CONTENTS
Reviews
Polyakov A.V., Ilyin E.À., Usov V.M., Dvornikov M.V., Kuznetsova T.E., Kosachev V.E., Kryuchkov B.I. Innovative medical care technologies for the damaged in off-nominal and emergency situations in the Arctic
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We weighed up the integrated use of innovative technologies in medical care and preparation of injured people for evacuation from an emergency site in the extreme Arctic environment. These include the IBMP-proposed approaches and protocols to rescue ice divers, as well as the cutting-edge robotic systems to support the search-and-rescue and evacuation activities such as drones, emergency location reporting systems, communication with and monitoring of rescue team shifting, robotic-assisted basic life support and resuscitation technologies etc.
Key words: critical state of organism, supercooling, freezing prevention, first medical aid to cold-injured people, drones, robotized biotechnical systems.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 5-21.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-5-21
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Marchenko L.Yu., Sigaleva E.E., Matsnev E.I., Anikeev D.A. Current view of the action mechanisms and clinical use of xenon inhalations for the purposes of neutroprotection
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There is literature regarding the organ-protecting effect of xenon, helium, argon and krypton, however, the biological mechanisms underlying this property of noble gases are still poorly understood. The review summarizes the results of Russian and international studies of the xenon action on nervous cells and dwells on clinical applications of this gas as a neuroprotective agent.
Key words: xenon, neuroprotection, inertial gases.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 22-29.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-22-29
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Kudryavtseva N.S., Sorokin À.Å. Comparative reliability assessment and costing of life support systems for extended interplanetary missions
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Analysis and comparison of various approaches to attaining high robustness of space life support systems (LSSs) as well as R&D preliminary coasting were performed with reference to a 1000-day mission beyond Earth's and Moon orbits. Robustness is defined by the probability of crew loss, while cost takes into account that probability of LSSs failure in this category of mission must be equal to 0.001. We considered 3 standard designs of physicochemical regenerative LSSs differing in the degree of closure: combined, partially closed and closed as fully as possible.
It was found that updating the basic life support designs and raising their robustness up to the level required for the 1000-d operation would be too costly and, therefore, unpractical. The whole-system cold redundancy would increase the engineering design costs and mass by a factor of 4 and 6 of combined and partially and fully closed LSSs, respectively.
The minimum-cost engineering design and lowest mass can be provided by setting cold redundancy for individual regeneration subsystems. Then the redundancy rate of combined LSS will be reduced by a unit and of partially and fully closed life support by two units in comparison with the whole-system redundancy.
Key words: lifer support system, crew loss probability, costs.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 30-37.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-30-37
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Golikova Å.À., Andrianova I.V., Buravkova L.B. Methodical approaches to studying the effects of simulated microgravity on co-cultured hemopoietic progenitors and mesenchymal stromal cells
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Co-culture of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) with hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) is broadly used to studying the early steps of hematopoiesis, CD34+-cell expansion, and the impact of different factors on myelopoiesis. It is well known that anemia developing in space missions can be mediated by the changes of physiological of hemopoietic progenitors (HSPCs). The effects of simulated microgravity were investigated in a modified model of hemopoietuc progenitors' co-culture with MSCs. The number and colony-forming activity of floating HSPCs were analyzed. The cobblestone-like areas of the MSC-associated HSPC fraction on a feeder consisting of proliferating and mitotically inactive MSCs were characterized as well. The use of the modified protocol requested by the microgravity simulation did not impact the HSPCs expansion on either proliferating or mitotically inactive MSCs as feeder.
Key words: mononucleated cells from umbilical blood, mesenchymal stromal cells, floating hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells, MSCs-associated hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells, co-culture, mitomycin Ñ.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 38-44.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-38-44.
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Lebedeva S.A., Shved D.M., Fedyai S.O. Investigation of human psychophysiological state in the conditions simulating the microgravity effects using the acoustic method of speech analysis
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The work was devoted to the investigation of psychophysiological response of human operators exposed to simulated spaceflight factors. This was a pioneering comprehensive functional evaluation of human subjects during 21-d dry immersion (DI) using voice acoustic analysis together with the psychological and psychophysiological methods, cognitive and sensorimotor testing. Comparison of speech and cognitive data dynamics in DI revealed the existence of adaptation periods and established significant correlations between some voice parameters and results of cognitive and sensorimotor tasks implementation.
Key words: speech analysis, sensorimotor coordination, cognitive tests, functional state, simulation study, microgravity, dry immersion.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 45-51.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-45-51
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Bubeev Yu.A., Usov V.M., Sergeev S.F., Kryuchkov B.I., Mikhailyuk M.V. Human interaction with virtual model of a lunar mobile robot in isolation experiments
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The paper discusses the research instruments used in studying the human – mobile robot interactions on the lunar surface. The proposed multi-environmental approach is aimed at evaluation of the role of human factor in future piloted space programs in addition to the conventional methods of experimental psychology and labor psychophysiology.
Key words: space psychophysiology, human operator, human-robot interaction, isolation studies, multi-environmental approach to modeling cosmonaut's activity, virtual environment (virtual platforms).
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 52-59.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-52-59
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Artamonov À.À., Orlov D.Î., Puchkova À.À., Shpakov A.V., Voronov A.V. Vertical suspension as a virtual reality component during human locomotion
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Experimental calculation of angular velocities in the lower limb was made based on analysis of video recorded walking under different degrees of musculoskeletal unloading in order to verify the method of vertical suspension as a virtual reality element. The resulted angular velocity relations were compared to the relations of free fall accelerations in the gravity conditions on Earth, Mars and the Moon. Additional analysis of the locomotion error from angular displacement amplitudes showed an inappreciable difference of calculated and theoretical velocity relations. Variability of walking biomechanics is dependent on the degree of gravitational unloading.
Key words: virtual reality, vertical suspension, locomotion, gravitational unloading, angular velocities of the lower limb joints.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 60-64.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-60-64
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Shishov À.À., Bogomolov A.V. Physiological substantiation of adequate emergency escape in high-altitude flight
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Physiological substantiation of a rational escape of high-altitude contingency was made after analysis of the data about in-flight accidents, literature and authors' scientific researches. Of the highest criticality are correct choice, adjustment and use of flight gear and oxygen breathing apparatus, and appropriate psychophysiological training. It was demonstrated that consequences of altitude hypoxia can be eliminated by a rapid descent to 4000 m or lower; as a rule, altitude decompression disorders are relieved by slowdown or break-off of ascent (descent); appearance of decompression sickness symptoms must be responded by an immediate descent and landing. It is concluded that the way to improve effectiveness of pilot's psychophysiological training with account to character of impending flight task and type of aircraft.
Key words: high-altitude flight, hypoxia, altitude decompression disorders, pressurized cabin, high-altitude life support gear, decompression, loss of pressure.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 65-71.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-65-71
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Moiseev Yu.B. Some features of the human spinal column reaction to applied impact
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The experiments were performed with dummies molded for ejection seat tests. A reliable direct dependence of pressure rise in nucleus pulposus of thoracic intervertebral disk-12 on amplitude of the head-to-pelvis impact load was stated.
There were two time spans where impact responses of the thoracic spine were different. The spinal reaction to impact within the time span from 10 to 30–35 ms exceeded the disturbance duration; however, this difference diminished as the impact time extended. Within the time span from 35–40 to 160 ms the spinal reaction time actually concurred with disturbance duration which can be explained by oscillation frequency inherent of the spinal column.
Key words: biomechanics, spinal column, impact load, intervertebral disk, impact safety.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 72-76.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-72-76
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Shibanov V.Yu., Moiseev Yu.B., Naumov V.A., Ryzhenkov S.P. Use of the Hybrid-III anthropomorphic phantom in testing the impact action on the head
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The paper dwells on the protocol of testing headguards for drivers. The head of phantom Hybrid-III was both the test object and instrument. The purpose was to study damage to the front, occipital and temporal regions due to strokes at 2.5; 3.0; 3.5 and 4.0 m/s. The stroke was modeled by throwing the head on a rigid surface. The impact velocity was calculated from the speed video data. Horizontal, vertical and lateral accelerations (in the head coordinates) were measured by in-built sensors. Values of the impulse of velocity and head injury criteria (HIC) were calculated. It was stated that one and the same longitudinal impact force (front-to-occiput and occiput-to-front) produces a stronger reaction than the latitudinal stroke (temple-to-temple). To evaluate the results adequately, we compared them to the literary data about resistance to and outcome of human head injuries. An equal biological effect (damage severity) is caused by strokes with the measured velocity impulse of 1.43, 1.33 and 1.0 m/s in the frontal, occiputal and temple regions, respectively, and acceleration values of 1.62, 1.62 and 1.0 units in the frontal, occiputal and temple regions, respectively. HIC is equal to 2.09, 2.17 and 1.0 units, respectively. Our findings coupled with the literary evidence of the danger of impact trauma to different regions of the head enable a more accurate interpretation of the results of testing headguards. In addition, these findings may serve the purpose of setting the criteria of trauma risk estimation in testing headguards.
Key words: anthropomorphic phantom, tests, anti-impact head protection, head injury.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 77-83.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-77-83
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Karsanova S.Ê., Yasnetsov V.V. Effect of melatonin combined with 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives on neurons of the parietal association cortex in the brain of animals
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Experiments with cats showed that new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives IBKhF-27 and SK-119, drugs mexidol and melatonin, and melatonin combinations with IBKhF-27, SK-119 and mexidol influenced directly 84.4; 54.3; 68.8; 75.8; 98; 87 and 89 % neurons of the parietal association cortex field-5, respectively. Inhibition by IBKhF-27 was observed in 1.7 and 1.4 times more often than by SK-119 + mexidol. Melatonin combined with IBKhF-27, SK-119 and mexidol inhibited the neurons more often, than each component of the combination separately; the direct influence of melatonin with IBKhF-27 was observed more frequently, than of each of them separately. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of melatonin + IBKhF-27 was observed more frequently than of two other combinations, i.e. melatonin + SK-119 and melatonin + mexidol; the direct effect on neurons was more often compared with melatonin + SK-119. Hence, field-5 of the parietal association cortex is an important contributor to realization of the central effect of these combinations of substances.
Key words: new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives, melatonin, mexidol, combination, field-5 of the parietal association cortex, cats.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 84-88
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-84-88
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Borzykh À.À., Kuzmin I.V., Kiryukhina Î.Î., Selivanova Å.Ê., Shvetsova À.À., Lazarenko V.S., Los-Arkos Uvarova S., Nesterenko À.Ì., Tarasova Î.S. Voluntary running activity of female rats during gestation: characteristics of an experimental model
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The purpose was to assess wheel running dynamics of pregnant rats (PRs) and effects of this training on central hemodynamics, hormonal and biochemical blood indices (day 18 of pregnancy), and pregnancy outcome. Similar investigations were performed with nonpregnant rats (NPRs). PRs went on running all through three weeks of pregnancy. During the initial 12 days of training, BPRs and PRs did not differ in the daily run; subsequently, PRs were reducing daily distance, although the running speed did not differ between of the groups. Wheel-running did not affect body mass and heart rate in either PRs or NPRs; however, systolic blood pressure in trained PRs was somewhat higher than in control PRs. In the absence of regular training blood levels of progesterone, urea and NO metabolites were higher, while those of thyroxin (Ò4) and triiodothyronine (Ò3) were lower in PRs compared to NPs. Training potentiated an increase in progesterone and stabilized the thyroid axis during pregnancy. Mean body mass of pups from the trained and control PRs litters did not differ; however, after training the number of pups in the litters was higher. To summarize, wheel-running induces changes favorable to the pregnancy progress. This procedure can be used in correction of female health state in rodent experimental models of pathologic pregnancy conditions.
Key words: rats, pregnancy, exercise training, voluntary running, hormonal status, blood biochemistry, blood pressure.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 89-95.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-89-95
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Belisheva N.K., Tsetlin V.V., Martynova À.À., Solovievskaya N.L., Zavadskaya T.S., Pryanichnikov S.S., Megorsky V.V. Water as an indicator of cosmic physical effects on the human organism in the conditions of the Svalbard archipelago
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Association between fluctuations in water properties, variations of cosmospace agents and dynamics of human psychophysiological parameters was explored in order to assess water as a potential indicator of external factors affecting the human organism. Monitoring of 43 volunteers in township Barentzburg (Svalbard archipelago) performed from July 30 till August 18, 2018 consisted of daily registration of integral body functional parameters using a gas-discharge lamp, cardiovascular data recording, blood coagulation analysis, and mood and behavior observations. Water as an indicator of integral effects of physicochemical processes in the ambient environment was assessed by the redox potential (RP, mV) using ionometer I-160MI. It was demonstrated that water RP fluctuations in the Svalbard archipelago region were related to solar wind characteristics and solar radiation fluxes at 10.7 cm, and human psychophysiological parameters. Therefore, RP of extra-body water might be predictive of the body functioning. The investigations showed that water represents a detector sensitive to the cosmophysical agents. Since water RP fluctuations are synchronous with fluctuations in bio-systems functioning we may assume that this detector can be used as a model imitating the liquid medium in organism for studies of the integral effects of spaceflight factors.
Key words: water, redox potential, cosmophysical agents, organism.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 2. P. 96-104.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-2-96-104
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Necrology
Kotovskaja Adilja Ravgatovna
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