CONTENTS
Reviews
Yasnetsov V.V., Yasnetsov Vik.V. Pharmacological prevention and therapy of motion sickness in humans and animals
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 3. P. 5–12.
The review presents the data of experimental and clinical investigations in pharmacological prevention and therapy of motion sickness (MS) in humans and animals. Analysis of literature showed that experiments with animals hold promise for choosing the best vestibular protectors among new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives (for instance, 10 new compounds exhibited an anti-MS effect superior to scopolamine, promethazinum and mexidol) and melatonin-ergic substances including melatonin activating the MT1-, MT2- and GABAÀ-receptors. The 3-HOP derivatives and melatonin-ergic substances can exist both as single-agent, so multi-agent drugs.
The anti-MS potential is demonstrated by SSR149415, a V1b-receptors antagonist and also CP-99994, an NK1-receptors blocker.
Despite all efforts to increase the arsenal of anti-MS agents and copious clinical investigations, to date MS (space MS included) prevention and therapy in humans rely on only 2 medical preparations – promethazinum and scopolamine in the form of drugs or intramuscular or transdermal injections. However, in future MS control, prevention in the first place, may become possible using nasal forms of these preparations, as well as administration of some other antihistamines such as dimenhydrinate in the form of mucosa-adhesive patch, diphenhydraminum in the form of chewing gum, and mexidol that acts through ion pathways with involvement of glutamate- and GABA-ergic components.
Key words: motion sickness, prevention and therapy, promethazinum, scopolamine, mexidol, new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives, melatonin-ergic substances.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-3-5-12.
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Polyakov A.V., Gryaznov N.A., Senchik K.Yu., Usov V.M., Motienko A.I. Assistant's capability of robotic systems for cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the lunar base
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 3. P. 13–27.
The review is devoted to the present-day robotic systems and their utility in supporting vital body functions and conservation of human life in the event of medical emergency (ME) during space mission or autonomous expeditions to the Moon. To cope with ME fraught with acute development of life-threatening condition two components will be of the highest criticality: 1) crew competence in emergency medicine including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and 2) availability of robotic systems for assistance to the resuscitation procedures usually done by paramedical personnel. The review discusses applicability of mechatronic cardiocompression systems to perform basic CPR on the lunar base. Advanced CPR can, possibly, include mechanical devices for intraosseous introduction of drugs in addition to other resuscitation equipment like apparatuses for artificial lung ventilation and defibrillation.
It is believed that the crew will keep up the CPR skills with the help of robotic simulators.
Key words: lunar base, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), robotic devices, mechatronic cardiocompression systems, intraosseous introduction of drugs, CPR robotic simulators.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-3-13-27.
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Yusupova A.K., Shved D.M., Gushchin V.I., Supolkina N.S., Chekalkina A.I. Preliminary results of space experiment «Content»
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 3. P. 28–37.
Space experiment «Content» was performed to test quantitative content-analysis of crew contacts with the Mission control center (MCC) personnel as an objective method of operational remote evaluation of crew-members' psychophysiology, as well as in-group and intergroup (crew-MCC) interactions. Methodology of the experiment is largely based on the concept that communicative behavior manifests the individual coping strategies. These strategies are considered to be effective or ineffective in context of their input to the success in activities which are very often dependent on the quality of intergroup communication. In the experiment, the focus has been laid on how a variety of factors including mission duration, occurrence of a significant event, problem situation or change in crew composition impact crew oral communication. The results lend credence to the concept of the final breakthrough and reveal a trend toward more frequent manifestations of the third fourth phenomenon as mission duration extends to a year. Problem situations may increase the number of diagnostically meaningful ineffective coping strategies, and also the number of effective coping strategies favorable to mission accomplishment despite pressures and challenges. The observation that a change of status within the crew modifies the stile, length and frequency of contacts with MCC confirms the conception of commander being the crew "mouthpiece". Acquisition and systematization of the array of documented crew statements together with identification and description of important speech phenomena provide the grounds for automation of crew-MCC contacts content-analysis.
Key words: remote psychological monitoring, crew communication, content-analysis, space experiment.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-3-28-37.
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Zakharov S.Yu., Rudenko Å.À., Novikova O.N., Baranov M.V. Structure of morbidity among pilot-cosmonauts of varying age-groups after flying career completion
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 3. P. 38–41.
Under consideration is the structure of morbidity among pilot-cosmonauts who completed their flying career. Medical data were collected under the auspices of the program of profound medical examination of cosmonauts called Longevity. Morbidity structure was analyzed in each age group.
Key words: cosmonauts, morbidity, age groups.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-3-38-41.
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Mitrikas V.G. Modeling of radiation protection capability of spacesuit «Sokol»
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 3. P. 42–47.
To evaluate flight spacesuit «Sokol» as an additional shelter from space ionizing radiation, exposure levels of human phantom representative points inside transport vehicle «Soyuz» and the large-diameter compartment of the ISS service module were compared. It was found that inside the transport vehicle spacesuit «Sokol» is capable to reduce absorbed doses received by the skin and nervous system by 35–44 % and slightly more than 2 % respectively.
Key words: space ionizing radiation, absorbed and tissue-equivalent doses, solar proton event.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-3-42-47.
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Stepanova S.I., Koroleva M.V., Nesterov V.F., Galichiy V.A., Karpova O.I. In-flight monitoring of cosmonauts' work and rest cycle: retrospective data analysis and information sources
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 3. P. 48–53.
The article presents retrospective analysis of the data obtained by in-flight monitoring of the work and rest cycle (WRC) of the ISS Russian crewmembers. The authors list the concrete elements of analysis, score crew overworks, provide evidence for the negative effect of strenuous WRC on cosmonauts' mental state and efficiency, and reaffirm validity of the crew time management rules and constraints.
Key words: work and rest cycle (WRC), in-flight monitoring, WRC intensity, WRC quantitative scores, work quality, overwork.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-3-48-53.
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Ivanov I.V., Zheltyi O.P., Ishchenko P.V. Use of the method of special breathwork and ideomotor exercises for psycho-correction of adaptation-related disorders in flying personnel
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 3. P. 54–61.
During medical examination, flying personnel members were divided into a group of essentially healthy people (control) and a group with the risk of pre-neurotic disorders due to lowered mental adaptability to the flying environment. A rehabilitation program consisting of a complex of person-oriented rational psychotherapy supported by a course of holotropic breathwork (breathing and ideomotor exercises) proved to be effective in abating pre-neurotic disorders. Altered states of consciousness reached during HB help correct rigid dominant psyche conditions that distort the sense of professional motivation and deform typology of behavior. Besides, HB recovers adaptability of pilot's personality as a whole.
Key words: aviation medicine, flight personnel, personal adaptation potential, pre-neurotic disorders, psychological correction, holotropic breathwork.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-3-54-61.
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Sheshegov P.M., Zinkin V.N., Slivina L.P. Aviation noise as a major factor contributing to morbidity and occupational risks for aviation maintenance personnel
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Sheshegov P.M., Zinkin V.N., Slivina L.P.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 3. P. 62–68.
The aviation maintenance personnel (AMP) are exposed to a number of harmful occupational factors, noise and infrasound particularly. High morbidity rate among AMP is largely linked with a synergy of noise and infrasound effects. Within the AMP morbidity structure prevail problems with hearing (sensorineural hearing loss), cardiovascular system (high blood pressure) and vision. The diseases were classified according to whether they were work-related or caused by the occupational environment. Considering the weighty evidence, occupational risks discussed in the paper belong to the category of «established occupational risk».
Key words: aviation noise, aviation maintenance personnel (AMP), morbidity, occupational risk.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-3-62-68.
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Glaznikov L.A., Sorokina L.A., Buynov L.G., Plakhov N.N. Constitutional traits of the statokinetic stability of flying personnel in the conditions of far Navy trip
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 3. P. 69–72.
Dependence of statokinetic stability (SKS) on somatotype was investigated in pilots of the aircraft-carrier fleet on a far trip. On the basis of somatotyping 220 people, 2 discriminant functions were derived to identify, using 7 anthropometric indices, the digestive and muscular somatotype with an accuracy of 96 and 87 % respectively.
The sample of 42 pilots was divided into groups according to the dominating somatotype. Statokionetic stability was determined by tolerance of cumulated Coriolis accelerations. The highest SKS was displayed by pilots with the muscular somatotype and the lowest, with the digestive somatotype. Factors of the far navy trip had a little effect on SKS in pilots of the digestive somatotype and did not impact pilots' flight performance.
Key words: somatotype, statokinatic stability, aircraft carrier, flight personnel, motion sickness, functional state, professional efficiency.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-3-69-72.
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Ilyin V.K., Solovieva Z.O., Skedina M.A., Verdenskaya N.V., Volkova K.V., Ivanova I.A. Choice of an optimal set of signs and evaluation of the quality of microbial objects recognition by their images
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 3. P. 73–79.
The paper covers the choice of a color model (color space), staining methods and the procedure of objects classification in the process of automatic recognition of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms in two experiments. The standard Gram staining was used in one experiment and its modification in the other.
Quality of the resulting microbial smears was analyzed using the most popular standard procedures, i.e. the naive Bayes classifier (NB) with various nuclei and the support vector machine (SVM). Classification was performed by color and brightness in the RGB and HSV spaces.
The best results were obtained with SVM and the modified Gram staining. RGB provides a more accurate image classification than HSV.
Key words: autoanalyzer, gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, naive Bayes classifier, support vector machine, signs vector, geometric pattern, color and brightness properties.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-3-73-79.
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