CONTENTS
Reviews
Galichiy V.A. Seasonal factor in manifestations of cardiovascular pathologies
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 1. P. 7–17
The review expounds the present-day conception about seasonal variations of the rates of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular pathologies. Dependence of the two rates on meteorological factors such as air temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure is demonstrated. In high and middle latitudes the risk of development and acute condition of cardiovascular diseases is commonly linked to winter period marked not only by low temperatures, but also changeable weather with sharp jumps in atmospheric temperature, humidity and pressure. The cardiovascular risk in these regions can be controlled by providing indoor thermal comfort, wearing warm clothes, eating warmed-up meal, adequate well-balanced but not heavy diet, physical exercises, absence of any other diseases, diabetes mellitus first of all. Throughout the year it is important to adhere to the healthy life-style and to check blood pressure and levels of cholesterol and sugar.
Key words: cardiac artery disease, myocardium infarction, essential hypertension, cerebrovascular disorders, morbidity rate, mortality rate, meteorological factors.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-1-7-17
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Kukoba T.B., Fomina E.V. Axial loading of varying intensity during resistance training of cosmonauts as a countermeasure against hypogravitational disorders
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 1. P. 18–23
Studies of the muscular response to axial loading of varying intensity in the course of resistance training of space crews on missions have broadened the knowledge of gravitational physiology about changes in the functioning of human motor system after long-term existence in microgravity. The paper presents the results of comparative analysis of groups of cosmonauts differing in the intensity of sensory stimulation of the motor system during extended stay in microgravity. It was shown that the best effect of maintaining the voluntary force of leg muscles was gained by cosmonauts who did few repetitions of the squat and rising-up onto the toes with the axial loading greater than 100 % of body mass. Femoral muscle endurance is maintained effectively by axial loading in the range from 30 to 100 % of body mass and more than 30 repetitions. The authors describe the mechanisms recruited in development of muscle's strength and velocity abilities in microgravity despite the changes in muscles, muscular fibers, and motor control system.
Key words: resistance training, microgravity, muscle's strength and velocity properties, cosmonauts.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-1-18-23
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Stepanova S.I., Karpova Î.I., Galichiy V.À., Nesterov V.F., Saraev I.F. Evaluation of operative employment of Russian crewmembers of the International space station (missions 26/27–39/40)
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 1. P. 24–29
The article deals with estimation of operative employment of Russian crewmembers of the International space station (ISS) missions 26/27-39/40. Analysis was made of the weekly medical summaries issued by medical operators of the Moscow Mission control center (MCC-M) on the basis of daily monitoring of cosmonauts' work and rest schedule including specifics of planned and unplanned (excessive) operations and tasks and crew timeline. On the strength of the established maximal admissible workloads on week days and weekends, average excessive workloads were calculated per a crewmember over a week and flight day in each mission.
137 weekly summaries issued in 13 missions were reviewed. In 12 missions the Russian crewmembers exceeded the limit of working hours. For all missions the average daily, weekends included, overtime per a cosmonaut amounted to 30 minutes; in some missions overtime reached 50 to 60 minutes. The excessive workload was associated with implementation as of pre-planned, so unplanned operations.
Key words: unplanned workload, supernormal workload, planned reserve, supernormal planning.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-1-24-29
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Soldatov S.K., Zasyad'ko K.I., Bogomolov A.V., Vonarshenko A.P., Solomka A.V. Professionally important skills of air traffic controllers
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 1. P. 30–34
The paper deals with diagnostics and development of core air traffic controllers’ (ATCs) skills based on job analysis. The aim was to assess how professional skills are related to experience, and to explore learning opportunities. Subjects were 15 graduates of an ATC school (aged 22–25 yrs.) w/o experience and 11 first-class operators with 8 to 10 years of experience (aged 31–37 yrs.). The program included professiogram analysis using a specially crafted skill tests battery followed by 10 training sessions for inexperienced ATCs within 10 school days tied up to regular refresher training. The study pinpointed the core skills that were improved significantly by the training and benefits of refresher training for honing these skills.
Key words: professional skills, air traffic controller, job quality, training of core skills, professiogram analysis.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-1-30–34
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Vorontsov A.L., Stepanova G.P., Markin A.A., Smirnova T.A., Degterenkova N.V., Stepanova K.Yu., Pogozhev A.A. Investigation of the effect of 12-hour bed rest on protein content of human urine
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 1. P. 35–38
In an experiment with 12-hour bed rest (BR, -15o) the total protein and protein profile of urine were determined in 7 male subjects at the age of 22 to 31 years. Proteins were separated using a modification of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparison of the experimental and baseline profiles of urine protein showed significant decreases in percent of albumin and proteins with molecular mass (ÌÌ) >69 kDa (glomerular component). The results of measuring total protein excretion lead us to the conclusion that 12-hour BR at -15° did not cause escape of the parameter from the physiological norm limits.
Key words: bed rest, urine protein profile, electrophoresis of urine proteins, albumin, glomerular component.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-1-35-38
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Lebedeva-Georgievskaya Ê.B., Matveeva M.I., Bazian A.S., Kudrin V.S., Narkevich V.B., Perevezentsev A.A. Shtemberg A.S. Effect of tail-suspension on the activity, environmental adaptation, exploratory behavior and monoamine turnover in the brain of mice
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 1. P. 39–45
A 30-day tail-suspension of mice was conducted to study the adaptive behavior of animals and monoamine turnover in brain structures during 2 weeks of ensuing recovery. The open-field test showed that due to suspension the mice shifted their emotions and motivated behavior from the orientative-exploratory activity to increased anxiety and passive defensive behavior. Observation of the orientative-exploratory behavior, environmental adaptation and spatial orientation within the IntelliCage witnessed a significant decline of the orientative-exploratory activity and, on the contrary, strengthening of stereotyped behavior. This suggests a decay of neuroplasticity in tail-suspended animals. Analysis of monoamines in the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, striatum and hippocampus failed to reveal large differences. Injection of a dopamine precursor (madopar) raised definitely concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites 3,4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and 3-methoxytyramine.
Key words: behavior, mice, adaptation, tail-suspension, IntelliCage.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-1-39-45
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Severiukhin Yu.S., Budennaya N.N., Timoshenko G.N., Ivanov A.A., Krasavin Å.À. Morphological changes in Purkinje cells of rat's cerebellum cortex following irradiation with carbon 12C ions
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 1. P. 46–50
Investigations into the effects of heavy charged particles (HCPs) of galactic space radiation on the central nervous system (CNS) of cosmonauts are crucial for evaluation of radiation risks in exploration class missions. Cytological studies of rat's cerebellum irradiated with carbon 12C heavy ions with the energy of 500 MeV/nucleon were performed as part of a model experiment at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna.
Exposure of animals to HCPs increased reliably the relative number of destructively modified neurons in the cerebellum cortex. Dynamics of morphological changes points to more severe CNS effects from heavy ions.
Key words: cerebellum, Purkinje cells, neuron, heavy charged particles, space radiation.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-1-46-50
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Tikhomirova N.A., Pavlova A.M., Ushakova S.A., Trifonov S.V., Gribovskaya I.V., Tikhomirova À.À. Yield characteristics of green plants cultivated on liquid products of human exometabolite processing for a bio-technical life support system
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 1. P. 51–57
The purpose was to test potentiality of a green plant cultivation technology based on mineralization of human exometabolites as a component of a bio-technical life support systems (BTLSS). Objects in the investigation were Salicornia europaea L., Brassica juncea L., Lepidium sativum angustifolia L. and Nasturtium officinale R.Br. The plants were raised in a plant growth chamber as water cultures under continuous lighting. In the first experiment, Salicornia europaea L., Brassica juncea L., Lepidium sativum angustifolia L. and Nasturtium officinale R.Br. grew on solutions with mineralized human exometabolites. In the second experiment, Salicornia europaea L. and Nasturtium officinale R.Br. grew on solutions also with mineralized human exometabolites but differing in NaCl concentrations. The experiments showed that Salicornia europaea and Nasturtium officinale can be cultivated within BTLSS in order to introduce NaCl into the intrasystem mass-exchange. However, choice of a technology of nutrient solution demineralization using plant species must be made with consideration of how high the level of salification is and whether a solution will be fed to salt-intolerant Nasturtium officinale or more tolerant Salicornia europaea L..
Key words: Salicornia europaea, Brassica juncea, Lepidium sativum angustifolia, Nasturtium officinale, bio-technical life support system, human exometabolite processing.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-1-51-57
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Pakhomova À.À., Ozerov D.S., Tsarkov D.S., Khorosheva Å.G., Mukhamedieva L.N. Description of the chemical make-up of air on the International space station
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 1. P. 51–57
The purpose was to test potentiality of a green plant cultivation technology based on mineralization of human exometabolites as a component of a bio-technical life support systems (BTLSS). Objects in the investigation were Salicornia europaea L., Brassica juncea L., Lepidium sativum angustifolia L. and Nasturtium officinale R.Br. The plants were raised in a plant growth chamber as water cultures under continuous lighting. In the first experiment, Salicornia europaea L., Brassica juncea L., Lepidium sativum angustifolia L. and Nasturtium officinale R.Br. grew on solutions with mineralized human exometabolites. In the second experiment, Salicornia europaea L. and Nasturtium officinale R.Br. grew on solutions also with mineralized human exometabolites but differing in NaCl concentrations. The experiments showed that Salicornia europaea and Nasturtium officinale can be cultivated within BTLSS in order to introduce NaCl into the intrasystem mass-exchange. However, choice of a technology of nutrient solution demineralization using plant species must be made with consideration of how high the level of salification is and whether a solution will be fed to salt-intolerant Nasturtium officinale or more tolerant Salicornia europaea L..
Key words: Salicornia europaea, Brassica juncea, Lepidium sativum angustifolia, Nasturtium officinale, bio-technical life support system, human exometabolite processing.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-58-64
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Information
Blaguinin À.À., Sinelnikov S.N., Liashedko S.P. State-of-the-art and problems of spatial orientation training of pilots
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 1. P. 65–69
Analysis of the frequency of air accidents with the main reason being pilot's spatial disorientation was performed. Programs of pilots’ psychophysiological training for spatial orientation development adopted in other countries were reviewed. Arguments are presented for psychophysiological training as a means to increase flight safety. Examples of modern simulators used in the US and NATO Air Forces for pilot's orientation training are provided; Russian views on the problem are outlined.
Key words: illusion, disorientation, spatial positioning, intersensory conflict, visual analyzer, vestibular analyzer, proprioceptive analyzer, perception, simulator-based training, flying with window blinds closed ("hooded" flight).
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-65-69
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Ivanov I.V., Praskurnichiy Å.À. Internet resources for education of specialists in aviation and space medicine
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 1. P. 70–78
The authors report the results of reviewing and classification of Internet learning resources available for students in aviation and space medicine within the Russian system of higher medical education. Information in the paper can help in more effective development of competencies required by a Federal State specialty-specific standard.
Key words: aviation and space medicine, higher medical education, education of specialists in aviation and space medicine, occupational competencies, Internet resources.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-1-70-78
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Orlov O.I., Komissarova D.V., Ponomarev S.A., Belakovsky M.S. XVI conference on space biology and medicine with international participation, young scientists school
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