CONTENTS
Reviews
Fomina G.A., Koloteva M.I., Salnikov A.V., Smirnov Yu.I. Effect of prophilactic device braslet on human hemodynamics in the LBNP experiment during short- and long-term space missions
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The paper presents an overview and analysis of ultrasonic investigations of the central and peripheral hemodynamics in cosmonauts wearing occlusion cuffs Braslet in the 7-day lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) experiment during short- and long-term space missions (SMs).
It was shown that wearing the cuffs for 8 hours at the beginning of SM reduced venostasis signs in the head and neck and approached total hemodynamics to the baseline before head-down bed rest studies or in pre-launch tests in supine position w/o cuffs. Regular use of the cuffs in SMs reduced jugular vein filling and increased cranial blood flow. It also increased resistance of the cranial, carotid pulmonary, renal and femoral arteries, which are typical for hypovolemia, and cross-section of the femoral veins (FVs). During the initial 2 SM months, FVs distention was observed with the cuffs on only; however, after 3 SM months it was observed even after 12 hours since cuff’s removal. This so-called residual distention increased in proportion to the total time of wearing the cuffs and exceeded the baseline 1.5 times or twice. This suggests that long use of the cuffs has a cumulative effect on the leg veins. The cumulative effect was noted neither in 7-d HDBR, nor in short-term SMs. It was concluded that Braslet has a positive effect during two weeks of adaptation to microgravity and is harmless.
Though none of the cosmonauts who had used to wear the cuffs constantly in long-term SMs developed venous pathologies or had problems with orthostatic stability, our data still raise a concern that long wearing the cuffs may lead to undesirable consequences.
Key words: microgravity, hemodynamics, Braslet cuffs, veins, blood redistribution.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 5. P. 5-13.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-5-5-13
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Artamonov À.À. Mathematical model of the effects of low-intensity electromagnetic fields on bio-objects
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The paper contains a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of electromagnetic radiofrequency and microwaves on cells.
The purpose is to get insight into the mechanisms of EM bio-effects and thereupon to develop a phenomenological model. Analysis was focused on the genotoxic effects, changes in gene expression, effects on proliferation and apoptosis, and oxidative stress.
Results revealed dependence of the effects on power (specific absorption rate, SAR), frequency, exposure duration and cell type. Significant effects including DNA damages and oxidative stress are observed at high SAR levels (> 5 watt-kg) and extended exposures (> 16 h).
The phenomenological model describes EM exposure as a multiechelon process and enables predicting bio-responses by exposure parameters and cell sensitivity. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the necessity to standardize experimental conditions and harmonize the Russian and international safety regulations.
Key words: electromagnetic radiation, mathematical model, cell, DNA.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 5. P. 14-22.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-5-14-22
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Orlov O.I., Popova I.I., Reviakin Yu.G. Results of implementing the methodology and soft hardware for telemedicine imaging in space experiment LOR
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The paper presents the results of space experiment LOR performed by crews of the ISS Russian segment. Telemedicine imaging methodology and soft hardware were used to examine the upper air passages, parodentium, tooth hard tissues, outer and middle ears.
In-flight endoscopy and downloading of images to the ground medical controllers enabled dynamic monitoring and diagnostics of crew health, and objective assessment of individual reactions to workloads during EVAs and active mission zones.
This experience can be used for enhancement of the routine health monitoring and expert care in long-term ISS missions and future piloted space vehicles.
Key words: telemedicine imaging, on-board LOR instruments and soft hardware, medical images.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 5. P. 23-31.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-5-23-31
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Shafirkin A.V., Benguin V.V., Lishnevsky A.E. Calculations of accumulated and effective residual doses from gcr and erb protons of cosmonauts in long-term mir and iss missions with regard to the reparative processes
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Maximal calculated powers of mean tissue equivalent doses at 700 µSv/day-1 received in Mir and ISS missions in the periods of solar minimums in 1986–2024 were used to calculate the total and effective residual mean tissue equivalent (ERMTE) doses as a function of mission duration with due regard to the body reparative processes.
Calculations showed that total values of the mean tissues doses and doses to the blood-forming system per a year were below 260 mSv and did not exceed the 300 mSv limit specified in the Space Radiation Safety Requirements. Besides, with consideration for reparative processes, ERMTE doses reached maximum 35 mSv in 6-mo. missions only and remained on this level till day 370 in year-long missions. ERMTE doses were 3.9 and 7.4 times less than the accumulated total mean tissue doses.
Data of the ISS radiation monitoring was divided into the daily doses from Earth’s radiation belts (ERB) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Also, we were first to estimate mitigation of the ERB protons effect by cell reparative processes in rapidly regenerating radiosensitive tissues.
Calculated local daily effective residual equivalent doses from ERB protons appeared to be 8–9 times less than doses calculated from dose rate measurements in past. Consideration of the reparative processes in organism reduces the effective residual doses accumulated in 190–370-d missions from 33 ± 2 to 62 ± 4 times and, therefore, reduces tangibly the risks of crew performance disorders during mission and delayed consequences.
Key words: orbital stations Mir and ISS, absorbed and equivalent doses to representative organs, mean tissue effective residual doses, rapid reparative processes in cells, reparation of organism.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 5. P. 32-42.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-5-32-42
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Kashirina D.N., Pastushkova L.Kh., Kononikhin A.S., Brzhozovsky A.G., Smirnov Yu.I., Nikolaev E.N., Larina I.M., Orlov O.I. Analysis of cosmonauts’ blood proteins dynamics in the course of long-term space missions
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Spaceflight factors, such as microgravity, closed environment, changes in motor activity and biological diurnal rhythms and radiation exposure are the risk factors for cosmonauts’ health. Analysis of blood proteome can display a holistic view of changes in different physiological systems. The paper gives an example of an innovative approach that includes the procedure of dried blood spots (DBS) collection and chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.
Capillary blood samples were collected before breakfast twice pre-flight (L- 60–45 and L- 30-20), thrice in flight (FD 5–7 and on flight months 3 and 6) and 4 times post-flight (R+1, 7, 14 and 26). Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) was performed using the synthetic internal standards (SIS), a panel of 270 peptides labeled with stable isotopes. Levels of 95 proteins were determined on all measuring points.
Throughout the missions, levels of peptidases inhibitors, components of high-density lipoproteins and proteins of the extracellular matrix fibrils went down in comparison to the mean group values prior to launch. Level proteins involved in iron transport started decreasing on mission month 3. Proteins binding the insulin-like growth factor made an increase. Increase of the blood coagulation potential on return to Earth points to the necessity of careful monitoring homeostasis during mission and in the period of recovery.
Key words: cosmonauts, dried blood spots, proteome, mass-spectrometry.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 5. P. 43-58.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-5-43-58
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Pashkova D.V., Popova O.V., Popova Yu.À., Loktionova Yu.I., Zharkikh E.V., Dunaev A.V., Rusanov V.B. Neurovegetative regulation of the cardiac rhythm and functional condition of microcirculation vessels in a 12-month isolation study
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The paper presents the results of studying neurovegetative regulation and microcirculation in 6 test-subjects during prolonged isolation within the SIRIUS-23 project. Regulation mechanisms were investigated using an ECG system and analysis of heart rhythm variability; cutaneous microcirculation was investigated using laser doppler flowmetry.
Data analysis discovered changes both in neurovegetative regulation and microcirculation. It was found that regulation was influenced by the parasympathetic modulating effects. Isolation activated primarily mechanisms regulating the adaptive response to the environmental factors. Evident changes in microhemodynamics were observed in sole of the first toe. Fall in the oscillation activity of microcirculation regulation led to a reduction of the nutritive blood flow and basal perfusion.
Optimization of the adaptive response of both systems in isolation suggested a high degree of synchronization and stability, and self-regulation.
Key words: extended isolation, cardiovascular system, neurovegetative regulation, cardiac rhythm variability, microcirculation vessels.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 5. P. 59-69.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-5-59-69
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Vilchinskaya N.A., Sergeeva K.V., Shenkman B.S., Mirzoev Ò.Ì. Activation of the mechano-gated PIEZO1 channels with the help of YODA1 intensifies protein synthesis in Ñ2Ñ12 myotubes
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Piezo1 channels are mechanoreceptors which are built in the cell membrane and capable of sensing mechanical and gravitational changes. The role of these mechano-gated channels in regulation of anabolic processes in muscle cells is still not well understood. The purpose of the investigation is to test the hypothesis that Piezo1 channels are involved in the activation of protein synthesis in muscle cells.
C2C12 myotubes were incubated with Yoda1 (specific chemical Piezo1 activator) or simultaneously with Yoda1 and gadolinium (Gd3+) (inhibitor of mechano-gated channels). To determine the rate of protein synthesis with SUnSET, myotubes were treated with puromycin. Anabolic markers were identified using western-blotting and PCR. Incubation of muscle tubes with Yoda1 increased AKT phosphorylation (Ser473), p70S6K (Thr389/Thr412), GSK-3? (Ser9) and increased c-Myc mRNA expression. Yoda1 stimulation had no effect on eEF2 phosphorylation (Thr56). Treatment of myotubes with Yoda1 accelerated protein synthesis. Addition of gadolinium to the Yoda1 medium partly levelled the effect of Yoda1 on p70S6K phosphorylation (Thr389), expression of c-Myc and protein synthesis rate.
These results evidence that chemically activated channels Piezo1 can stimulate the anabolic signaling pathways and accelerate protein synthesis in myotubes C2C12.
Key words: myotubes C2C12, Piezo1, Yoda1, gadolinium, anabolic signaling, protein synthesis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 5. P. 70-76.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-5-70-76
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Ezdakova M.I., Lobanova M.V. Participation of gap junctions in regulation of the parañrine profile during interaction of mesenchimal stromal and endothelial cells under physiological hypoxia
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Interaction of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) is key for angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and sustaining homeostasis. One of the main mechanisms of cell-to-cell communication is gap junctions (HJs) providing a direct exchange by small molecules.
The investigation is aimed at assessing GJs input in regulation of secreting paracrine mediators during MSCs cultivation with ECs under normoxia (20 % O2) and physiological hypoxia (5 % O2) over 72 hours. Carbenoxolone (100 µgã/ml was used as a GJs inhibitor. Properties of interest were cell viability, GJs efficiency, transcription of gene GJA1 that encodes GJ protein connexin 43, and levels of cytokines and growth factor in the conditioned medium.
During physiological hypoxia, co-cultures GJs and MSCs increased the amount of angiogenic factors (FGF-2, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, GRO, MCP-1) and reduced the amount of pro-inflammatory chemokines (Eotaxin, IP-10, RANTES). GJs blocking in the co-culture caused a significant fall in production of VEGF, FGF-2, IL-8 and GRO as at 20 %, so at 5 % Î2 inferring GJz involvement in regulation of the paracrine profile. The GJs blocking effect due to hypoxia was less obvious.
Therefore, cell-to-cell interactions via GJs and oxygen content in medium are essential for regulation of MSCs and GJs paracrine activities.
Key words: multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, endothelial cells, gap junctions, paracrine regulation, physiological hypoxia.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 5. P. 77-83.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-5-77-83
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Kudriavtseva N.S. Assessment of the potentiality to use lunar resources for life support to a lunar base crew
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It is presumed that on the operational stage of a permanently inhibited lunar base (LB) life support will be provided by utilizing wastes regenerating systems and lunar natural resources. A tentative cost estimation of alternative sources of oxygen, hydrogen and water to satisfy all the consumers, i.e. partially closed physical-chemical life support systems with a greenhouse and reusable takeoff and landing modules (TLMs) on a hydrogen-oxygen fuel was made.
Consideration was given to the next four optional sources: 1) mining and processing with the total output sufficient to meet demand of each consumer; 2) resupply from Earth; 3) wastes regenerating systems, and mining and processing; 4) wastes regenerating systems, hydrogen resupply, and mining and processing.
Comparison of the estimated total life cost of each option suggests that with understanding that the LB lifetime is 7 years, the best choice is option 4. Options 1 and 3 will be equally good if LB operates no longer than 7 years.
Key words: life support system, lunar base, lunar resources.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 5. P. 84-90.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-5-84-90
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Nagovitsyn A.V., Ardashev V.N., Novikov Å.Ì., Vovkodav B.S., Boyarintsev V.V., Zhuravlev S.V. Predicting cardiovascular deviations in airforce pilots with various flight hours
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Examination of pilot’ cardiovascular system remains of primary concern throughout the history of Russian aviation. First class pilots and sniper pilots are the most experienced and needed. However, they often have chronic diseases and paraclinic conditions because of age and deviations in the vegetative nervous system in consequence of frequent exposure to g-loads, and chronic interval hypoxia. Our purpose is a cardiovascular investigation of Russian air force pilots and extend their career.
To this end, we examined 26 pilots, including 6 class-2 pilots, 9 class-1 pilots and 11 snipers (mean total flight hours = 1382 h.). All pilots were divided into two groups, those who had up to 1000 flight hours (Group-1, n = 10) and those who had more than 1000 hours (Group-2, n = 16). The examination protocol consisted of anthropometric measurements, physical examination, external respiration test, ECG, echocardiography, blood count and biochemistry, cycle ergonomic test, ECG dispersion mapping, heart rhythm variability analysis, moderate hypoxia test (pressure chamber), decompression and static ergonomic tests.
Correlation analysis revealed correlation between flight hours and changes in the tested parameters. Multifactorial analysis enabled identification of 4 sets of changes that can be termed age-related, instrumental, heart rhythm variability and ECG dispersion mapping.
These results may help choose corrective and prophylactic methods that will extend professional longevity of pilots.
Key words: aviation, expertise, occupational longevity, heart rate variability.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 5. P. 91-98.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-5-91-98
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Godilo-Godlevsky V.A., Voronkov Yu.I., Pavlov A.I., Anikeev D.A., Krapivnitskaya Ò.À., Yakovleva E.V. Results of a retrospective 20-year chronic gastritis observation in flying personnel of the russian state aviation
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226 male aviators were subject to clinical pathology testing and gastritis endoscopy. All aviators went through esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The immune-enzyme assay was used to determine levels of specific antibodies to Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and imprint cytology to diagnose Hp.
Chronic non-atrophic gastritis was diagnosed in all aviators. Antibodies to Hð were found in everyone with chronic gastritis; imprint cytology did not detect Hð in 7.1 % of aviators.
Key words: light personnel morbidity, chronic gastritis, Helicobacter pylori.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 5. P. 99-104.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-5-99-104
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Chronicle and Information
Orlov O.I., Belakovskiy M.S. Magic of space numbers: 900 – 455 – 100 – 50
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