CONTENTS
Reviews
Mirzoev Ò.Ì., Shenkman B.S. Ribosome biogenesis and hypogravity-induced atrophy of mammalian skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 5–12.
Reduction of the skeletal muscle contractile activity due to extended bed rest, immobilization of extremities or exposure in equally real and modeled microgravity leads to atrophic developments behind which is lowered intensity of protein synthesis. Intensity of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is dependent as on translational efficiency, so translational capacity. Translational efficiency means the rate of protein synthesis on a given ribosome, whereas translational capacity is primarily a number of ribosomes per a tissue unit and, therefore, depends on ribosome biogenesis. However, the role of ribosome biogenesis in protein synthesis regulation in unloaded skeletal muscles of mammals remains poorly understood. The purpose of the review is to reveal molecular mechanisms determining the translational capacity and to analyze literary data about effects of unloading on key markers of ribosome biogenesis in the skeletal muscle.
Key words: functional unloading, m. soleus, protein synthesis, ribosome biogenesis.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-5–12.
|
|
|
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Kotovskaya A.R., Koloteva M.I., Glebova T.M. Tolerance of G-loads by the Russian cosmonaut and NASA astronaut during the «Soyuz» space vehicle de-orbit after the 340-day mission to the International space station
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 13–18.
Tolerance of the chest-to-back g-loads (+Gx) aboard the «Soyuz» transport vehicle was evaluated in the Russian cosmonaut (55 y.o., second mission) and NASA astronaut (51 y.o., fourth mission) after the 340-d stay on the ISS in 2015–2016.
According to the analysis of subjective sensations and objective physiological data, the cosmonaut's g-tolerance was satisfactory. However, it is pertinent to note that at the landing site he exhibited momentary symptoms of orthostatic instability including «the gray-out» when rising to his feet that usually precede syncope, and also salient vestibular symptoms such as vertigo, nausea, difficulty with balance maintenance, locomotor ataxia during walking and feeling of general discomfort that together suggest decline of g-tolerance in comparison with the results of pre-flight g-testing.
Since 2009 astronauts have not been interviewed or examined immediately after landing and for this reason g-tolerance of the NASA astronaut was evaluated as satisfactory based on analysis of objective physiological information only.
Key words: 340-day space mission, human tolerance of de-orbit g-loads.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-13-18
|
|
|
Bogomolov V.V., Poliakov A.V., Popova I.I., Kovachevich I.V., Alferova I.V., Repenkova L.G. Diagnostics and treatment of dental profile diseases in the missions to orbital station «Mir» and the International space station
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 19–22.
The purpose was to analyze dental problems documented in missions to the orbital station «Mir» and International space station (ISS), and to judge the effectiveness of their diagnostics and treatment.
During 28 «Mir» and 50 ISS missions there were 9 dental cases among cosmonauts. Eight cases were diagnosed as caries.
On the ISS, dental diagnostics is performed by means of telemedicine suite ÒBÊ-1 and dental telemedicine suite ÒBÊ-1Ñ, and dedicated software. Therapy was provided using appropriate instruments and materials from the board kit.
Diagnostics and medical care of cosmonauts with dental problems were adequate and successful. They helped the cosmonauts to remain healthy and able-bodied to accomplish mission programs.
Key words: orbital station, dental disease, caries, telemedicine suite, video information.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-19-22
|
|
|
Gushchin V.I., Kuvshinova O.L., Shalina O.S., Vinokhodova A.G., Suedfeld P., Johnson Ph.J. Methodical approach to the studies of cosmonauts' presentation of autobiographies
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 23–27.
The article deals with methodology of studying cosmonauts' modes of narrating autobiography. Life story may contain information that can be interpreted by psychologist as a projection of such indicators of psychological well-being as self-attitude, self-consciousness, social behavior and life chances. In this context, it is alluring to study life experience of not just fulfilled people but accomplished professionals who live the lives guided by occupations that require to put their hearts in. Studies of autobiography presentations of cosmonauts is complicated by insufficiency of methods, large experience of cosmonauts in going through different kinds of psychological testing, and the need to apply high quality methods that will be accepted by these people and ensure valid and significant results for investigators. The autobiography experience of a cosmonaut is often ambiguous, intricate and full of both social and personal conflicts, conflict between family and professional values being the central one. The article describes several approaches to autobiography studies and author modifications tried out in the Canadian-Russian project titled «The past, experience and space flight effects: Lessons of experienced cosmonauts» with participation of 20 cosmonauts flown on 1 to 5 missions to orbital station «Mir» and ISS.
Key words: space flight, autobiography, values, methodology of studying the cosmonaut's professional and family experience.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-23-27
|
|
|
Kukoba T.B., Novikov V.E., Babich D.R., Lysova N.Yu., Gordienko K.V., Fomina E.V. Preventive effectiveness of resistive exercises for the bone system of cosmonauts in repeated long-duration space missions
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 28–33.
Purpose of the investigation was to evaluate effectiveness of training with expanders and strength training equipment against changes in bone mineral density (BMD) during long-term space missions. The same group of cosmonauts was tested in 2 different the International space station missions.
Resistive exercises with the expanders and on training equipment were done every other day as was recommended by Russian coaches. Settings of the treadmill and veloergometer programs did not differ much in the missions. Preventive effectiveness of resistive exercises was judged by the results of pre- and post-mission densitometry (Hologic Delphy) of the lumber vertebras (L1–L4), femoral neck and greater trochanter. It was shown that use of strength training equipment is explicitly more effective in BMD loss prevention than expanders. In light of projected exploration missions this result leads to the supposition that mineral density in the lower part of the skeleton could be kept under control despite prolonged exposure in microgravity by daily resistive exercises on strength developing equipment.
Key words: resistive exercises, weightlifting training equipment, expanders, microgravity, bone mineral density.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-28-33
|
|
|
Usanova N.A., Morozova Yu.A., Nosovsky À.Ì., Ilyin V.Ê. Experience of using enterococca- and lactobacilli-based auto probiotics in experiments with long-term isolation and «dry» immersion
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 34–38.
Results of the use of auto priobiotics based on Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus sp. isolated from volunteers in experiment «Mars-500» and «dry» immersion were reviewed. Consumption of priobiotics was found to block the quantitative growth of opportunistic pathogens in the period of acute adaptation to the chamber isolation. In «dry» immersion, consumption of the cultured milk food enriched with autologic Lactobacilli strains stimulated quantitative growth of protective intestinal microflora, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria specifically.
Key words: probiotics, auto probiotics, autologic strains, isolation chamber, protective microflora.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-34-38
|
|
|
Uskov K.V., Fomina E.V. Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of countermeasures to the negative effects of low motor activity on human physical working capacity in the experiment with 520-day isolation
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 39–46.
Low motor activity is a leading factor for the risk of some chronic diseases and untimely death. Impact of low motor activity on physical performance was studied in the 520-d isolation study imitating a mission to Mars. Participants were 6 healthy male volunteers from different countries. To prevent the negative effects of low motor activity, the volunteers performed cyclic workouts on the motorized and non-motorized treadmill, and veloergometer. For resistive exercises, the strength developing machine MDS, vibration platform and expanders were used. Three breaks in the training program were included as the «pure» isolation control periods. Also, design of the experiment allowed comparative analysis of the efficiency of each training device in offsetting of low motor activity. As a result of multiparametric evaluation, the countermeasures were rated in the next decreasing order: non-motorized treadmill, vibration platform, MDS.
Key words: extended isolation, low motor activity, physical performance, cyclic workouts, resistive exercises.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-39-46
|
|
|
Chuntul A.V., Kozlovsky A.P. Pulsing light stimulation in state correction of aviation personnel
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 47–52.
The paper contemplates the topic of visual function support and fatigue prevention during responsible professional activities. Integration of brain photostimulation in the system of aviation personnel rehabilitation has been suggested following the investigation of visual analyzer stimulation by pulses of red, green and blue light in the ?-rhytm range as a way to improve vision and general psychophysiological condition, and also to determine length of the photostimulation course for a reliable effect. Stimulation sessions in the investigation were 10 min and repeated several days. Their effectiveness was evaluated using the SAN questionnaire and an alternative psychophysiological scale before and after session. It was found that the course of visual analyzer stimulation by blue, green and red pulses at 10–16 Hz was favorable to the psychophysiological state of subjects. Repeated sessions had a cumulative effect and significant improvements were observed in all the subjects who had visited no less than 6 sessions.
Key words: pulsing photostimulation, visual analyzer, fatigue, psychophysiology, ?-rhythm, general state, activity, mood.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-47-52
|
|
|
Semenov D.G., Belyakov A.V. Effect of acute hypobaria on rat's behavior and long-time memory
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 53–57.
Wistar rats were put in a pressure chamber in order to assess the effects of acute hypobaric hypoxia on behavior and long-time memory with the help of paired testing in the elevated plus maze (EMP) combined with the transfer latency test. According to the EMP-retest, severe hypobaria (180 ìì Hg, 3 hrs), unlike moderate (360 mm Hg, 2 hrs, 3 times with 24-hr interval), eliminates completely the inhibitory effect on the exploratory behavior typical of primordially low-anxiety rats on the background of dramatic inhibition of spatial memory. These findings infer that acute severe hypobaric hypoxia causes amnesia and breakdown of underlying habituation processes. Intermittent moderate hypoxia did not produce these effects.
Key words: behavior, spatial memory, elevated plus maze, test/retest, acute hypobaric hypoxia.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-53–57
|
|
|
Smirnov I.À., Ilyin V.Ê., Tyurin-Kuzmin À.Yu., Soldatov P.E., Shulaguin Yu.À., Smolenskaya T.S., Korshunov D.V., Kamneva À.I. Microbial fuel cell in the orbital flight of spacecraft «Foton-M4»
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 58–61.
Investigations aboard spacecraft «Foton-M4» evidenced stable functionality of the microbial fuel cell during orbital flight despite some indications of microgravity impacts.
Key words: microbial fuel cell, closed eco-system, waste water, space flight
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-58-61
|
|
|
Ozerov D.S., Mukhamedieva L.N., Barinov V.A., Sidorin G.I. Experimental substantiation of the methodology for expedited setting of hygienic standards for chemical substances polluting air of piloted orbital stations
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 62–69.
A mathematical model for calculating the hygienic standards of high-toxic airborne substances aboard piloted spacecraft was developed based on the data of experimental simulation of the general toxic effect of 1,2-dichloroethane on laboratory animals. Biochemical, functional (endurance) and pathomorphological investigations brought to light hepato-, neuro- and nephrotoxic actions of the 120-d exposure to this substance. The threshold concentration was shown to be 2.0 mg/m3 and noneffective, 0.5 mg/m3. Difference in the experimentally deduced and calculated threshold and noneffective concentrations is no more than three times which advocates validity of the established mathematical relations.
Trustworthiness of the formulas was tested by calculation of standards for 13 high-toxic substances of various classes and comparative analysis of their calculated standards and empirically deduced MACs for piloted spacecraft in GOST R 50804-95. Correlation coefficient between the standards and MACs made up 0.74 (p < 0.01) evidencing for validity and, therefore, applicability of this mathematical tool in expedited setting standards for high-toxic substances in the practice of space toxicology.
Key words: piloted orbital stations, air pollutants, expedited hygienic rate setting, maximum admissible concentration, experiments with laboratory animals.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-62-69
|
|
|
Klimarev S.I. Optimization of the UHF-device designed for life support system water decontamination and heating
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 5. P. 70–75.
The paper introduces an option to improve design of a terminal coaxial absorbing USF-device intended for potable water decontamination and heating, atmospheric condensate, water regenerated from urine and washing water that circulate within the life support system turnover and have essentially identical dielectric permeability. The goal was to increase efficiency of USF energy conversion into heat by reshaping the water tube inside the device. Potable water is the only one that needs heating. Modeling of the processes in water during heating by USF energy made it possible to correlate depth of UHF energy penetration with flowing water temperature (90–40 °Ñ). It was found that the tube was in the form of a body of revolution gradually expanding from the port to discharge rather than a tube with a uniform cross-section. On the internal axis of the tube there was a turbulator. As a result of this design optimization, general UHF power absorption by water increased 12.2 % and throughput grew by 11.5 %.
Key words: ultra high frequency (UHF), coaxial UHF-device, water, sterilization, decontamination.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-5-70-75
|
|
|
|