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Journal content 2020 № 3
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CONTENTS
Reviews
Mukhamedieva L.N., Tsarkov D.S., Ozerov D.S., Grigoriev G.Yu., Lagutin A.S., Nabiev Sh.Sh., Vasiliev А.А., Malashevich S.V., Stavrovsky D.B. Oxidative stress biomarkers in expirated air of healthy humans and promising techniques of their analysis during space flight
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Chromatography-mass spectrometry was experimentally validated as a potential technique of detecting markers of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) in the air expirated by healthy humans during space flights. The authors detail and substantiate the design of a novel analytical system comprised of diode and quantum cascade lasers for precision monitoring of the expirated air chemical content. The nomenclature of expirated chemicals, including the particularly important ones, can be embraced by a bank of gas analyzers working on different physical principles. Implementation of this system will enable the online precision analysis of expirated chemicals in the period of physiological adaptation to the spaceflight conditions.
Key words: expirated air, biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, chromatography-mass spectrometry, IR laser spectroscopy.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 5-21.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-5-21
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Bogomolov V.V., Polyakov A.V., Matsnev E.I., Popova I.I., Kovachevich I.V., Alferova I.V., Repenkova L.G., Sigaleva Е.E. Diagnostics and treatment of ENT diseases in Russian cosmonauts during missions to the orbital station Mir and ISS
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We reviewed diagnostics and treatment of the ENT cases among Russian cosmonauts during 83 main missions to the orbital station Mir and ISS.
Russian cosmonauts were ailing with acute infectious catarrhal rhinitis, allergic and acute catarrhal rhinitis as well as pharyngitis (rhinopharyngitis) provoked by volatile chemical agents and low air humidity; acute laryngitis and pharyngitis (laryngopharyngitis) in consequence of exposure to combustion products; acute rhinitis due to elevated oxygen partial pressure; dysphonia, otitis media catarrhalis acuta, and earwax.
Diagnostics and treatment were performed with consultation of ENT doctors. On the orbital station Mir the diagnostic and therapy procedures were carried out using special medical kit ULO-02. Starting during mission ISS-15, diagnosing of ENT problems has been performed timely using onboard telemedicine complex TBK-1. The recommended remedial actions had a positive effect.
Key words: orbital station, ENT diseases, board telemedicine complex, video information.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 22-27.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-22-27
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Gushchin V.I., Shved D.M., Yusupova A.K., Supolkina N.S., Chekalina A.I., Savinkina A.O., Lebedeva S.A. Effect of modeled exploration mission factors on communication autonomy in an isolated multinational mixed-gender crew
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The verbal (content-analysis) and nonverbal (facial expression and speech acoustics) methods were used for studying the communication behaviors in the multinational mixed-gender crew during the 4-mo. analog mission (project SIRIUS-19).
Analysis of the crew communication data affirmed the separation phenomenon observed earlier in Mars-500 and characterized by reduction of communication with the ground, and less frequent utterances expressing crew needs or issues. As during Mars-500, the mid-mission «planetary landing» was an epochal event that transformed the communication behaviors substantially. Communication styles were found to be gender-dependent. However, despite the initial communication differences between the gender subgroups and individual crewmembers, by the end of the mission they all adopted a more or less common style of communication.
Kew words: crew communication, autonomy, signal lag, communication autonomism, isolation, analog studies.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 28-35.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-28-35.
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Fedyai S.O., Shved D.M., Gushchin V.I., Kuznetsova P.G., Polyakov A.V., Nosovsky A.M., Pozdnyakov S.V., Niyazov A.R. Dynamics of motor and verbal activity of test-subjects in 120-day isolation study SIRIUS-19
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The article presents the results of 120-d monitoring of the motor activity and duration of daily planning conferences of the SIRIUS-19 crew and ground controllers.
On the first month in isolation, the motor activity level of some crewmembers was higher than pre-isolation baseline which calls attention to the importance of additional evaluation to be made in the period of acute adaptation to the new environment. Further into the spaceflight analog study the motor activity tended to decline.
Changes in the patterns of motor and verbal behavior seem to be the aftermath of psychic asthenization developing with the extension of crew autonomy and advance of adaptation.
Key words: actigraphy, motor activity, sleep, speech activity, cognitive functions, work-day cycle, isolation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 36-41.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-36-41
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Kalmanov A.S., Shchastlivtseva D.V., Kotrovskaya T.I., Bubeev Yu.A. EEG-reactions in human operators to a modified sleep – wake schedule and 21-day stay in isolation
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EEG effects of a modified sleep – wake schedule were evaluated in 2 series of investigations with operators of complex engineering systems during 21-d isolation.
In the first series, EEG were registered prior to and immediately after isolation. In the second series, the biopotentials were registered during isolation, also. Relative powers (RPs) of the delta-, theta-, alpha- and beta-1 ranges were calculated. The EEG-reaction was described by a great rise of the slow-wave (delta- and theta-) component with a concurrent decrease of the alpha-activity at the beginning of isolation as compared to control levels. After isolation, these parameters did not return to baseline values. Growth of theta RP was the highest in all periods of the investigations. This EEG dynamics was likely to mirror the cognitive activity in the circumstances of the scheduled sleep deficiency and isolation environment.
Key words: professional activity, isolation, modified sleep – wake schedule, operator, functional state, EEG-reactions.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 42-48.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-42-48
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Ilyin V.K., Usanova N.A., Komissarova D.V., Shef К.А., Agureev A.N., Kaspransky R.R., Morozova Yu.A., Sakharova A.V., Nosovsky А.М. Combined use of fermentation beverages based on saccharomycets
and probiotic and autoprobiotic preparations for normalyzing human microflora in isolation study SIRIUS-18/19
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Disbiotic microflora in bowels and other organs of humans exposed to extreme environments (space flight, isolation studies etc.) can be restored by administration of drugs capable to keep up the quantitative and species composition normal for a given biotope. Two types of preparations have been tested: commercial strains (linex and bifidumbakterin) and autoprobiotics consisting of protective microbes isolated from each test-subject. The preparations were taken together with a saccharomycet-based fermentation beverage included into diet for variety. The tests demonstrated that the autoprobiotic drugs had better immediate and follow-up effects than the commercial strains.
Key words: microbiology, isolation studies, priobiotics.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 49-53.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-49-53
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Khomenko M.N., Bukhtiyarov I.V., Malashchuk L.S. Tolerance and adaptative/compensatory reactions of the human body to +Gz loads (head-to-pelvis direction) of high level, duration and onset rate
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The purpose was to investigate comprehensively the human body adaptive/compensatory reactions to +Gz exposures varying in level, duration and onset rate.
Tolerance and physiological reactions to +Gz were assessed with participation of 48 experienced subjects who were submitted for 60 s at the single and multiple +Gz levels in the range from 2 to 12 g at the onset rates from 0.1 to 5 g/s. in and w/o anti-g suit PPK-3 with automatic pressure controller AD-5А in the MAX mode.
These results show that good tolerance of +Gz loads of high levels and onset rates and long duration is determined mainly by the cardiorespiratory system functional reserve and effectiveness of the muscular straining and breathing maneuvers combined with anti-g suits. The use of PPK-3 increased +Gz tolerance by 2.2 g, on the average. The protective muscle straining and breathing maneuvers increased tolerance of subjects without PPK-3 by 3.9 g and in PPK-3 by 3.7 g, on the average.
Key words: +Gz loads of high value, duration and rate of rise, +Gz (head-to-pelvis) tolerance, muscular and breathing anti-g maneuvers, anti-g protection.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 54-62.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-54-62
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Solonin Yu.G., Markov A.L., Boiko E.R. Results of longitudinal observation of the physiological status of male Northerners
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The follow-up of 20 normal male northerners of 24 to 49 years of age selected for the control and satellite medico-ecological studies within Mars-500 went on over 10 years with the use of soft- and hardware Ekosan-2007.
Level of physical health in the group was primordially low according to Apanasenko's scale. Analysis of heart rate variability evidenced the strain of regulatory mechanisms and dominance of the central control over autonomic. Statistical increases of the waist thickness and waste-hip index, index of functional changes, growth of total peripheral vascular resistance as well as decreases of maximal breath-holding (Stange test), cardiac output, Skibinskaya's cardiorespiratory index and health level witness a noticeable aging of the participants. Physical exercise caused a too rapid heart rate; slow HR recovery attested to a degrading hemodynamics regulation. The number of participants with prenosological and premorbid states increased; several men were found to have adaptation failure and chronic illnesses.
Key words: male northerners, Mars-500 project, physiological status, somatic indices, longitudinal study.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 63-69.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-63-69
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Vilchinskaya N.A., Paramonova I.I., Nemirovskaya T.L., Lomonosova Yu.N., Shenkman B.S. Interleukin-6 expression in rat's muscle soleus during functional unloading: dynamics of the process and role of L-type calcium channels
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Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression dynamics was studied in tail-suspended rats to test the hypothesis of its relation with the Ca+ build-up in fibers of unloaded m. soleus. In comparison to the control, a reliable growth of IL-6 mRNA expression started from day 3 and a reliable growth of IL-6 receptor mRNA expression was observed already on the first day of suspension. After 14 days of suspension, concentration of the IL-6 target – transcription factor STAT3 in m. soleus nuclear fraction – was increased significantly. Growth of IL-6 expression contributes, probably to atrophy of postural muscles subject to extended gravitational unloading.
Delivery of nifedipine, an L-type calcium-channel blocker, after 3 days of suspension reduced mRNA IL-6 expression as compared to the control values and the group of suspended rats w/o nifedipine.
Therefore, the build-up of calcium ions in myoplasm of postural muscles in the absence of gravitational loading exerts IL-6 expression significantly.
Key words: m. soleus, tail-suspension, gravitational unloading, interleukin-6, AMPK, STAT3.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 70-78.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-70-78
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Karsanova S.K., Yasnetsov V.V. Effect of melatonin combinations with
3-hydroxipyridine derivatives on neurons of the medial vestibular nuclei in animals
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Experiments with cats showed that new 3-hydroxypiridine derivative IBKhF-27, melatonin and mexidol as well as melatonin combinations with IBKhF-27 and mexidol had a direct effect on 83.9; 78.1; 61.1; 98.0 and 88.4 % neurons of the medical vestibular nucleus (MVN), respectively. The inhibitory effect of IBKhF-27 was observed 1.6 times more frequently than of mexidol. Melatonin combinations with IBKhF-27 and mexidol achieved the inhibitory effect on neurons more often than each component alone; the direct effect of melatonin together with IBKhF-27 was observed more frequently than when they were delivered separately. The inhibitory effect of melatonin with IBKhF-27 was oftener than of the melatonin combined with mexidol. Injection of specific noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and selective melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor antagonist luzindole (nearly pneumomicroinjection dosages) abolished or attenuated significantly the direct effect of melatonin together with IBKhF-27 and mexidol on the spontaneous activity of 94.7 and 87.9 % neurons respectively. Consequently, MVN is crucial for the central effect of these combinations implemented actually completely or essentially through the NMDA-receptor complex and melatonin MT1/MT2-receptors.
Key words: new derivative of 3-hydroxypiridine, melatonin, mexidol, combination, medial vestibular nucleus, cats.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 79-83
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-79-83
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Khizhnyak S.V., Petrushkina S.A., Chernov V.Е., Ushakova S.A., Tikhomirov А.А. Autochthonous microbial cenosis as a potential source of antagonistic strains for biological struggle against wheat Fusarium in biotechnical life support systems
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The paper dwells upon the use of autochthonous microbial cinosis as a source of antagonistic strains for bioprotection of wheat against Fusarium in biotechnical life support systems (BT LSS). Six bacterial strains antagonistic to 9 phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium responsible for seedling blight of wheat in BT LSS were isolated from hydroponic solutions and artificial soils and subject to the genetic typing. Five strains represent bacteria g. Bacillus, one strain – Chryseobacterium. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed 94 to 100 % genetic affinity with typical cultures. All spore-forming strains-antagonists were capable of germinating and going through the whole development cycle in the presence of swelling wheat seeds. The isolates did not demonstrate antagonism to each other and can grow in a mixed culture. Spectra and levels of the antiobiotic activity of the antagonists, along with the Fusarium sensitivity to their antibiotic action, differed statistically (p < 0.001). None of the antagonists was capable of suppressing the entire Fusarium spectrum detected in BT LSS individually. At the same time, treatment of seeds with a mixture of antagonists suppressed totally fungal development in wheat artificially inoculated by Fusarium conidia from a BT LSS roll culture, and had a statistical stimulating effect (p = 0.01) on seedlings.
Key words: biotechnical life support systems, wheat, Fusarium, biological protection of plants against diseases.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 84-91.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-84-91
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Brief Communications
Artamonov А.А. Neutrons in the atmosphere of Earth
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Secondary neutrons of nuclear showers produced by the galactic cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere play an important role in determining the radiation environment at altitudes of flight echelons, whereas albedo neutrons can reach orbits of the International space station.
The article presents Monte-Carlo calculations of the relationship between neutron's path length and energy in the atmosphere. The energy range from 0.05 to 10 GeV is used to calculate the depth of neutron penetration, propagation of solar neutrons generated by powerful solar flares.
Key words: neutron, energy spectrum of neutrons, path length, Earth's atmosphere, nuclear shower.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. № 3. P. 92-94.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-92-94
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Necrology
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