CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Kotovskaya A.R., Fomina G.A., Salnikov A.V. Ñhange in the condition of lower limb veins in cosmonauts on long-duration missions
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 5. P. 5–10.
The paper reports changes in the main parameters of the lower limb veins in 36 cosmonauts in the course of 6-month space missions. Major reduction in the leg volume was shown in all cosmonauts, as well as a significant increase of venous capacity and compliance. Rate of vein filling exhibited different trends, i.e. decreased in the majority of cosmonauts (n = 26, 74 %) and increased in the rest (n = 9, 26 %). Increases in venous capacity, compliance and filling rate may impact orthostatic stability (OS). These changes are among the pathophysiological mechanisms of the OS loss in space flight.
Key words: space mission, microgravity, hemodynamics, veins, pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Pastushkova L.Kh., Custaud M.-A., Kononikhin A.S., Brzhozovsky A.G., Dmitrieva L.E., Dobrokhotov I.V., Tiis E.S., Larina I.M. Modification of urine proteome in healthy human during 21-day bed rest
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 5. P. 11–16.
Mass spectromy-based proteomics was employed to analyze urine from 8 normal volunteers for a 21-day bedrest study (BR). The analysis included trypsinolysis in solution prior to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and spectra processing using the bioinformatics tools. Relying on 221 IPI-indices with Score from 24 to 1700, 169 different proteins were identified. Molecular functions, biological processes and cell components as the loci of certain protein functioning were determined with the help of UniProt-GOA. Associative interactions networks were constructed using BiNGO. There were 14 proteins identified that are functional in the cardiovascular system mostly. They were annotated and dynamics of their occurrence throughout the experiment was considered. Grounding on the biological functions of these proteins, an assumption of eligible activation of different biological processes during BR was made.
Key words: bed rest, urine proteome, cardiovascular system.
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Davydov B.V., Stepanova G.P., Krivitsyna Z.A., Vorontsov À.L., Voronkov Yu.I. Investigation of blood biochemical indices during bicycle ergometry
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 5. P. 17–20.
Our investigations showed that physical work (bicycle ergometry) alters the biochemical status of male volunteers. On the 5th minute of bicycle ergometry capillary blood loses significantly glucose and increases magnesium, phosphorus and particularly lactic acid. Creatine phosphokinase activity and trygliceride levels did not deviate much from baseline values. All the changes had a similar trend equally in the supine and sitting position. Therefore, biochemical investigations may complement essentially the physiological and neurophysiological tests of human adaptability to physical loads. The investigation utilized the dry chemistry technology of rapid biochemical diagnostics.
Kew words: bicycle ergometry, physical work, long-duration orbital missions, lactic acid, lactate, glucose, magnesium, phosphorus, creatine phosphokinase, tryglycerides, biochemical analysis, dry chemistry.
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Pasekova O.B., Stepanova G.P., Voronkov Yu.I. Interhemispheric differences between encephalography alpha spectral power indices during bicycle ergometry
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 5. P. 21–24.
The EEG recording from 30 supine volunteers during bicycle ergometry with the load growing incrementally to a submaximal heart rate was made in order to study alpha spectra and their interhemispheric differences. Comparative analysis of EEG records demonstrated a statistical gain of the alpha-power in both hemispheres at the final step of aerobic work and throughout the period of recovery with power reaching the highest values in the left hemisphere. Analysis of interhemispheric differences points to activation of the right hemisphere over the whole period of the investigation.
Key words: electroencephalography, alpha-rhythm, interhemispheric asymmetry, bicycle ergometry.
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Kulikov V.P., Osipov I.S., Tregub P.P. Optimal hypercapnic hypoxia conditions for increasing resistance to acute hypoxia
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 5. P. 25–28.
The study was focused on finding an optimal length of hypercapnia-hypoxia sessions of training resistance to acute hypoxia and looking for benefits from reoxygenation intervals and intermittent training over daytime. It turned out that 3 days of a 5-minute hypercapnia-hypoxia session per day improved resistance to acute hypoxia explicitly and that a 30-minute session increased resistance to the highest rate. Two training sessions per day are no better than one session. Hypercapnia-hypoxia training with reoxygenation intervals is the least effective in comparison to the other modes of training.
Key words: optimal regime, hypercapnia, hypoxia, resistance, reoxygenation.
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ÅEzdakova M.I., Andreeva E.R., Gurieva T.S., Dadasheva Î.À., Orlova V.S., Buravkova L.B. Effects of hypoxia and growth factors on the angiogenic activity of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 5. P. 29–35.
The effects of fetal calf serum (FCS) growth factor concentration and cell growth phase on production of angiogenic mediators by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) at different O2 levels (20 and 5 %) was studied. For this purpose vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) production was measured in MSC-conditioned medium (CM); besides, branching vessels as well as vessel end points (ramification) in the chorioallantoic membrane of Japanese quail eggs (Ñoturnix coturnix japonica) were counted following MSC-CM application.
During the standard cultivation (20 % O2; 10 % FCS) the total number of vessels was 1.6 times higher comparing with hypoxic condition (5 % O2; 10 % FCS) due to increase in ramification, the number of branching vessels did not change. Maximal (double) increase in the total vessel number was observed when CM from MSCs after hypoxia plus serum deprivation was added.
VEGF-A synthesis linearly increased with FCS concentration both at 20 % and 5 % O2. In all cases VEGF-A level was higher at hypoxia. No direct correlation between the VEGF-A concentration and total number of vessels was noted indicating that hypoxia possibly stimulates synthesis of additional angiogenic factors to enhance vascular growth despite the drastic serum deprivation. At 20 % oxygen, exponentially growing MSCs showed the highest angiogenic activity and the ramification increased in 1.6 times. Depending on Î2, MSCs produced angiogenic factors required at different stages of vascularization. Specifically, mediators of ramification were accumulated in the standard conditions (20 % Î2) and factors stimulating growth of branching vessels – in hypoxia.
Key words: angiogenesis, hypoxia, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, growth factors.
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Ivanov À.À., Molokanov À.G., Shurshakov V.À., Bulynina Ò.Ì., Liakhova Ê.N., Severiukhin Yu.S., Abrosimova À.N., Ushakov I.B. Modification of the proton beam physical parameters and radiobiological characteristics by elements of spacecraft radiation protection
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 5. P. 36–42.
The experiment was performed with outbred ICR (CD-1) female mice (SPF). The animals were irradiated by 171 MeV protons at a dose of 20 cGy. The spacecraft radiation protection elements used in the experiment were a construction of wet hygiene wipes called a "protective blind", and a glass plate imitating an ISS window. Physical obstacles on the path of 171 MeV protons increase their linear energy transfer leading to the absorbed dose elevation and strengthening of the radiobiological effect. In the experiment, two types of obstacles together raised the absorbed dose from 20 to 23.2 cGy. Chemically different materials (glass and water in the wipes) were found to exert unequal modifying effects on physical and biological parameters of the proton-irradiated mice. There was a distinct dose-dependent reduction of bone marrow cellularity within the dose range from 20 cGy to 23.2 cGy in 24 hours after exposure. No modifying effect of the radiation protection elements on spontaneous motor activity was discovered when compared with entrance protons. The group of animals protected by the glass plate exhibited normal orientative-trying reactions and weakened grip with the forelimbs. Rationalization of physical methods of spacecrew protection should be based as on knowledge in physical dosimetry (ionizing chambers, thermoluminescent, track detectors etc.), so the radiobiological criteria established in experiments with animals.
Key words: high-energy protons, physical shielding, dosimetry, absorbed dose, mice, bone marrow, spleen, leukocytes, thymus, spontaneous motor activity, physical performance.
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Yasnetsov V.V., Motin V.G., Yasnetsov Vik.V., Karsanova S.K., Ivanov Yu.V., Chelnaya N.À. Studies of the antihypoxic and antiamnestic effects of melatonin in animals
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 5. P. 43–48.
Experiments with mice showed that in a multitude of acute hypoxia models (normobaric hypoxic hypoxia with hypercapnia, hypobaric, hemic and histotaxic) the antihypoxic action of a single intra-abdominal dose of melatonin surpasses greatly amtisol, the standard antihypoxic agent. Single melatonin injection produced a strong antiamnestic action on various amnestic models (scopolamine-induced, acute normobaric hypoxia with hypercapnia, and a combination of extreme factors) which was much better than of pyracetame, a well-known nootropic (mind-stimulating) drug. Increase of the melatonin dose from 1 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg amplified both the antihypoxic and antiamnestic effect. Melatonin inhibited orthodromal population responses in surviving sections of rat's hippocampus (by 24 ? 3 % at 2 mM; by 72 ? 6 % at 5 mM). Besides, the inhibiting action of lusindol, a blocker of melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2- was virtually fully neutralized. Therefore, melatonin inhibits transmission within the Schaffer collateral – CA1 pyramidal neurons synapse by stimulation of melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2; higher melatonin concentrations (0.5 to 5 mM) enhance its effectiveness.
Key words: melatonin, antihypoxic and antiamnestic action, hippocampal ÑÀ1 field.
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Clinical investigations
Sukhoterin A.F., Pashchenko P.S., Plakhov N.N., Zhuravlev A.G. Role of the sympathoadrenomedullary system in formation of pilot's adaptation to flight loads
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 5. P. 49–53.
Purpose of the work was to evaluate the sympathoadrenomedullary functions and associated psychophysiological reactions of pilots as a function of flight hours on highly maneuverable aircraft. Volunteers to the investigation were 78 pilots (41 pilots of maneuverable aircraft and 37 pilots of bombers and transporters). Selected methods were to enable comprehensive evaluation of the body functioning against flight loads. Our results evidence that piloting of high maneuverable aircraft but not of bombing and transporting aircrafts activates the sympathoadrenomedullary system significantly. This is particularly common to young pilots with the total flying time less than 1000 hours. Adaptive changes to flight factors were noted to develop with age and experience.
Key words: sympathoadrenomedullary system, +GZ, functional reserves.
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Kuzmina A.Yu. Screening-evaluation of the cardiac artery disease in civil pilots of the senior age group
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 5. P. 54–62.
Early diagnostics of cardiac artery disease (CAD) is essential for annual medical flight certification. The investigation was aimed at screening-evaluation of senior civil pilots for CAD using the criteria of ECG findings during the submaximal bicycle ergometry test (BT).
The investigation embraced 1189 civil pilots on reaching the age of 55 years and older in 2009–2010. BT with ECG recording was completed by 976 pilots (82,1 %).
The test was considered CAD negative in 909 pilots (93,1 %) and CAD positive in 9 pilots (0,9 %); of 53 doubtful tests (5,5 %), CAD was stated by the ST-criterion in 40 pilots (4,1 %) and because of arrhythmias in 13 pilots (1,4 %). In 5 cases (0,5%) test results were uninterpretable. Further analysis of the screening results led to diagnosing of clinically significant atherosclerosis of coronary arteries in 17 pilots (1,75 %).
Key words: medical flight certification, aviation cardiology.
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Solovieva K.B., Dolbin I.V. Threshold values of main parameters of the blood pressure diurnal profile in men with isolated clinical arterial hypertension living beyond the Arctic circle
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 5. P. 63–68.
The purpose was to calculate thresholds of diurnal blood pressure parameters (BP) in men with isolated clinical hypertension (ICH) living beyond the Arctic circle, and selection of those parameters that will be particularly informative for differential diagnostics of ICH and essential hypertension (EH) in this contingent. Fifty male subjects were distributed in the ICH group (n = 25) and normotensive group with one and more cardiovascular risk factors (n = 25). No drug therapy was provided during diurnal BP monitoring (DBPM). ICH was diagnosed in the event of increased office BP, normal DBPM values and self-monitoring of BP (BPSM). ROC-analysis was applied to calculate thresholds of the BP diurnal profile for men with ICH and identify the most useful ones. Specifically, these include the following thresholds: average daily systolic BP (SBP) (>122 mm Hg), average daytime SBP (>127 mm Hg) and average nighttime SBP (>108 mmHg), and SBP time indices over 24 hrs. (>16.7 %) and daytime (>14.4 %). The range of scatter of these values allows differential diagnostics of both ICH and EH which is important for health expertise of male dwellers in the region. Early ICH detection in men with high cardiovascular risks and prescription of anti-hypertension therapy will reduce the probability of ICH progression to stable hypertension, prevent damage to target-organs and mitigate the total cardiovascular risk.
Key words: male dwellers beyond the Arctic circle, isolated clinical hypertension, thresholds, blood pressure diurnal profile.
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Information
Borovik A.S., Prilutskii D.A., Popov D.V., Fadin V.G., Sharova A.P., Vinogradova O.L. Hardware-software complex for testing and training of the muscles of the shoulder girdle in mass sport and regenerative medicine
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