CONTENTS
Reviews
Gushchin V.I., Ryumin O.O., Karpova Î.I., Rozanov I.A., Shved D.M., Yusupova A.K. Perspectives of psychological support in future exploration missions
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The paper summarizes the experience of providing the psychological support for orbital space crews, discusses current practices applicable in future exploration missions, and the psychological negative factors in autonomous missions including new promising technologies developed with these factors in mind.
Key words: piloted space missions, exploration missions, psychogenic factors, psychological support, virtual reality.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 5-13.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-13
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Bubeev Yu.A., Usov V.M., Polyakov A.V., Mikhaylyuk Ì.V. Imitative virtual reality-based modeling of the modes of piloted vehicle control on a lunar station to investigate operator's activity in isolation studies
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The survey is focused on the applicability of virtual reality (VR) and 3D immersive technologies for isolation studies of the human-robot interaction during intravehicular activities (IVA) and scenarios of pilotless vehicles (PVs) operations on a lunar station. The investigation resulted in covering the prototyped multicopter drones for inspecting closed environments on Earth and future creation of appropriate VR models, and proposing off-line PVs analogous to the NASA Free-Flyers Units Astrobee, and VirSim system for use on the lunar station.
The imitative VR models and suggested research tasks include the following: 1) PVs scenarios, routing and scheduling, 2) modeling autonomous navigation and control (local positioning and navigation) inside the station, 3) manual piloting, 4) virtual and real control panels, 5) comparison of displays representing PVs cameras stream, 2D-electronic maps and real-time 3D-image, 6) PVs scenarios for potential danger to the lunar station, and support of response to unexpected events.
Knowledge from the isolation studies can substantiate guidelines on PVs operations aboard habitable lunar stations.
Key words: isolation studies, virtual reality systems, lunar station, inspection of close environment, PV, quadrocopters.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 14-28.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-14-28
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Barantseva M.Yu., Mukhamedieva L.N., Ozerov D.S., Pakhomova A.A., Lashukov P.V., Grabeklis I.A. Toxicology issues of lunar dust effects on biological objects
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Long-term lunar missions will require a toxicological and hygienic assessment of the biological impact of lunar dust on humans, as one of the main factors limiting the duration of human stay on the lunar surface.
This review summarizes the results of scientific research aimed at studying the acute and chronic effects of lunar dust and its imitators when inhaled and intratracheally administered to animals. The analysis of the biological activity of the particles after their penetration into the respiratory tract and lung tissue was carried out. Based on the modern understanding of the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, a hypothesis was formulated for the development of toxic damage to the lungs when exposed to lunar dust: mechanical damage to the alveolar epithelium by dust particles, increased microvascular permeability, local and systemic autoimmune inflammatory reactions, activation of cytokine regulation of the inflammatory and fibroplastic process in the lungs and heart.
Key words: lunar dust, surrogate, toxicity, inflammation, pulmonary fibrosis, lipid peroxidation, cytokines.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 29-37.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-29-37
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Gaynullina D.K., Shvetsova A.A., Tarasova O.S. Mechanisms of the acidosis effect on the vascular tone
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The activity of many physiological mechanisms depends on pH, so maintaining a normal pH in the organism is one of the important tasks of homeostasis regulation.
Shifts in the acid-base balance can be associated with both pathological and physiological processes. Physiological acidosis in skeletal muscles appears due to physical exercise, as muscle contractions may reduce pH in muscle fibers and interstitium significantly. However, pH normalizes fairly soon after contractions stop. This happens largely owing to the circulatory system that removes metabolites from muscles. Acidosis causes vasodilatation by affecting the activities of numerous mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and by inhibition of the vasoconstrictor effects of the nervous system. Vasodilation and increase of the muscle blood flow are favorable to recovery of the skeletal muscle performance following intense contractions.
Key words: acidosis, skeletal muscle, arteries, vascular system.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 38-45.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-38-45
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Savin S.N., Voitulevich L.V., Grishin A.P., Kireev K.S. Analysis of the results of medical selecting candidates for cosmonauts in 2019–2020
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The paper is devoted to analysis of candidates selection that started with review of submitted medical information and continued on applicants' arrival for examinations for the selection campaign of 2019–2020, discussion of routine medical tests and procedures, primary causes for selecting-out, and view on how to optimize the process in future.
Key words: medical selection, applicant for cosmonaut, medical criteria.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 46-50.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-46-50
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Skedina Ì.À., Kovaleva À.À., Potapov M.G. Possibility to apply the integrated method of rapid central nervous system functioning assessment to cosmonauts
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The ground-based studies with isolation (105- and 520-d isolation campaigns within the MARS-500 project) and modeled microgravity (5- and 21-d dry immersion) were aimed to test an integrated method of rapid assessment of the brain energy and electrical activities indicative of a current CNS status and adaptive changes.
The method consists of synchronous recording electroencephalogram (EEG), constant potential level (CPL), and a number of psychophysiological tests. Analyzed parameters are a EEG pattern, relative power of EEG θ- (4–8 Hz), α- (8–13 Hz) and β-1- (13–25 Hz) waves, averaged CPL, ΔCPL values, and interhemispheric asymmetry.
The method that measures CNS tension in response to psychological and physical stresses, adaptation to an unusual environment, fatigue and readaptation can be used to examine cosmonaut's CNS functioning prior to and after space mission, and in the period of post-mission recovery.
Key words: space mission, ground-based experiments, isolation, dry immersion, adaptation, electroencephalography, constant potential level.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 51-59.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-51-59
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Luchitskaya E.S., Funtova I.I. Possibilities to study force and energy characteristics of the cardiac muscle in microgravity using ballistocardiography
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The paper is concerned with measuring force and energy of the cardiac muscle contraction in microgravity using spatial ballistocardiography (Cardiovector). The investigations were performed with participation of cosmonauts twice prior to launch, once a month during a mission, and on recovery days 3/4 and 7/8.
Absence of significant changes in contraction force and energy reduction in space can be explained by the effort economy. Mission extension does not lead to energy reduction to levels that would suggest the development of energy deficit.
Key words: ballistocardiography, cardiac muscle contraction force, kinetic energy, space mission.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 60-64.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-60-64
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Belova S.P., Zaripova Ê.À., Sharlo Ê.À., Shenkman B.S., Nemirovskaya T.L. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in regulation of calcium-dependent and ubiquitin/proteasome signaling pathways during muscle functional disloading
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We tested the hypothesis that in unloaded skeletal muscles the calcium-dependent signaling pathways and E3-ligase expression are controlled by regulation of phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). For a 3-d experiment 32 Wister male rats were divided into 4 groups: placebo control (Ñ), metformin control (300 mg/kg of body, per oral, MC), suspension and placebo (SP), suspension and metformin (SM).
Object of the investigation was m. soleus. In comparison to group C, rAMPK in group MC reduced 46 % and ATP increased 49 % (p < 0.05); pCaMK II showed an increase and expression of mRNA CaN, SERCA2a and Calpain 1 grew 483 %, 87 %, 41 % and 62 %, respectively; p < 0.05). In group SP, MuRF1, MAFbx E3-ligase expression and ubiquitin increased 167 %, 146 % and 191 %, respectively (p < 0.05). Per oral metformin prevented these changes in the suspended rats.
During 3 days of suspension, metformin prevented changes in rAMK and ATP; also, it influenced regulation of the calcium-dependent signaling pathways through expression and phosphorylation of such markers as CaMK, CaN, SERCA2a and Calpain-1, and prevented to a degree growth in expression of key markers of ubuquitin-proteasome pathway – MuRF1, MAFbx, and uniquitin.
Key words: muscle functional unloading, ATP, AMPK, MuRF1, MAFbx, metaformin.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 65-76.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-65-76
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Sukhoterin A.F., A.F. Paschenko, Shapovalov P.À. Structural transformations in the dorsal vagal complex after acute and chronic exposure to gravitational overload
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The paper discusses structural transformation in nervous centers within the dorsal vagal complex after exposure to g-loads along the craniocaudal vector on a centrifuge with a 1.5 m long arm. Object of the experiment was white outbread male rats. Methods of investigations included light and electron microscopy, morphometry and statistical analysis.
Exposure to the g-loads caused predominantly reactive changes in interneuron synapses, neurons and nervous fibers. The systematic consequence of the exposure boils down to cumulation of destructive transformations, i.e. interneuron desintegration and hemomicrocirculation disorders that may lead to disorders in autonomic regulation.
Key words: dorsal vagal complex, stress, adaptation, hypergravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 77-84.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-77-84
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Rybalchenko O.V., Orlova O.G., Kapustina V.V., Popova E.V., Kutnik I.V. Trends in formation of microbial communities by probiotic bacteria lactobacillus plantarum 8pa-3 on various carriers in the space flight environment
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The paper contains comparative analysis of microbial communities formed by probiotic lactobacteria L. plantarum 8PA-3 on various carriers (space experiment Biofilm) during ISS missions 53, 54 and 56.
Object of the investigations was L. plantarum 8PA-3 cells inoculated on microcellulose sorbates, polystyrene and a variety of powder and laminar-type polymer substrates. Simultaneously, same culture and substrates were used in the laboratory experiment. Resulted biofilms were investigated using transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy.
Comparative analysis was aimed to detect difference in the development of microbial communities resided on various carriers in space and ground-based laboratories. The obtained data about the ultrathin structure of biofilm and plankton-like L. plantarum 8PA-3 cells involved in formation of microbial communities in microgravity make us think of distinctive morphophysiological properties of these cells, as well as the biofilm structure.
Key words: space experiment, microgravity, biofilms, probiotic bacteria, polymer carriers, electron microscopy, Lactobacillus plantarum 8PA-3.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 85-95.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-85-95
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Iordanishvili À.Ê. Parafunctions of the mastication muscles in airline personnel: frequency of occurrence and pathogenesis (clinical experimental investigation)
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The paper reports the results of a clinical experimental investigation into occurrence and pathogenesis of masseter parafunctions in several groups of airline personnel.
Painless masseter parafunctions diagnosed in 12.4–20.5 % of the air personnel led to pathological dental abrasion or aggravation of chronic generalized parodentium. Parafunctions are often the case among helicopter pilots (20.5 %) and fighter pilots (18.9 %) and accountable to the effects of chronic vibration and hypergravity which are much stronger than in civil and military transport aviation.
The investigation showed that pathogenesis of the masseter parafunctions arises from disorders in blood supply, muscular tissue hypoxia and transcapillary exchange. Changes in the intensity of fluorescence of the adrenergic nerve fibers and acetylcholinesterase activity due to repeated exposure to hypergravity and vibration may evidence pathogenetic developments in the mastication muscles and be the reason of increased fatigability among helicopter and fighter pilots.
Key words: flight personnel, mastication apparatus, masseters, masseter parafunction, air flight factors, parodont, vibration, hypergravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 96-101.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-96-101
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Berkovich Yu.A., Shalopanova Î.À., Buryak À.À. Optimization of the plant illumination system stabilizing oxygen concentration in the gas medium within a prototyped biotechnical crew life support system
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We validated an approach to optimization of the higher plant illumination system within a biotechnical life support system (BTLSS) in order to reduce power consumption and equivalent harvest mass. The challenge was to stabilize oxygen concentration in the air of a pressurized compartment. To compare different approaches to power consumption optimization, we used publications on a study in which BTLSS with a 27 m2 cultivation area provided leaf vegetables (Chinese cabbage) to 2 human subjects. Time course of the daily energy and O2 consumption was divided into 5 periods according to specified levels of loading. In context of a Moon mission scenario, the optimal photon flux density and white-red light ratios were calculated using regression models for each day between vegetation days 8 and 14. Experimentally obtained models of photosynthetic productivity were used to calculate a daily lighting level required to produce oxygen in the amount sufficient for the crew.
It was shown that this method of O2 stabilization makes possible, within 7 days, power consumption reduction by 68 % and increase of the coefficient of light energy consumption by harvest in 2.3 times as compared to the control growing under continuous invariable illumination. Moreover, equivalent mass of the illumination system reduced 30 % as compared to the control.
Key words: biotechnical life support system, gas exchange, equivalent mass, harvest lighting optimization.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 5. P. 102-110.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-5-102-110
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