CONTENTS
Reviews
Gushchin V.I., Vinokhodova A.G., Komissarova D.V., Belakovsky M.S., Orlov O.I. Experiments with isolation: the past, present and future
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 5–16.
Studies of small groups of volunteers in extended confinement and isolation with controlled environment are reviewed. These studies provide opportunities to test approaches and tools enhancing the system of biomedical support to space crews and to lay the groundwork of remote autonomous missions in future. The review describes the goals, objectives scenarios, and main results of the long-duration isolation projects performed at the IBMP Ground-based Test Facility since 1960s, and a forthcoming series of the «Sirius» analog studies. The authors elaborate on the fundamental principles of successful and productive accomplishment of this type of projects.
Key words: space mission, analog studies, scenario of experiment, crew, isolation, chamber, controlled environment, autonomy.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-5-16.
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Lukicheva N.A., Kabitskaya Î.Å., Vasilieva G.Yu., Sychev V.N. Danio rerio as a model for research
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 17–23.
Experimental biology and medicine cannot do away with laboratory animals. There are about 250 vertebral species used for various investigations; according to the data published in 2005, more than 70 % of experiments are carried out with mice. However, search for adequate «convenient» models is being continued.
G. Strteisinger discovered Danio rerio (zebrafish) for science. His colleague C. Kimmel who investigated zebrafish genetics and embryogenesis showed that its development corresponds to the universal pattern of early development of any vertebral organism.
The growing popularity of the fish stems from a comparatively fast reproduction and development, unpretentiousness, easiness of maintenance, and relative cheapness. At the beginning of life it is transparent and, therefore, does not need preparation before examination under a microscope.
Over recent decades, Danio rerio showed off its suitability as a model organism. It possesses a number of advantages completing the data obtained with other models (mice, rats etc.) and implying its broad applicability in investigations of vertebrates.
Danio rerio physiology and genetic make-up in many respects are similar to human, the skeleton and mineralizing tissues are not excluded. Despites some systemic physiological differences between the mammals and bony fishes, and a relatively short Danio rerio history as a bone tissue model, in osteology it can be a source of useful information in addition to experiments with mice.
Key words: experimental animals, Danio rerio, ontogenesis, regeneration, osteogenesis.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-17-23
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Perevedentsev O.V., Orlov O.I., Levanov V.Ì. On the development of intellectual components of a decision support system for medical care in manned space exploration missions
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 24–27.
The paper is dedicated to analysis of artificial neuron network efficiency in processing the data of remote medical monitoring of participants in the «Sirius-17» analog study conducted by IBMP in 2017.The authors propose an ingenious DP algorithm involving a self-learning multilayer artificial neuron network (ANN) capable to predict health dynamics with the help of an integral index of subjective health assessment.
Key words: analog study, artificial neuron network, remote monitoring, algorithm of health prediction modeling.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-24-27
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Feichtinger Å.L. Organization of communications between isolated multinational crew and external callers towards the psychological support optimization
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 28–33.
Attributes of communication between the multinational crew and external callers were investigated in the chamber experiment simulating a 520-day space exploration mission. These included usage by the crew members of communications and transfer facilities, and information needs of the crew. Quantitative methods were applied to evaluate work-related and private communications, as well as the content analysis to public communications. It was shown that on average the amount of crew private communications prevailed significantly over the work-related ones which was typical of the European participants particularly. Crew members from West Europe differed from their Russian and Chinese mates by a greater thirst for private communications and information from the "outside world". Besides, the Europeans were more concerned about the project footage in the media, the internet and social networks specifically. It can be concluded that the psychological support to members of a multinational crew some of whom feel like guests in a novel setting must be based on the principle of parity and with awareness as to their cultural differences and culture-dependent informational needs.
Key words: chamber experiment, autonomy, multinational crew, informational needs, communication, psychological support.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-28-33
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Potapov M.G., Vasin A.V., Skedina Ì.À., Kovaleva À.À. Spa- and health-resort-based rehabilitation of cosmonauts after space missions to the ISS: current status
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 34–38.
Medical rehabilitation after space missions serves to complete the recovery of cosmonaut's health and functionality undermined in consequence of physiological adaptation to the space environment. In the period from 2002 to 2017 the post-mission medical rehabilitation was provided to 69 ISS cosmonauts. Regions for rehabilitation were chosen meticulously depending on the scope of medical and seasonal benefits. In view of extended separation on the ISS, much importance is attached to facilitation of cosmonaut's socio-psychological resilience.
Despite difficulties in organizing the health-resort stage of rehabilitation at the present time, the relevance of considering the existing practice of rehabilitation of cosmonauts is caused by the need for its improvement in connection with the prospect of interplanetary flights.
Key words: cosmonaut, rehabilitation, space mission, spa-and health-resort centers.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-34-38
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Erofeeva L.M. Morphofunctional properties of the parotid gland of Mongolian gerbils after the flight aboard space apparatus «Foton-Ì3»
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 39–43.
Histological, histochemical and morphometric techniques were used to compare morphofunctional changes in the parotid gland of Mongolian gerbils after a 12-d flight aboard space apparatus «Foton-M3» and ground simulation of the in-space maintenance conditions. Similar changes in the groups suggest a reduction of the secretion production presumably due to eating food with high water content on the one hand and descent g-loads experienced by the space flown animals on the other.
Key words: parotid gland, space flight, factors in space flight.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-39-43
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Dadasheva Î.À., Gurieva T.S., Grushina Î.À., Mednikova E.I., Sychev V.N. Investigation of the effect of spaceflight factors on equilibrium organs of fish Danio rerio
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 44–49.
The paper presents the results of histological analysis of equilibrium organs in fish Danio rerio maintained in a bespoke aquarium over 36 days aboard the International space station. Histological patterns of sensory organs of the space-flown fishes and laboratory controls were compared. Fish organs sensitive to water wavering are the vestibular apparatus, lateral line and swim bladder. Histological preparations of the flight fishes differed from the controls in the internal ear anatomy, diminution of the statoconic membrane that locates mostly in the saccules and utriculus ampullie. The histological sections show distinctly a number of structural changes in the swim bladder of the space fishes such as shrinkage and twisting of all bladder membranes. These structural developments can be attributed to fish adaptation to the extended exposure in a changed gravity.
Key words: microgravity, fish Danio rerio, histological investigation, vestibular apparatus, swim bladder, lateral line.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-44-49
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Popova I.I., Orlov O.I., Revyakin Yu.G., Bogoslavsky V.E. Evaluation of methods automating medical image acquisition in the conditions of extended isolation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 50–54.
Methods of designing architecture of medical data processing and image transmission in analog studies have been developed. The scenario of a type procedure and algorithm of an examination session are described. The results of methods implementation in modules during dental examination and imaging are reported.
Key words: medical imaging, software architecture, program module, united software environment.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-50-54
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Zhdanko I.M., Blaguinin A.A., Chistov S.D., Lyashedko S.P. Analysis of aviation accidents in consequence of spatial disorientation and positional illusions over the period of 2009–2013
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 55–60.
Data of questioning 440 pilots was used to rate the frequency of positional illusions (PIs) in flight, to elicit predisposing conditions and factors, and to state their effect on the quality of piloting. Statistics of aviation accidents (AAs) in the aftermath of spatial disorientation (SD) over the period of 2009–2013 was analyzed. It was shown that in-flight PIs are experienced by 71 % pilots. In the period of observation, the number of AAs reduced by one half from 16 to 8 AAs per a year. During this period, in the Russian Federation state aviation the specific weight of SD as a AAs cause grew from 13 % in 2009 to 38 % in 2013 and as a cause for catastrophe, from 22 % in 2009 to 60 % in 2013. The mean SD specific weight in AAs and catastrophes made up 15 and 31 % respectively. Data of statistics analysis were used for classification of SD causes and factors.
Key words: flight, aviation accident, positional illusion, flight safety, psychophysiological training.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-55-60
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Paschenko P.S., Plakhov N.N., Buynov L.G. Assessment of glycogen and lipid contents in neutrophil leukocytes of peripheral blood during prenosological diagnostics of flight personnel
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 61–65.
The flight factors in highly maneuverable aircrafts lead to a significant and early progress of de-adaptive shifts in pilot's organism in comparison with people of non-flying occupations. Purpose of the work was to find out whether glycogen and lipid contents in segmentated cells of peripheral blood neutrophils of pilots depend on age and total flight hours, and to use findings for prenosological diagnostics of de-adaptive shifts in organism. Based on the data of cytochemical investigations of blood taken from pilots after training flights, durable increases in lipids of neutrophil leukocytes with the mean cytochemical index exceeding 2.60 and decreases in glycogen with MCI below 2.00 point to degradation of phagocytes energy reserves, decline in the functional activity, and leukocyte cell de-adaptation. This profile is a reaction of 36 or older organism to more than 1500 hours of flying maneuverable spacecrafts. The findings can be useful for pre-nosology diagnostics of flying personnel.
Key words: flying personnel, highly maneuverable aircraft, prenosological diagnostics, cytochemical investigation, neutrophil leukocytes in peripheral blood, glycogen, lipids, age, length of aircraft carrier.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-61-65
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Buynov L.G., Sorokina L.A., Blaguinin À.À., Krasnov A.A. Testing effectiveness of the cortexin course and neck muscles training for improvement of human statokinetic stability
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 66–70.
The purpose of experiment was to evaluate effectiveness of combining a course treatment with intranasal peptide bioregulator cortexin (5 mg) and neck muscle training (NMT) in improvement of statokinetic stability. The vestibular system was stimulated adequately using the method of continuous Coriolis acceleration cumulation (CCAC).
In a group of volunteers for the experiment time of CCAC tolerance increased 25.9 % compared to the baseline data. Also, weakening of the vestibulo-sensory-autonomic-somatic reactions suggested a better CCAC tolerance by the experimental group.
Key words: functional state, general state, motion sickness, vocational efficiency, cortexin, neck muscle training.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-66-70
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Lyakhova K.N., Ivanov À.À., Molokanov A.G., Severyukhin Yu.S., Utina D.M., Krasavin E.A. Effect of neuropeptide Semax on the exploratory behavior reaction and strength of skeletal musculature of proton-irradiated mice
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 4. P. 71–76.
Effects of neuropeptide Semax on behavior reactions and skeletal muscles strength were studied in mice irradiated by protons. Experiments were performed with outbred ICR (CD-1) females, SPF-category. The animals were exposed in the Bragg peak to protons with initial energy 170 MeV and thickness of additional moderator = 190 mm. The entry dose was equal to 1 and 1.25 Gy corresponding to the tissue doses of 2.28 and 2.85 Gy respectively.
Intranasal Semax proved to be favorable to recovery of the exploratory behavior reaction (EBR) on day 7 after 7-d repeated irradiation. Semax brings to the norm the emotional status (ES) on post-irradiation day 7 and has a positive effect on the EBR/ES ratio. It was shown that radiation affects strength of the mice skeletal muscles but then Semax recovers this parameter to values prevailing in the control group.
Key words: Semax, protons, mice, open field, neurologic status, emotional status, exploratory behavior reaction, skeletal musculature strength.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-4-71-76
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