CONTENTS
Reviews
Galanin I.V., Naryshkin A.G., Skoromets Ò.À., Sarkisian À.Ì., Orlov I.À. Connectome and microgravity
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The paper surveys the current views on formation, development and activity of the connectome under the influence of gravity. The neuroglia role and in formation and functioning of both the normal and disordered brain is considered. Connectome significance for the brain functioning is discussed. Analyzed is an input of the vestibular system, the key gravity-sensitive organ, in connectome formation and functioning. Changes in the connectome due to microgravity are described.
Key words: connectome, neuroglia, rest neural networks, gravity, vestibular system, microgravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 5-14.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-5-14
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Deshevaya Å.À., Khamidullina N.Ì., Fialkina S.V., Zakharenko D.V., Ustinov S.N., Orlov O.I., Sychev V.N. Modern trends in implementing the planetary protection requirements in the process of building spacecrafts for searching possible life forms on Mars
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The paper reports the results of cooperation between the Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP / RAS) and Lavochkin Science and Production Association (Lavochkin NPA /ROSKOSMOS) in building the Mars landing modules. To comply with the mandatory planetary protection requirements, guidelines for specific stages of spacecraft assembly were developed and adopted. These include innovative procedures of cleaning, sterilization, etc. with account of specifics of each assembly and testing process. Data of the microbiological monitoring evidence for effectiveness of the procedures.
Key words: planetary protection, spacecraft, landing module, sterilization, surface decontamination, microbiological monitoring, bacterial spores, microbiological cleanness.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 15-24.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-15-24
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Serova A.V., Zhuravleva Î.À., Rykova M.P., Antropova Å.N., Markin À.À. Morphofunctional status of cosmonauts' erythrocytes after missions to the International space station of varying duration
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Forty ISS male cosmonauts at the age of 36 to 61 years participated in investigations of the hematological parameters and erythrocyte indices including those used to detect a latent iron deficit (MAF, LHD%). The cosmonauts were divided into 3 groups. Group-1 consisted of 9 cosmonauts who had made 8 to 14-day missions; groups-2 consisted of 27 cosmonauts whose mission duration was 125 to 215 days; group-3 consisted of 4 cosmonauts who had accomplished 355 to 371-day long missions.
The data show that post-recovery changes of the erythrocyte morfo-functional properties are compensatory and aimed to overcome the stress from re-adaptation to Earth's gravity. Missions of 8-14-d duration do not affect erythrocytes dramatically. After 125-215-d and 355-371-d missions we observed signs of a hypochromic anemic syndrome that depended on length of life in microgravity. Irrespective of mission duration, the width of erythrocyte distribution by volume decreases considerably during early recovery which implies reduction of heterogeneity in the erythrocyte population.
Key words: space mission, space medicine, erythrocytes, hematological indices, erythrocyte indices.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 25-31.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-25-31
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Khudiakova E.P., Shpakov À.V., Tarasenkov G.G., Sedelkova V.À., Guerasimova Yu.I., Gorbachev V.P. Effect of physical training on the quality of operator performance and functional condition of the operator in a modeled lunar gravity
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Purpose of the work was assess the effects of physical training (PT) in a modeled lunar gravity on the quality of operator's activity (OA) and functional state using the heart rate (HR) and electrodermal measurements.
Ten test-subjects were divided into two equal groups: PT and Control. Hypokinesia lasted 10 days. The first 3 days were spent in microgravity modeled by bed rest (BR); the next 7 days, the test-subjects were exposed to a lunar gravity (LG) where they performed PT. Before hypokinesia and on LG day-7 the test-subjects performed combined OA. On LG day-7, the OA quality was improved in 80 % of the PT group and only in 20 % of the Control group. On BR day-7, the OA test increased HR in 60 % of the PT group; besides, according to the electrodermal measurements, OA raised the sympathetic activity by 7 % in comparison with the Control. During the operator's rest time HR increased by 13 % in the PT group and by 23.6 % in the Control, the sympathetic activity by the indexes of electrodermal activity in the PT group was decreased in comparison with the Control.
Key words: physical training, operator's activity, hypogravity, functional condition.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 32-37.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-32-37
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Semenov Yu.S. Respiration and gas exchange in humans breathing with an additional negative pressure during inspiration
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The paper discusses the effect of breathing with an additional negative pressure during inspiration (NPBin, -20 cmH2O) on respiration and gas exchange in a normal human during head-down tilt (-8°).
We found that NPBin reduced the respiratory rate significantly: before NPBin, the median (M), the first quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3) were M = 16.4 min-1, Q1 = 13.4 min-1 and Q3 = 18.5 min-1; during NPBin, the M, Q1 and Q3 values were 6.9 min-1, 5.7 min-1 and 10.2 min-1, respectively. In several subjects, respiratory rate reduced to 4–5 cycles per minute. NPBin increased the tidal volume. Prior to NPBin, M was equal to 0.50 L, Q1 – 0.43 L and Q3 – 0.56 L. During NPBin, M rose to 0.66 L, Q1 – to 0.56 L and Q3 – to 1.07 L. Changes in the respiratory rate and tidal volume were accompanied by the reduction of the respiratory minute volume: prior to NPBin, M was 9.6 L/min, Q1 – 7.8 L/min and Q3 – 10.0 L/min; during NPBin, M was 6.7 L/min, Q1 – 5.7 L/min, Q3 – 8.2 L/min. Also, NPBin increased the respiratory exchange ratio: prior to NPBin, M was 0.777, Q1 - 0.722 and Q3 - 0,817; during NPBin, M rose to 0.875, Q1 – to 0.818 and Q3 – to 0.916.
Despite the reduction of minute ventilation, there are signs of ÑÎ2 washing-out from tissues, which indirectly indicates an increase in the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange under the influence of NPBin.
Key words: negative pressure breathing, pulmonary gas exchange, breathing pattern.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 38-43.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-38-43
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Vilchinskaya N.A., Sergeeva K.V., Tyganov S.À., Shenkman B.S., Mirzoev Ò.Ì. Role of the mechanically activated channels in the regulation of anabolic markers in the isolated rat postural muscle in response to passive stretching
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At present, the role of mechanically-activated (ÌÀ) channels in realization of anabolic processes in the anti-gravity postural muscles in response to passive stretching remains poorly explored. The purpose of our investigation was to define a potential role of ÌÀ-channels in activation of ribosome biogenesis and the ERK1/2-dependent pathway in isolated rat soleus muscle in response to mechanical loading induced by passive stretching.
Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: 1) Control (m. soleus was not subjected to the action of a MA-channels inhibitor or MA-channels activator Piezo1); 2) Gd3+ (m. soleus was incubated in the presence of MA-channels inhibitor gadolinium chloride); 3) Yoda1 (m. soleus was incubated with MA-channels activator Piezo1 – Yoda1). In each group, m. soleus from the left leg was incubated in solution without mechanical loading and m. soleus from the right leg was exposed to passive stretching. The content or expression of anabolic markers was determined using the western-blotting or real-time PCR. In an hour after completion of the m. soleus passive stretching, we discovered a reliable increase in c-Myc and 45S pre-rRNA expression, as well as increases in ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) and phospho-p90RSK when compared to the resting muscle. After incubation with Gd3+, no difference was found in ñ-Myc expression and levels of rpS6 and phospho-p90RSK between the resting and stimulated m. soleus. In the Yoda1 group, no difference was noted between the resting and stimulated m. soleus in such parameters as phospho-p90RSK, c-Myc, 45S pre-rRNA and rpS6. Exposure of the resting muscle in the Yoda1 solution resulted in a significant increase in expression of c-Myc, 45S pre-rRNA, and rise in the content of rpS6 in comparison with the control muscle.
Incubation of antigravity m. soleus together with the MA-channels inhibitor (Gd3+) attenuates the mechano-dependent response of a number of anabolic markers (phospho-r90RSK, c-Myc, 45S pre-rRNA, rpS6). Chemical activation of the Piezo1 channels in resting muscles produced activation of the markers of ribosomal biogenesis.
Key words: m.soleus, mechanical loading, mechano-activated channels, Piezo1, ribosome biogenesis, rpS6, c-Myc, ERK1/2, r90RSK.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 44-51.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-44-51
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Ratushnyy À.Yu. Morphofunctional properties of mesenchymal stromal cells exposed to GDF11
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GDF11 (growth differentiation factor 11) is being investigated intensively because of its potential geroprotective properties and conceivable use for therapy. In our model we studied the GDF11 effect on human mesenchymal stromal cells (MDCs) which are often regarded as a prospective instrument in regenerative medicine.
Experiments were conducted with immortalized standard MSCs line ASC52telo (ATCC® SCRC-4000™). It was shown that a high GDF11 concentration (160 ng/ml) decreases the cytoplasmic grainularity, ROS, activities of the lysosomal and mitochondrial compartments. A reliable reduction of autofluorescence was seen already after treatment by 10 ng/ml.
In our experimental model, GDF11 did not change MSCs proliferation considerably. However, we observed a cytokine reaction.
Key words: mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), secretory activity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 52-57.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-52-57
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Lapshina Ò.À., Emelianov Yu.A., Bakovets D.V., Dudina Å.À., Blaguinina Å.À. Effect of the premenstrual syndrome on static muscular endurance of female lower extremities
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Female pilots have been enrolled for service in the Russian Air Force and piloted highly maneuverable aircrafts since 2022. This profession is associated with flight g-loads that can be held out by exceptionally healthy people with high static muscular endurance of the legs and prelum abdominale and donned in an adequately chosen anti-g suit.
Considering frequency of PMS accompanied by general weakness, rapid fatigability and decrement of physical performance, our purpose was to assess the effects of PMS on static endurance of leg muscles.
Static muscle endurance was assessed using a 5-grade static ergometry test (training machine Statoergometre) performed in the pre- and post-menstrual periods. The investigation involved 51 females at the age of 19 to 23 years. Twenty three females had regular OMC without PMS, 19 had regular OMC with PMS and 9 took combined oral contraceptives (COCs). Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before, during and after testing.
In the OMC premenstrual phase, females with PMS decreased significantly the number of successful test grades and increased significantly the HR and diastolic BP values at the peak of loading in comparison to the postmenstrual phase. Females w/o PMS and those using COCs did not show a statistical difference in the number of successful grades or dynamics of the parameters in the premenstrual or postmenstrual phase.
In the premenstrual phase, females with PMS decreased significantly muscular endurance of the legs, and increased the physiological cost of doing the exercise test. These shifts can be a reason for deterioration of the flight g-loads tolerance in this period.
Key words: premenstrual syndrome, static muscle endurance of females, static ergometry test, statoergometer, ovarian menstrual cycle.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 58-65.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-58-65
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Ilyin V.K., Solovieva Z.O., Nikonorov A.G., Nosovsky A.M., Rykova M.P., Sheblaeva A.S., Guizinger Î.À., Lovtsevich S.Ì., Sheblaev M.V., Kraeva L.À. Changes in oral microbiocenosis under the influence of auto-probiotics based on Streptococcus salivarius in the conditions of hypobaria and cold stress
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Benefits for oral microbiota from Streptococcus salivarius Ì18 as a BAS in the Dentoblis tablets (Serbia) and auto-probiotic S. salivarius strains, and their effectiveness in disbiosis prevention were compared in a 14-day hypobaria study.
Dynamics of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the Streptococcus mutans pariodontal pathogenes, opportunistic oral pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Fusobacterium spp., Candida spp., Prevotella spp., and protective oral microbiota Lactobacillus spp. was investigated before and after consumption of the commercial probiotics and auto-probiotic strains. Integral oral cavity investigation consisted of mass-spectrometry of the microbial markers and enzyme immunoassay (EIA).
The best results (decreases in the quantities of S. mutans, S. aureus, Fusobacterium spp., Candida spp. and growth in Lactobacillus spp.) were gained by consumption of personified S. salivarius strains.
Key words: probiotics, autoprobiotics, oral cavity, mass-spectrometry of microbial markers, enzyme immunoassay.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 66-71.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-66-71
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Vasendin D.V., Usenko G.A., Velichko A.Ja., Velichko N.P., Kolodin D.L., Izotova T.A. Correlation between solar activity dynamics and blood levels of alkaline phosphatase and total lactate dehydrogenase in patients with hypertension and various psychosomatic status
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Purpose of the investigation is to establish a correlation between the solar activity and levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and total lactate dehydrogenase (LD) in male patients of different temperament in the course of antihypertensive therapy (AHT) using the psychosomatic approaches and empirical treatment.
In the investigation performed in the period between 1995 and 2015, sick and healthy men were divided into equal groups with prevailing choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic temperaments differing in the level of anxiety. Serum AP and TLD concentrations were correlated with mean annual values of the Wolf numbers, 10.7 cm solar flux, atmospheric pressure, γ-background and air temperature. Some groups were treated with AHT aimed at controlling the sympathetic nervous system in choleric and sanguine patients and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in phlegmatic and melancholic patients, and some groups received empirical therapy.
Levels of AP and TLD increased in line with the temperamental classification from the choleric to melancholic persons. High and moderate correlations were stated between the Wolf numbers and solar flux on one hand, and atmospheric pressure, γ-background and air temperature, on the other. Increase in AP and TLD correlated with growth of the solar activity. In contrast to the empirical therapy, ÀHÒ produced a more distinct reduction of the enzymes keeping them essentially equal to concentrations in healthy persons of similar temperaments.
Key words: arterial hypertension, solar activity, alkaline phosphatase, total lactate dehydrogenase, psychosomatic status.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 72-79.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-72-79
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Karsanova S.K., Yasnetsov V.V. Investigation of the vestibuloprotective properties of a new nicotinic acid derivative and a new heterocyclic compound
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Experiments with rats demonstrated the apparent vestibuloprotective properties of new nicotinic acid derivative LKhT 20-19 and heterocyclic compound LKhT 3-21 at a dose of 50 mg/kg. In comparison to the control, they increased food intake following rotation in 1.9 and 2.5 times, respectively. LKhT 20-19 and LKhT 3-21 outperformed reference medicine mexicor (ethylmethylhydroxipyridine succinate) at the equal dose in 1.4 and 1.8 times, respectively. LKhT 3-21 outperformed LKhT 20-19 in 1.3 times.
Key words: motion sickness, new nicotinic acid derivative, new heterocyclic compound, vestibuloprotective properties, rats.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 80-83.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-80-83
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Tikhomirova N.A., Ushakova S.À., Shikhov V.N., Trifonov S.V., Anishchenko O.V., Tikhomirov À.À. Determination of the level of light saturation of the wheat productive activity during cultivation on solutions with the use of mineralized human exo-metabolites, as applied to HLSS
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We investigated the significance of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for the production activity of wheat crops cultivated on liquid products of human exometabolites mineralization as applied to hybrid life support systems (HLSS).
Object of the investigations was soft wheat Triticum aestivum L. cultivar 232 (G.M. Lisovsky selection) bred for cultivation in HLSS. Crops were raised in a hydroponics-based airtight plant growth chamber (silicic zirconium grains of 0.8 cm in diameter) with constant lighting. Light intensity on the level of upper leaves made up 700, 1100 and 1500 µmol/(m2• s) PAR. Plants were assessed by condition of the photosynthetic apparatus of the leader shoot leaves, structure and biomass on the stage of technical ripeness, and mineral content.
Cultivation of wheat cenosises on a neutral substrate with mineralized human exometabolites with the PAR intensity as high as 1100 µmol/(m2• s) increased Êprod and reduced the vegetation period by 10 days in comparison to PAR at 700 µmol/(m2• s). Increase of the PAR intensity to 1500 µmol/(m2• s) caused an incremental stress manifested by a more intensive oxidation of cell membranes, impairment of the primary photosynthesis processes and, consequently, a double reduction of photosynthesis productivity in comparison with PAR = 700 µmol/(m2• s).
Key words: PAR intensity, Triticum aestivum L., human exametabolites recovery, hybrid life support system, plant mineral nutrition.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 4. P. 84-92.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-4-84-92
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Chronicle and Information
Orlov O.I., Belakovskiy M.S. «I knew nothing about these researches...Everything was interesting to me»
Obituary
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