CONTENTS
Reviews
Orlov O.I., Shved D.M., Gushchin V.I., Bubeev Yu.A., Popova Yu.A., Markin À.À., Rykova M.P., Ilyin V.K., Ponomarev S.A. Psychological and physiological aspects of isolation studies (based on russian research materials)
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The paper presents a brief survey of the IBMP-based studies with participation of test-subjects volunteered for isolation in closed chambers and mockups of space vehicles reproducing various factors and situations attending space missions. The authors outline the primary findings pertaining to effects of the multitude of isolation factors on human psychophysiology, physiology, biochemistry, immunology and microbiology. The obtained facts witness that there is good reason to pursue studies of the effects of confinement and controlled environment in the interests of medical support to crews on space missions beyond low-Earth orbits.
Key words: space mission, analog studies, isolation and confinement.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 5-19.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-5-19
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Baranov V.M. Evolution of views on physiology of breathing in microgravity
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The author summarizes the results of own long-term investigations of the human respiratory system onboard space objects. These results were analyzed and compared to the data of other authors who also had studied the breathing system in microgravity. The paper describes the logic of space experiments arrangement, sequence, progressive accumulation of knowledge about breathing physiology and microgravity.
Microgravity alters the structure of pulmonary volumes and respiratory rate and volume; it disturbs biomechanics of the respiratory muscles contraction that may expedite muscular fatigue and weaken the proprioceptrive inputs to the respiratory center. The thoracic-abdominal breathing ratio changes for abdominal. Microgravity affects the cosmonaut's ability to control respiratory movements intentionally and reduces sensitivity of the central respiratory mechanism to endogenous hypoxia and hypercapnia.
Magnitude of these deviations as compared to the ground measurements is not critical for cosmonaut's health and performance. However, in complex they may aggravate the effect of hypoxemia in microgravity, as has been noted by several authors, and be the reason for degradation of physical performance in space mission and, particularly, after landing.
Key words: space mission, microgravity, regulation of respiration, pulmonary volumes, gas exchange.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 20-30.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-20-30
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Andreeva E.R., Yakubetz D.A., Buravkova L.B. The molecular mechanisms of gravisensitivity: from cells to extracellular matrix
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Gravity deprivation is one of the major risk factors in spaceflight. Medical and biological studies show that as a result of prolonged exposure to weightlessness, astronauts and cosmonauts experience unfavorable changes in many physiological systems (loss of bone mass, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular insufficiency, sensorimotor coordination disorders, etc.). Physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of response to microgravity exposure at different levels of organization (molecular, cellular, tissue, organismal) and subsequent adaptation are actively studied.
Under the conditions of the constantly acting terrestrial gravitational field, multicellular organisms have formed a multicomponent mechanoreceptor apparatus including cellular (nucleo- and cytoskeletal skeleton) and extracellular (connective tissue matrix) mechanosensitive elements. The coordination of these compartments is carried out by specialized protein complexes, forming a mechanoreceptor unit. When the Earth's gravity is removed, this unit will be the basis for adaptation processes, acting as a kind of complex gravity receptor. Ground-based simulations are particularly important to elucidate the mechanisms that provide the response to microgravity, as flight limitations do not allow large-scale studies in space.
In this review, we analyze the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of gravity sensiing and the cellular response to microgravity under both real and simulated microgravity environments and discuss the directions for further research in this area.
Key words: mechanoreception, graviception, microgravity, simulation, extracellular matrix.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 31-42.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-31-42
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Larina I.M., Pastushkova L.Kh., Goncharova A.G., Kashirina D.N. Piloted space flight and research in proteomics
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Review summarizes the data acquired at the IBMP laboratory of proteomics over the past decade in space and ground model experiments.
The use of mass-spectrometry for panorama, semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis of human bio-liquids shed light on the molecular mechanisms, including and nets of molecular interactions involved in the adaptive response of healthy human organism to the extreme conditions in orbital missions, wintering in the Antarctic, and simulation studies such as bed rest (BR), dry immersion (DI), isolation chamber studies, exposure in a hypomagnetic stand and rotation on a short-arm centrifuge.
Proteomic investigations revealed the common elements of pathogenesis in the process of adaptation to extreme conditions. The type of blood proteome modification in cosmonauts depended on mission multiplicity. Frequency of protein oxidative modifications induced by spaceflight factors was increased. The actual type of cardiovascular adaptation depended on dominance of either sympathetic or parasympathetic components of the vegetative nervous system. Body response was characterized by changes in blood proteome, loss of orthostatic stability after BR, appearance of undesirable vascular complications following DI, endothelial dysfunction. In future, omix-technologies will be appropriate for risks stratification and development of countermeasures to ensure safety in very long exploration missions to Earth-like planets in the Solar system.
Key words: proteomics, space flight, antiorthostatic hypokinesia, dry immersion, isolation, hypomagnetic environment.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 43-58
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-43-58
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Ogneva I.V. Effect of spaceflight factors on the reproductive system
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At this point of time, effects of spaceflight factors on the male and, particularly, female reproductive systems are actually poorly known. This is because of, likely, low probability that the systems will develop life-threatening pathologies. Importance of this topic grows gradually with extension of mission duration and, on a number of occasions, age of cosmonauts; in great part, healthy aging depends on functioning of the reproductive system. Remote space exploration in future will raise the concern about reproductive health after return from missions beyond Earth's magnetosphere.
The review presents the up-to-date data about the effects of spaceflight factors on the reproductive organs and generative cells of various animal species and the human.
Key words: simulated microgravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 59-66.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-59-66
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Ryumin Î.Î., Bubeev Yu.A. Psychological support to crews of long-duration interplanetary missions: history and opportunities
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The paper is a history review of the Russian system of psychological support to space crews from the early steps of its construction to the period of real orbital missions of varying duration. The authors discuss the risks in missions outside the low Earth's orbits and aspects of keeping up the crew psychic state in mission and immediately after landing, and the risks the crews may encounter in the process of tripping to and staying on other planets. Analog studies are aimed to approbate and improve innovative psychological support technologies fitted with the revised concept of an exploration crew medical system.
Key words: space flight, analog studies, crew, isolation, airtight chamber, autonomy, psychological support.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 67-74.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-67-74
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Sychev V.N. Investigation of life support sustems based on biogenic mechanisms at RF SRC – IBMP / RAS
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The paper reviews researches conducted at RF SSC – IBMP/RAS with the goal to design a biological life support system (BLSS) for humans. Models of the human-unicellular algae-mineralization BLSS are proposed. Consideration is given to potential components for space BLSS (inferior and higher autotrophic organisms, heterotrophic organisms), biogenic mechanisms that can be used to regenerate human environment, and open issues associated with integration of the biogenic mechanisms in space crew life support systems.
It would not be an overstatement to say that researches related to the BLSS development encompass all life sciences, and many other disciplines. In view of the ambition to explore remote space, the idea of BLSS will once again be in the forefront. Without this system the human will not be able to break away from Earth. Activities in this area are being continued and results of investigations contribute to overcoming the existing challenges with preparation for the future.
Key words: space crew, biological life support system, biogenic mechanisms, autotrophic organisms, heterotrophic organisms.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 75-84.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-75-84
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Fomina G.A., Salnikov A.V., Koloteva M.I. Studies of the human cardiovascular system with the use of ultrasonic methods in space missions: main results and forward researches
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Integral ultrasonic investigations of cosmonauts' cardiovascular system (echocardiography, 2D-echography and dopplerography of vessels) at relative rest and studies of the hemodynamic reaction to LBNP (dopplerography of the brain and femoral arteries) were performed with participation of 26 cosmonauts before launch, during missions (8 to 438 days in duration) and after landing. Overall, more than 200 investigations were made at rest and 124 during the LBNP test. It was found that in microgravity the antigravity vascular tone regulation gradually becomes useless. Absence of gravitational stimuli leads to weakening of arterial resistance in all vascular regions below the heart level, blood displacement toward the areas with low vascular resistance, venostasis in the cervicocephalic and abdominal regions, and increase of leg veins capacity and compliance. However, the vital hemodynamic parameters, such as the pump function of the heart, blood supply to the brain, blood pressure and HR remain stable even during a long period in microgravity.
Results of USI conducted during the LBNP test imitating the orthostatic blood distribution evidence that the femoral arteries resistance to blood displacement toward the leg arteries degrades progressively as mission continues. Degradation of the vasoconstrictive ability of leg arteries and increase of leg venous capacity and compliance are responsible for the orthostatic instability developing in space.
Simultaneous recording of blood flow in the brain and femoral arteries is used to evaluate the reaction of hemodynamics to real and imitated orthostatic effects and to detect initial symptoms of orthostatic instability. The technique can be useful in designing novel methods for preventing orthostatic instability, and controlling their effectiveness.
Key words: hemodynamics, microgravity, orthostatic stability.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 85-93.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-85-93
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Saveko À.À., Rukavishnikov I.V., Lysova N.Yu., Grishin A.P., Yarmanova E.N., Tomilovskaya E.S. Comparative analysis of walking characteristics in spaceflight conditions: active and passive modes of treadmill operation
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Walking and running on treadmill BD-2 in the active and passive modes are the core of the Russian countermeasure system on board the International space station (ISS). In the active mode, the belt moves owing to the electric drive and in the passive mode the cosmonaut makes the belt move with the help of leg force. One of the primary goals of this investigation is better understanding of the physiological aspects of these training sessions. Purpose of the investigation is comparative analysis of biomechanical and electromyographic characteristics of walking in long-term space missions (SM) using the BD-2 active and passive modes.
The investigation involved 22 cosmonauts at the age of 45.7 ± 4.7 yrs. in the course of 115- to 340-day missions to the ISS. The cosmonauts performed the locomotion test monthly (no less than 4 times). Two sessions of the investigation were conducted prior to launch and two sessions on days 8 and 12 in the period of post-flight recovery. Protocol of the locomotion test (3-min walking) was performed twice, i.e. in the active and passive modes.
Walking biomechanics was assessed using the podogram recorded with pressure cells built in sensing insoles. Electromyographic activity of the next four muscles was measured simultaneously: anterior tibial muscle, soleus, lateral gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscle of the thigh.
Results demonstrate greater values of support reactions and electromyographic activity of the gravity-dependent soleus m. in the passive mode as compared to the active mode in all test sessions. This can be, probably, explained by a tighter foot contact with the treadmill belt in the passive mode and, as a consequence, increased intensity of support afferentation signals. It is notable that this difference grows in microgravity.
Key words: walking, space mission, prophylaxis, treadmill, m.soleus, support reactions, sensorimotor system.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 94-102.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-94-102
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Shenkman B.S. From activity to inactivity and again to activity. Signaling processes in the postural muscle in the transition period
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Experiments with tail-suspended rats exposed to Kepler's parabolic flight and human subjects in dry immersion showed repeatedly decreases, sometimes to the point of full inhibition, of the soleus m. electrical activity. Stopping the activity, closely resembling the temporal physiological rest that in rat's m. soleus is normally 8-10 hours a day, is much longer in experiments and can be characterized as a state of inactivity. Already after 24 hours of inactivity, expression of key muscle ubiquitin Å3 ligases increases with parallel reductions in protein synthesis and translational capacity. Expression of the slow isoform of myosin heavy chains reduces also.
Purpose of the review is to summarize the data on dynamics of molecular events in postural m. soleus of the mammal after cessation of its contractile activity. Changes in the complex of signaling pathways in the transitional period are triggered by a group of molecular messengers which are directly dependent on the contractile activity. Established was the function of increasing ATP concentration and ensuing reduction in phosphorylation of ÀÌP-activated protein kinase (ÀÌPÊ), as well as expression of slow myosin, regulators of mitochondria and ribosomes biogenesis and resting membrane potential at the initial stage of muscle inactivity. ATP-dependent processes contribute to NO reduction and Ca2+ions accumulation in muscle fibers. Changes in these messengers precisely underlie the subsequent atrophic developments, transformation of myosin phenotype, muscle fiber atony and mitochondrial dysfunction. At the same time, due to still not clearly understood changes in excitability of spinal motoneurons, within three day of inactivity the postural muscle demonstrates spontaneous activity with a gradually growing amplitude of electromyographic signals.
Results of the investigations of signal processes in the postural muscle during the transition from activity to inactivity and back to autonomic activity suggest difference and nonuniformity and nonlinearity of these processes and change of mechanisms driving the destructive events.
Key words: m. soleus, inactivity, ATP, AMPK, p70S6k, heavy myosin chains, autonomic activity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 103-118.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-103-118
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Shtemberg A.S., Perevezentsev À.À., Lebedeva-Georgievskaya K.B., Kudrin V.S., Belyaeva A.G., Kuznetsova O.S. Neurobiological effects of combined exposure to the radiation and gravitational factors of interplanetary mission in model experiments: results and outlook
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The review is devoted to the most critical and yet least studied neurobiological effects of combined exposure to the radiation and gravitational factors in space exploration missions. The authors present the data of own multiyear investigations in this area, including the neurobiological responses of the central nervous system to synchronous combined exposure to ionizing radiation of varying quality modeling some types of galactic cosmic radiation and modeled microgravity in laboratory experiments with rats and primates using an original model. Neurobiological effects were explored in different levels of CNS organization from molecular to integrative (behavior of animals). The investigations point to the consequences of prolonged exposure, typological characteristics of animals, and complicated character of interaction of the factors under study.
Key words: irradiation, heavy ions, hypogravity, tail-suspension, neurochemistry, behavior.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 119-128.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-119-128
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Shafirkin A.V., Benguin V.V., Shurshakov V.A. Comparison with the radiation safety limits of the dose values to critical organs of the human body in long-term missions to orbital stations «Mir» and ISS
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We analyzed the averaged through the year power of local tissue absorbed doses measured by the standard instruments over 15 years of station Mir operation (28 missions) and analogous data over 22 years of the International space station (ISS) operation (67 missions) within solar cycles (SCs) 22–25. This is a huge set of daily measurements of dosimeters R-16 (ioinization chamber D2) and 4 semiconductor dosimeters DB-8, located in different compartments. We also present the experimental and calculated absorbed and equivalent doses to the skin, lens and hematopoietic system (HPS) received within a day and year in space. It was found that in all Mir and ISS missions the equivalent doses to these tissues were below the limits adopted for orbital missions. In many missions of 6 to 8 months, the effective and equivalent doses to the CNS, lens and skin did not exceed even the lower dose limits prescribed by Russian radiation safety standard NRB-99/2009 for nuclear industry. Maximal equivalent dose values to the lens and skin in a year-long mission did not exceed 404 mSv. These values are less than the existing limits for space missions by 32 % for the lens and 5 times for the skin.
Key words: orbital space mission, radiation dose to critical organs, total radiation risk, setting radiation limits.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 129-140.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-129-140
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Methods
Pechkova M.G., Kiryukhina Î.Î., Vinogradova O.L., Tarasova O.S. The study of contractile activity of the mouse portal vein in space experiment «bion-m2»: justification of actuality and development of an experimental model
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Redistribution of blood in the vascular system in the condition of gravitational unloading causes changes in venous blood flow in both humans and laboratory animals; however, dependence of these changes on the alterations in contractile activity of venous walls and mechanisms involved are not sufficiently explored.
Purpose of the work is to design an experimental setup and procedure for studying the effects of microgravity on the venous vessels in mouse, the most common object of animal space experiments.
The proposed procedure consists of recording the contractile activity of the longitudinal smooth layer of the portal vein wall, and its changes due to action of pharmacological agents. Frequency of venous contraction changes in response to different factors more significantly than the contraction amplitude and tone level.
The results will serve as a basis for developing an optimal protocol of studying the mechanisms of changes in venous contractility in mice as part of space experiment BION-M2.
Key words: portal vein, microgravity, adrenoceptors, cholinoceptors, purinîceptors, nitric oxide.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 141-148.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-141-148
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Nosovsky À.Ì., Popova O.V., Smirnov Yu.I. State-of-the art technologies of medical data statistical analysis and methods of graphic presentation
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Choice of the best statistical data analysis is core for successful investigation. The paper describes a pattern of choosing statistical methods for medical data analysis with consideration of type of variables and purpose of statistical analysis. The proposed pattern of choosing a way of data graphic representation proceeds from type of visualized variables and purpose of applied statistical analysis.
The patterns help the investigator systematize own knowledge about medical data statistical analysis and graphic presentation, and use them as an instrument for a rapid choice of appropriate methods and diagrams.
Systematization of the patterns of choosing methods of data statistical analysis and presentation can be useful in the course of medical investigations and preparation of papers for scientific publications.
Key words: medical investigations, statistical techniques, visualization, choice of method, data analysis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2023. V. 57. ¹ 5. P. 149-154.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2023-57-5-149-154
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