. Peripheral blood samples were analyzed for monocytes and granulocytes expressing the Toll-like receptors, both surface (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6) and intracellular (TLR3, TLR8, TLR9). In addition, TLRs of both locations were stimulated in vitro by ligands in 24-hr CD14+-monocytes cultures. The results showed that 21-day DI affects strongly cell components of the natural resistance system. The observed changes reflect a complex process of immunity adaptation to the hypodynamic support unloading in 21-day DI.
Key words: Toll-like receptors, image recognizing receptors, monocytes, granulocytes, immunity system, dry immersion.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-36-42
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Shmarina G.V., Ershova E.S., Veiko N.N., Ponomarev S.A., Kutko O.V., Sadova A.A., Bekker A.A., Umryukhin P.E., Kostyuk S.V. Blood DNAse I activity, cell-free DNA concentrations and 8-oxy-deoxyguanosine content in genomic DNA samples as stress markers in hypodynamia and sleep deprivation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 43-49.
Dynamics of the DNAse 1 activity, and concentrations of ecDNA and 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine in genomic DNA were studied in blood samples taken from six members of the subject to isolation and confinement in artificial environment, without exercise, and exposed to 38-hr sleep deprivation (17-d SIRIUS-17 mission). Samples were taken before and in 1 and 7 days after completion of the mission. The control group consisted of 22 essentially healthy volunteers. In the samples obtained from the test subjects ecDNA concentrations were high and DNAse I activity was increased; 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine was found low.
Isolation and associated hypodynamia caused a significant ecDNA reduction and accumulation of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine in peripheral blood leucocytes indicative of a systemic oxidative stress. On day 7 after isolation both variables, i.e. ecDNA and 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, did not regain initial concentrations despite a distinct trend toward normal levels. DNAse I activity was constantly high and surpassed values in control samples. This increase in the DNAse I activity appears to be adaptive and can be linked with frequent rises of ecDNA due to regular physical training.
Key words: extracellular DNA, DNAse I, 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, isolation and confinement, sleep deprivation, melatonin, OGG1
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-43-49
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Lebedeva S.A., Shved D.M., Gushchin V.I. Preliminary results of studying the functional state of human operator using acoustic analysis of speech in spaceflight simulated environment
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 50-56.
The paper presents the results of testing a non-invasive method of human functional state evaluation in a simulated spaceflight environment based on acoustic analysis of speech. Analysis of cosmonauts' communication with the Mission control center (MCC) is a standard procedure of remote psycho-medical monitoring of space crews. The principle advantages of this monitoring are that it does not interfere with crew work, does not require additional equipment or crew time. On the other hand, recently the subject of analysis has been primarily the speech content liable to modulating by cognitive and conative components, whereas speech acoustics is less controlled by the brain and discloses better fine nuances of the functional state. Computerized analysis of speech acoustics was tested in IBMP model experiments, including dry immersion. The preliminary results show applicability of this method to monitoring of operator's functional dynamics during simulation of spaceflight factors (microgravity, specifically), and suggest some ideas for enhancement.
Key words: speech analysis, functional state, model experiments, dry immersion.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-50-56
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Es'kov Ê.N. Effect of the gender factor on the quality of group interdependent operator activities a short-term chamber isolation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 57-61.
Sixteen men and 15 female operators were distributed into groups of 3 or 4 members for participation in several Gomeostat test sessions before and after short-term (7–17 days) isolation. In each session a group was to make 4 to 6 tasks of different complexity. The criterion of success (S) was percentage of completed tasks.
Results gained before and after isolation did not evidence any noteworthy difference (percent of successful testing averaged 33.3 and 31.3 before and after isolation, respectively).
Homogender groups composed of 3 men showed better results (S = 70.6 %) than groups of 3 women (S = 25.8 %). Heterogender groups composed of 2 men and a woman showed better results (S = 56.4 %) than a group of 2 women and a man (S = 16.7 %).
According to the Gomeostat test, the most successful were pure men groups of 3 members.
Key words: Gomeostat test, group interdependent operator activities, isolation, gender factor, homogender group, heterogender group, criterion of success.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-57-61
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Ivanova S.Ì., Labetskaya O.I., Anisimov N.A., Maksimov G.V., Parshina E.Yu., Yusipovich A.I. Erythrocyte morphobiochemical indices and hemoglobin hemoporphyrins in test-subjects in the course of a short-term chamber isolation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 62-67.
Morphobiochemical indices of erythrocytes, phase state of red cell membrane and hemoglobin conformation were investigated in 6 human subjects (3 women and 3 men) volunteered for 14-day isolation. Blood samples were taken during the baseline data collection (5 days before isolation), on days 7 and 14 in, and days 1 and 7 after isolation.
The trends in biochemical indices of erythrocytes included a decrease in adenosine triphosphoric acid (ÀÒP) (more expressed in women), an increase in lactic acid, a slight decrease in reduced glutathione (more expressed in men), and an increased activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDG).
Decreases in ATP and reduced glutathione decrease, and an increase in G6PDG, implying lipid peroxidation (LPO) activation may impact the membrane phase state and oxygen transport by hemoglobin. The latter is supported by the oxyhemoglobin downward trend and increased hemoglobin sensitivity to oxygen on days 1 and 7 after isolation, and elevated membrane microviscosity (more expressed in women).
Key words: isolation, red blood morphologic indices, erythrocyte metabolism, hemoglobin hemoproteids, viscosity of erythrocyte plasmatic membrane. óêàçûâàþùèå.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-62-67
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Supolkina N.S., Yusupova A.K., Shved D.M., Chekalina A.I., Sarantsev S.V., Gushchin V.I., Feichtinger Å.L. Communicative behavior of the crew during contacts with the Mission control center in experiment Sirius-17
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 68-73.
The paper discusses the communicative behavior and psycho-emotional status in the 17-day SIRIUS-17 mission imitating some factors in a space exploration mission. This was the first Russian isolation study with participation of a gender-balanced crew. Content-analysis was used for daily planning conferences (DPC) of the crew and MCC; reactive anxiety was assessed using the Spielberger inventory. Communicative behavior in isolation and confinement was found to be dependent on gender, profession, and level of anxiety.
Key words: crew communication, content analysis, coping strategy, isolation.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-68-73
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Belova S.P., Mochalova E.P., Shenkman B.S., Nemirovskaya T.L. Role of HDAC1 in regulation of key E3-ubiquitin ligase expression under functional unloading of rat's m. soleus
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 74-78.
To elicit the role of histone deacetylase 1 in regulation of m.soleus mass, a group of Wistar rats (n=7) was subject to 3-day tail-suspension with injection of inhibitor HDAC; another group (n=7) was suspended w/o the inhibitor injection and the third (n=7) was the control. It was shown that HDAC inhibits m.soleus atrophy development and rate of atrogen expression during support unloading.
Key words: HDAC1, artophy, m.soleus, ubiquitin Å3-ligase.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-74-78
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Usik M.A., Biryukov N.S., Zhdankina Yu.S., Ogneva I.V. Organization of mice ovary cytoskelelton after 23-day head-down suspension
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 79-84.
23-day suspension was used as a model of the physiological effects of microgravity to study the cortical cytoskeleton of germinative tissues in BALB/c female mice.
Relative content of cytoskeleton proteins (beta-tubulin, desmin, beta- and gamma-actin, alpha-actinin-1 and 4) was determined using western-blotting, proteins mRNA genes encoding, and polymerase chain reaction with back transcription. Most of the changes were on the transcription level, i.e. increase of the relative content of mRNA beta-tubulin, desmin, beta-actin and alpha-actinin-4. Gamma-actin remained on the same level and alpha-actinin-1 reduced. With the exception of apha-actinin-4 that made a rise, the relative number of proteins was unchanged in comparison to the group of control.
Key words: microgravity, cortical cytoskeleton, tail-suspension, ovaritis.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-79-84
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Berkovich Yu.A., Ochkov Î.À., Perevedentsev O.V., Buryak À.À. Selection of algorithms for adaptive optimization of plant photosynthesis in space greenhouses
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 85-92.
Dynamic optimization of crop photosynthetic productivity through continuous search for optimal environmental parameters can reduce the demand of board resources for space greenhouses. Drift of the crop environment can be tracked by an extremal adjuster. We modeled search for etxremum of nonstationary wheat photosynthesis dependence on lighting and air temperature with the use of gradient and modified simplex (Nelder-Mid) algorithms. It was shown that the least integral tracking error over the period of vegetation is achieved by a combination of the Nelder-Mid algorithm on the initial 20 steps and then, in the neighborhood of extremum trajectory, gradient algorithm. The Nelder-Mid algorithm was applied for a unit magnitude of the reflection coefficient, coefficient of triangles median stretch =1 and median contraction =2. In the gradient algorithm, gradient step 10-3 was chosen by the criterion of minimum integral racking error. These tracking algorithm parameters should be used in the system of adaptive optimization of crop illumination by light-emitting diodes in space greenhouse.
Key words: space greenhouse, crop photosynthesis, dynamic optimization, search algorithm, extremum search errors.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-85-92
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Kuzmina A.Yu., Kataman Å.À. Types of limitations for validity of commercial pilot medical certificate and records in medical reports
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 93-98.
The article reviews types of limitations for validity of medical certificates (medical report) of commercial pilots in international, European and Russian regulations. Among others, international regulations apply the operational multi-pilot limitation (OML). In Europe limitations for commercial pilots are particularly numerous reaching 17. In Russia pilots are to meet 6 requirements of which 5 are generally accepted. The authors make analysis of implementing these limitations by the national medical certification boards.
Key words: aviation medicine, aviation medical certification, medical examination.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-93-98
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Methods
Alekhin M.D., Bogomolov À.V., Kukushkin Yu.A. Methods for analysis of respiratory patterns during non-contact monitoring of psychophysiological states of ergatic systems operators
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 2. P. 99-101.
Introduction in the ergatic system control circuit of operator's psychophysiological status is a prioritized approach to the system functional robustness. One of the advanced noninvasive monitoring technologies is respiration bioradiolocation based on analysis of biometric modulations of echo signals returned by combined translating and reciprocating movements of the chest. However, this study is not concerned with breathing patterns, though they may carry information about potentially dangerous developments. Purpose of the work is to assess noninvasive psychophysiological diagnostics by structural analysis of breathing patterns, i.e. frequency and amplitude of breathing movements.
A criterion of diagnosing operator's fatigue by variability of the respiration rate is presented, as well as the space of breathing vital signs.
Key words: noncontact diagnostics, psychophysiological condition, operator of ergative system, pattern recognition, respiration pattern, respiratory cycle.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-2-99-101
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