CONTENTS
Introduction
Orlov O.I., Bogomolov V.V., Samarin G.I., Sychev V.N., Buravkova L.B., Yarmanova E.N., Polyakov M.V., Belakovsky M.S. In the run-up to the 55th jubilee of the Russian Federation State Scientific Center – Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences
DOI:10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-1-5-11
Reviews
Shafirkin A.V., Benguin V.V., Bondarenko V.À., Mitrikas V.G., Panasiuk Ì.I., Tsetlin V.V., Shurshakov V.À. Dose loads and total radiation risk for cosmonauts in long-term missions to the orbital station «Mir» and International space station
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 1. P. 12–23
Average daily absorbed doses measured over 30 years on the background of solar cycles 22–24 with a variety of the OS Mir and ISS instruments for compulsory radiation monitoring were analyzed and dose loads to cosmonaut's tissue and organs on missions of up to one-year in duration were estimated. The article presents calculations of the total radiation risk over lifetime and potential lifespan reduction in consequence of mean tissue equivalent doses received in concrete missions of different duration, and career dose limits.
It was shown that the maximal mean tissue equivalent doses or doses to the hematopoietic system to factually all Mir and ISS cosmonauts per a year did not exceed 200 mSv which is equal to the Russian ground limit for anticipated high dose exposure. Maximal equivalent doses received by the lens and skin in one-year mission did not exceed 300 mSv and were 2 and 7 times lower than the Russian ground limits. The evidence-based reduction of the mean tissue dose limit per cosmonaut's career by a factor of 4 was adopted in 1985. Since 2004, it amounts to 1.0 Sv for all sex and age groups of cosmonauts and equal to the dose limit of the Russian nuclear industry. Data in this review suggest that career cosmonauts may make 3 to 4 year-long missions.
Key words: long-term orbital missions, radiation monitoring, calculation methods, rate of areal absorbed doses, absorbed and equivalent doses to organs and tissues, effective and mean tissue dose in a mission, total radiarion risk to cosmonauts.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-1-12-23
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Medenkov À.À. On the influence of space weather on human psychophysiology
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 1. P. 24–36.
The author discusses findings made in analysis of Russian investigations of how space weather influences the human organism and considers approaches applied to elicit heliogeomagnetic disturbances affecting the general state and working ability. Emphasis is placed on the importance to define parameters and patterns of geomagnetic disturbances that impact human psychophysiology and body systems. Directions and content of the studies concerned with mechanisms through which organism reacts to the heliogeomagnetic factor are discussed also. It is stressed out that advice on mitigation of the negative effects of weather and geomagnetic variations should be given with allowance for personal sensitivity. There is a section in analysis devoted to the space weather effects on dwellers of northern latitudes. Benefit from cutting-edge ITs to generalization and systematization of the data about the heliogeomagnetic disturbances and their impact on the functional state and psychophysiology are demonstrated. Besides, the author points out that space weather studies may be important for space crews on long-term orbital and exploration missions. Multifactorial investigations of space weather effects and methods of counteraction must be interdisciplinary with involvement of various agencies and institutions.
Key words: space weather, heliogeomagnetic disturbances, aurora polaris, environmental factors, weather sensitivity, psychophysiology, functional state evaluation.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-1-24-36
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Dadasheva O.A., Gurieva T.S., Mednikova E.I., Grushina Î.À., Filatova À.V., Sychev V.N. Reaction of Japanese quail nubilous specimens to exposure to the space flight factors
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 1. P. 37–42.
Signs of stress were revealed by studies of adult Japanese quail reactions to the 9-day exposure to microgravity and other spaceflight factors. Presence of stress in birds after landing was evidenced by changes in the thyroid, hypophysis and adrenals histological structure, and blood analysis data. Histological profile of the hormonal organs featured some decline in the secretary activity of thyroid follicles and, consequently, lowered production of the thyroid hormone. Hypophysis weakened the TSG secretion function, while the adrenal cortical substance appeared to increase secretion of corticosteroids.
Key words: Japanese quail, microgravity, stress-reaction, thyroid, hypophysis, adrenals.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-1-37-42
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Erofeeva L.M., Ilyin Å.À., Shenkman B.S. Morphology of mouse thymus following a long-term space flight
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 1. P. 43–47.
Thymus of 4-5-month old mice Ñ57/BL6N was subject to histological and morphometric investigations following the 30-d space flight on biosat «Bion-Ì1». The animals were found to decrease thymus mass, to shrink the cortical matter area and to lower lymphocytes concentration. High level of cell destruction was observed in all thymus structures, as well as reduction in the number of young and dividing lymphocytes that may have impacted the lymphocytopoietic function of the thymus. On the one hand, these deviations could be, probably, linked with the acute gravitational stress during re-entry and on return to the normal gravity, on the other, with the cumulative effect of the factors of long-term space flight.
Key words: thymus, immune system, space flight, spaceflight factors.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-1-43-47
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Schastlivtseva D.V., Kotrovskaya T.I., Bubeev Yu.A. Characteristics of the human EEG-reaction to hyperbaric artificial gaseous environment
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 1. P. 48–55.
EEG-reactions of test-subjects to breathing different artificial gas mixtures were studied at the IBMP Deepwater diving facility (GVK-250). The subjects "descended" to the depth of 2 meters relative to the sea level breathed oxygen-nitrogen and oxygen-nitrogen-argon air mixtures in the course of 10 days, and an oxygen-nitrogen-argon air mixture when "descended" to the depth of 20 meters for 7 days. EEG was registered from 6 test-subjects to estimate relative values of the base band powers, global correlation dimension D2 and to perform qualitative analysis of individual EEG patterns. Significant one-way shifts in EEG quantitative and qualitative parameters were developed by the subjects at the depth of 20 m breathing the O2-N-Ar air mixture. When they breathed this mixture f 10 days at the depth of 2 meters, functioning of the brain cortex was almost optimal. Ten days in the hypoxic N-O2 atmosphere did not cause any distinct changes in the EEG spectral parameters.
Key words: hyperbaria, artificial gaseous environment, noble gases, argon, EEG-reactions, EEG-pattern, spectral analysis, global correlation dimension D2.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-1-48-55
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Tekutskaya Å.Å., Baryshev M.G., Ilchenko G.P. Generation of oxygen active forms under the action of SHF-radiation and their genotoxic effect
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 1. P. 56–61.
Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to count DNA single-strand breaks (SS) in peripheral blood lymphocytes due to SHF radiation. In comparison to the control, number of SS breaks was shown to grow by 32.3 ± 0.9 %, 40.1 ± 1.1 % and 49.8 ± 0.7 % with the SHF increases to 3 GHz, 50 GHz and 70 GHz, respectively. SHF application for generation of active oxygen forms in water was tested. Resulted fluorescence spectra of aqueous solutions of copper sulphate (II) and iron sulphate (II) have 3 distinctive peaks; peaks in the region of 460 ± 10 nm and 660 ± 10 nm are interpreted as markers of hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen presence in solution, respectively. Quantum yield of copper sulphate (II) and iron sulphate (II) water solutions was calculated from the absorption and fluorescence spectra using tryptophan-L as a standard sample. For the iron sulphate solution (II) the yield was 0.26 ± 0.04 and for copper sulphate solution (II), 0.13 ± 0.02.
Key words: SHF-radiation, DNA single-strand breaks, oxygen active forms, fluorescence spectroscopy.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-1-56-61
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Yasnetsov V.V., Motin V.G., Yasnetsov Vik.V., Karsanova S.K., Ivanov Yu.V., Chelnaya N.A. Study of the anti-amnesia action of new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives in animals
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 1. P. 62–67.
In experiments with mice it was shown that new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives IBKhF-27 (12.5; 25 and 50 mg/kg) and SK-119 (50 mg/kg) prevent amnesia modeled by electroconvulsive shock, acute normobaric hypoxic hypoxia with hypercapnia and complex extreme factor. In contrast to SK-119 and mexidol taken for comparison, IBKhF-27 had a strong preventive effect. Thus, it exceeded all SK-119 doses and low dose mexidol (12.5 mg/kg) in all amnesia models. In the extreme factors model, IBKhF-27 exceeded mexidol at the dose of 25 mg/kg. SK-119 was as good as mexidol. In experiments with cats IBKhF-27, SK-119 and mexidol (pneumatic microinjection) acted directly on 84, 42 and 69 % neurons in field 5 of the association cortex, respectively. The inhibitory response was observed 26, 5.5 and 6.3 times more frequently than excitory. Inhibition by IBKhF-27 was observed 2.3 and 1.4 times more frequently in comparison with SÊ-119 and mexidol, respectively. SK-119 inhibited 1.7 times less frequently than mexidol. Therefore, IBKhF-27 has a stronger effect comparing with mexidol, whereas the effect of SK-119, on the contrary, is weaker. Moreover, IBKhF-27 exceeds both SK-119 and mexidol.
Key words: new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives, anti-amnesia action, field 5 in the parietal association cortex, mice, cats.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-1-62-67
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Trifonov S.V., Ushakova S.A., Tikhomirov À.À. Principles of physical and chemical control of atmosphere in closed eco-systems
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 1. P. 68–73.
Control of the atmosphere composition in a closed life support system (CLSS) was studied using its physical model, specifically, emission of trace volatile organics by the system components and effectiveness of their catalytic removal. It was concluded that the most powerful source of these trace contaminants is the organic waste "wet burning" reactor. Gasses emitted by the reactor include alcohols, aldehides and volatile carbohydrates Ñ2-Ñ6.. It was noted that large quantities of these compounds are produced during processing human exometabolites, i.e. one order more on the average that during plant waste processing. These compounds can be virtually oxidized fully on a platinum catalyst heated to 600–650 °Ñ. Volatile inorganic compounds in the "wet burning" reactor gas included H2, CO2, O2 and NH3 that get involved in the intrasystem mass-exchange easily.
Key words: hybrid life support system, mass-exchange closure, recycling of human exometabolites, physicochemical oxidation, catalytic oxidation.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-1-68-73
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