CONTENTS
Reviews
Temnov À.À., Boyarintsev V.V., Trofimenko A.V., Biryukov S.A., Gorina E.V., Filkov G.I. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of ischemia reperfusion injuries
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P.5-10.
The review deals with analysis of the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from various tissues in treatment of the conditions consequent to the sequence of ischemia (circulation injury) and reperfusion (restoration) in organs and tissues. Methods of MDCs modification in order to raise treatment effectiveness are described. The authors set up a hypothesis that MSCs can be effective in frostbite treatment.
Key words: frostbite, stem cells, hypoxia, reperfusion, ischemia.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-5-10
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Fomina E.V., Kukoba T.B. Recovery of cosmonaut's leg muscles strength after extended mission with the use of strength training equipment for partial compensation of the gravitational unloading
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 11-16.
This was the first successful tracking of leg muscles strength and endurance dynamics in a group of 25 cosmonauts during 2 weeks of readaptation. In the extended the ISS missions (176 ± 81 days) the cosmonauts used the US resistance training device (ARED) as an important source of information about proprioception and ground reaction force from the proprioceptive and support inputs. Exercises were performed following the instructions in the Russian system of preventing hypo-gravity induced disorders.
Isokinetic testing of the leg strength was conducted before and after missions. Significant deterioration of all strength and velocity indices was observed on R + 4; maximal loss of the peak torque was at the angular velocity of 30°/s. deterioration of strength and endurance was not significant on R + 15. Hence, recovery of the strength and velocity indices after extended missions is a fairly slow process. This fact should be taken into account in planning of strength-dependent activities in future exploration missions.
Key words: strength training, cosmonauts, strength, strength endurance, dynamics, recovery.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-11-16
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Bondarenko V.À., Mitrikas V.G., Tsetlin V.V. Characteristics of the ISS radiation environment in the period of the 24th solar cycle
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 17-21.
The paper presents the ISS radiation monitoring results over the period from 15.12.2010 to 04.10.2018 (the ISS missions 26–55) including dose measurements and estimated shielding in the working compartments. It was concluded that change of the solar activity phase and rise of the ISS mean altitude from 357 to 409.1 km does not alter spatial distribution of the absorbed doses. Also, the Soyuz descent module is not suitable as a shelter since levels of exposure measured in the seat liners are larger than a unit. It was shown that absorbed doses received during missions do not exceed the established dose limits. Dose loads in different ISS Russian segment compartments were analyzed and radiation dynamics in the compartments was evaluated experimentally.
Key words: radiation safety, doses from space ionizing radiation, solar proton events.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-17-21
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Manko O.M., Smoleevsky A.E., Tomilovskaya E.S., Kozlovskaya I.B. Effect of 5-day dry immersion on eye hydrodynamics
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 22-28.
Study of eye hydrodynamics following 5-d dry immersion (DI) was aimed to evaluate the influence of compensatory body hydration on the intraocular hydrodynamic balance. Data of electronic eye tonography before and after modeled microgravity were compared.
The study involved 10 male volunteers 24 to 40 years of age without ophthalmologic pathologies. Electronic eye tonography results and hypohydration dynamics were assessed by fluid balance.
Electronic tonography was performed before DI and on post-DI days 1 and 7 to measure the true intraocular pressure, and to calculate the intraocular fluid production rate (F), coefficient of aqueous humor outflow ease, Bekker coefficient and trophic coefficient (TC).
On post-DI day 1, F reduction was observed in 8 volunteers (60 % cases, 12 eyes). Level of the F reduction varied from 40 % of the baseline value (5 eyes) to abnormally low 54 % (7 eyes) underlying trophic changes. TC went down in 60 % cases (12 eyes); in 50 % cases (6 eyes) TC reduction was clinically significant.
On post-DI day 7, intraocular hydrodynamics was comparable with baseline.
It is hypothesized that the reflectory hypohydration during DI (Gauer – Henry reflex) is responsible for changes in intraocular hydrodynamics; depth of these changes is determined by the degree of compensatory hypothalamic influence upon the antidiuretic hormone-angiotensin-II system.
Key words: antidiuretic hormone, fluid balance, intraocular hydrodynamics, Gauer – Henry reflex, dry immersion, electronic eye tonography.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-22-28
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Ratushny A.Yu., Buravkova L.B. Sensitivity of mesenchymal stromal cells to oxidative stress under physiological oxygen concentrations
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 29-33.
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) application in regenerative medicine will be possible with the understanding of their reactions to the stress factors in different microenvironments. Cell transplantation is associated with oxidative stress that can impact the regenerative potential drastically. The investigation had the purpose to compare resistance to oxidative stress of MSCs cultivated under atmospheric (20 %) and physiological (5 %) Î2 concentrations. It was shown that death rate of cells cultivated under the physiological Î2 concentration rose significantly in one hour after Í2Î2 exposure. Despite the increase in ROS level, vitality and morphology were not changed significantly after 96 hours following 1-hr oxidative stress. Therefore, MSCs cultivated permanently under physiological oxygen concentration are less resistant to oxidative stress during direct Í2Î2 exposure. Ninety six hours later the oxygenation effects were largely leveled.
Key words: mesenchymal stromal cells, oxidative stress, hypoxia, reactive oxygen species.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-29-33
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Ivanova S.M., Labetskaya O.I., Anisimov N.A., Koloteva M.I., Maksimov G.V. Study of metabolism, erythrocytes and effectiveness of oxygen transfer by hemoglobin in test-volunteers during exposure to +Gz on a short-arm centrifuge
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 34-38.
Up-to-date biochemical and biophysical techniques showed that impairment of efficiency of energy-producing glycolysis and, probably, activation of transport ATPases due to centrifuge acceleration growth from 2.1 to 2.9 g reduces the ATP content in erythrocytes. Accelerations on the level of 2.9 g stimulated activation of the anti-oxidative processes in cell by changing the content of reduced glutathione and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in erythrocytes. Accelerations also affected the hemoglobin capacity to transfer oxygen by increasing oxygen binding and thus elevating the risk of hypoxic conditions.
Key words: ATP, gluthatione, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, short-arm centrifuge, accelerations.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-34-38
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Pavlov K.I., Syrtsev A.V., Mukhin V.N., Arkhimuk A.N., Mikheev A.V., Kopytova Yu.S., Khamitova Å.À., Sysoev V.N., Petrenko M.I. Peripheral hemodynamics and vasoregulation in cadets during military occupational adaptation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 39-48.
Purpose of the work was to evaluate the role of cardiovascular system regulation on military occupational adaptation. Participants were first-year cadets of a military school (n = 81, mean age 19.07 ± 0.77 years). Pronouncedness of adaptation was the external criterion for dividing the participants into three groups. Methods of investigations included psychological, psychophysiological and physiological tests, finger photoplethysmography, analysis of heart rate variability and electroencephalography. The group of low military occupational adaptation demonstrated low-developed cognitive functions of perception, spatial orientation, attention and thinking, high LF and VLF values, and low sensorimotor cortex activity. In addition, the group was characterized by low vascular tone and elasticity of peripheral arteries.
Key words: cognitive functions, adaptation, finger photoplethysmography, heart rate variability.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-39-48
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Prokopovich L.S., Ilyin V.K., Nikonov R.V. Prevention of oropharyngeal inflammations in people of risky occupations in extreme environments
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 49-59.
Benefits of probiotic strain Streptococcus salivarius BLIS K12 to oropharyngeal microbiocenosis was demonstrated by way of comprehensive assessment of the results of oral and gingival fluids microbiological monitoring.
Key words: prevention, Streptococcus salivarius, mouth cavity and throat, people of risky occupations.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-49-59
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Dadasheva O.A., Grushina E.A., Gurieva T.A., Mednikova E.I., Lukicheva N.A., Sychev V.N. Histological structure of the internal of fishes Danio rerio exposed to the spaceflight factors
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 60-64.
The investigation was devoted to the histological effects of real space flight on the digestive organs, heart and reproductive organs of fish Danio rerio after 36-d exposure onboard the International space station (ISS).
Histological investigations of the fish digestive organs revealed changes in length and form of intestinal villas and increase of cambial cell proliferation in the basal layer. The lower sections of the entodermal canal had regions of epithelial dystrophy. Liver cytoplasm contained hepatocytes with large- and medium-sized vacuoles. Broadening of sinusoids between the beams could point to venous plethor (venous stasis). Hearts of fishes in the flight group had same structure as of the controls. However, there were small regions of swelled myocytes with disintegrated nuclei in the ventricle and regions of lysed cardiomyocyte nuclei under the epicard. These changes in the contraction apparatus of cardiac myocytes are, probably, induced by low activity of organism in microgravity. The histological pattern of Danio rerio testicles was essentially identical to the controls. Danio rerio ovaries were found to contain small dark basophilic previtellogenic oocytes enveloped in a thickened protein membrane. This is a sign of ovogenesis hormonal disorder.
Key words: fish Danio rerio, spaceflight factors, histological structure, intestine, histological structure, liver, heart, reproductive organs.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-60-64
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Soldatov P.E., Shulaguin Yu.A., Tyurin-Kuzmin À.Yu., Krychenkov D.A., Nosovsky A.M., Suvorov A.V., Smolenskaya Ò.S., Smirnov I.A., Smirnova Ò.À. Complex monitoring-based evaluation of the cardiorespiratory system and gas exchange in laboratory animals breathing hypoxic breathing mixtures containing inertial gasses
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 65-76.
A complex non-invasive procedure of real-time monitoring 16 indices of external respiration, gas exchange and oxygen transport in small animals breathing inertial gas containing mixtures (GBM) was developed. The core is the use of an open-flow chamber system for gas-exchange measurements. The procedure includes also accurate setting of GBM characteristics; all formulas were corrected for the presence of inertial gases. The procedure is intended for randomized testing each GBM with one and the same animal in a small sample. Data processing is performed using Scheffe's multivariate analysis.
The animals breathed hypoxic GBM (8.1?8.4 % Î2) containing He, Ar and Kr (56?58 %). Hypoxic and normoxic N2-based GBMs were used as controls. The series of 20 tests was made with 4 adult Wistar male rats with initial body mass of 318 ± 19.4 g.
Multivariate analysis showed that the ratio of inspiratory time to expiratory time in argon-containing GBM was significantly higher than in air and krypton-containing mixture. One of explanations can be the effect of inertial gases on the respiratory center.
Comparison of deoxyhemoglobin levels in peripheral tissue on the background of breathing air and GBMs showed a considerable increase due to breathing nitrogen-containing hypoxic mixtures. Deoxyhemoglobin level in the presence of inertial gases does not differ from the normoxic control and, therefore, tissue oxygenation is not much different, too. Testing with krypton-containing BGM gave the most exciting result.
Key words: hypoxic hypoxia, inertial gases, cardiorespiratory system, oxygenation, non-invasive techniques.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-65-76
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Ganapolsky V.P., Avdyushenko S.A., Grinchuk S.S., Korolev Yu.N., Lunin À.À., Luchnikova Î.V., Matytsin V.O., Rzhepetskaya M.K., Shchukina N.A. Effect of hypoxic training and pharmaceutical correction on physical performance and autonomic regulation in mountaineers
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 77-84.
Effects of intermittent hypoxic hypobaric training (IHHT) and administration of actoprotector trekrezan and antihypoxic cytoflavin on physical performance, psychomotor reactions and autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system were studied in 15 male mountaineers at the age of 23 to 30 years. IHHT in a thermal-pressure chamber consisted of 8 days of one-hour «ascent» to 1500 m (day 1), 2000 m (day 2) and 2500 m (days 3–8). Eight days prior to the training 8 randomly chosen mountaineers took a health-improving course of trekrezan (600 mg on day 1 and 200 mg on subsequent days) and cytoflavin (1520 mg/g, 2 days). The rest 7 participants consumed placebo. Before and after IHHT the mountaineers performed the cardiorespiratory test (MetaLyser, Cortex, Germany) on bicycle ergometer, and heart rate variability monitoring with the use of SW package Polyspectre (Neurosoft, Russia). Results of the investigation evidence the IHHT capability to improve physical capacity and endurance of mountaineers. The course of trekrezan optimizes the psychomotor function and has a favorable effect on the autonomic nervous system owing to elimination of sympathetic overtone.
Key words: hypoxia, mountaineers, physical performance, chamber ascent, heart rate variability, hypoxic training, pharmaceutical correction.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-77-84
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Shumilina I.V. Investigations of underwear and clothes consumption during 520-day isolation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 85-91.
In the 520-dày isolation within Mars-500 project investigated data of the stocks of personal hygiene means, underwear and clothes were provided and monitored in keeping with the consumption rates adopted by the International space station (ISS) program. Investigations of entries in more than 200 dedicated questionnaires made possible mass estimation of the stocks of personal hygiene means, underwear and clothes in a mission to Mars.
The results of study showed effectiveness and functional significance of the sanitary-hygiene system.
The hygienic comfort of 6 human subjects in the 520-day study required more than 2000 kg of personal hygiene means, underwear and clothes, toilet items, and cleaning supplies. Investigations indicate also that long-term existence in microgravity will necessitate development of hardware and devices for shower, hygiene, wash-water regeneration, laundry and drying compatible with the Life Support Systems. Spatial attention should be given to selection of textile materials for space clothes with consideration of these research results.
Key words: personal hygiene means, International space station, Life Support Systems, isolation, underwear, clothes.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-85-91
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Kagirov I.A., Karpov À.À., Kipyatkova I.S., Klyuzhev K.S., Kudryavtsev À.I., Kudryavtsev I.À., Ryumin D.À. Intellectual interface to control a robotic medical exoskeleton of the lower limbs «Remotion»
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 5. P. 92-98.
The paper introduces an intellectual human-machine interface designed to control a robotic medical lower limb exoskeleton (REM) «Remotion». This bimodal interface combines no-contact voice control of the exoskeleton and contact sensory control using mobile devices. Intellectual interfaces of the user – exoskeleton interaction enhance equipment ergonomics. Besides, the intuitive and natural human – machine communication and control makes the exoskeleton suitable for the needs of medical rehabilitation.
Key words: medical exoskeleton, lower limb exoskeleton, intellectual control, audible interface, bimodal interface, assistive technology.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-5-92-98
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