CONTENTS
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Dear colleagues,
We have every right to be proud of achievements in the field of space biology and physiology, aerospace and ecological medicine. Publications in the journal provide a clear evidence for that. Its pages reflect the burning issues of biomedical support to space crews, gravitational biology, human physiology and mechanisms of human organism adaptation to environmental factors, space radiobiology, systems for human life support and protection, psychophysiology, cell biology and biotechnology, exobiology and many others. Noteworthy is a growing presence of young authors and quality of their papers. We must honour and consider the heritage of traditions of our journal, while concentrating on improvements of publications' presentation and quality.
In the editorial portfolio a prominent place is occupied by papers devoted to the biomedical aspects of space missions and related to implementation of the national program of researches on the International space station. Many pages of the journal are given to the data from the BION-M1 project, a comprehensive program of biomedical fundamental and applied studies with the goal to acquire a more intimate knowledge about the physiological role of gravity in the life of terrestrial organisms and biological effects of other factors in space flight. Collected papers on the subject-matter including those written by foreign scientists are to be published this year.
In 2016 a new Federal space program is going to be launched. Despite the distressing economic situation, priority in the research section of the program should be given to laying the technological groundwork for biomedical support in space exploration missions. In light of preparations for remote missions, major areas of investigations in the forthcoming period will be radiation safety and magnetobiology, artificial gravity and autonomy of the medical care, biological life support and other systems. We hope that our journal will become a forum for presentation of results and scientific discussions, and building a broad interdepartmental cooperation.
Advanced researches will rest, first and foremost, upon the experiences of flying long-term space missions and performing ground-based simulation experiments. Future analog studies will be international projects that will use the capabilities of an IBMP-based International Center for studying the biomedical aspects and developing a medical care system for space exploration missions. Hopefully papers of international colleagues will be published oftener on the journal pages. At the same time, we need to make the periodical more accessible to the international audience.
There is no doubt that the subject-matter will not be confined exclusively to the research areas listed above. We intend to publish the results of studies in high-pressure physiology, sport and extreme medicine, rehabilitology, physiology and medicine of the healthy or normal human. Procedures and equipment that teams of investigators originally designed for applications in aerospace and ecological medicine have been assimilated well by healthcare services. One of the primary challenges of today is making full use of the innovative potential of researches, integration of evidence-based findings into clinical medicine and industry. In this context, our journal must take an active part in promoting the existing developments and describing their practical uses.
I cannot but recall with appreciation the success of the journal and its scientific publications. Inclusion of Aerospace and Ecological Medicine in such databases as Scopus, PubMed and RINTs, as well as the recent doubling of the impact-factor testify that the journal holds strong the stand of a reputable scientific periodical gaining international authority.
In conclusion, I would like to express my infinite gratitude to the editorial board, and also to authors and readers for their support of the editorial members' strivings to make the journal better.
Best wishes of health, creativity and success!
Editor-In-Chief
Î.I. Orlov
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Stepanova S.I., Karpova O.I., Galichiy V.A., Nesterov V.F., Saraev I.F. Work-rest cycle of cosmonauts in missions 22/23–39/40 of the International space station
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 1. P. 7-12
Analyzed were the results of in-flight monitoring of the work-rest cycle (WRC) of Russian crewmembers during 17 instances of the International space station crew rotation in the period of 2010–2014. Weakly crew health reports of the MCC-M medical group were reviewed as well as documented overworks, sleep shifts and consequent health complaints as testimonies of WRC intensity level.
Hard work schedule characterized 69 % of the flight weeks. The contributing factors were extravehicular activities, dock and undock operations with transport vehicles and redock operations with orbital modules, joint work with space shuttle crews, preparations for landing, off-nominal events, cargo transfer, procedures from the Task List and requested by the MCC-M.
Facts stated by the analysis give grounds to believe that distribution of equally extra and planned works over days and weeks in 2013–2014 was more uniform as compared with 2010–2012. This seems to somewhat obviate "critical" workload levels on the days of particularly important operations.
Key words: work-rest cycle intensity, extra work loads, sleep shifts.
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Kotovskaya À.R., Koloteva M.I. Development of human cardiovascular deconditioning on the stage of returning to Earth after stay in microgravity
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 1. P. 13–16
The authors present the results of retrospective analysis of earlier published papers and reports, and also own observations of cardiovascular deconditioning in cosmonauts and astronauts returning from microgravity.
Benefits of in-flight physical exercises to g-tolerance during descent and post-recovery orthostatic stability are discussed.
Key words: space flights, cardiovascular deconditioning, g-loads, orthostatic stability, presyncope.
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Naumov I.A., Kornilova L.N., Glukhikh D.O., Pavlova A.S., Khabarova E.V., Ekimovsky G.À., Vasin À.V. Effect of repeated space flights on ocular tracking
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 1. P. 17–27
The paper reports the results of studying the vestibular and ocular intersensory interactions and eye tracking function in 32 cosmonauts on maiden and repeated missions to the International space station. Mission duration ranged from 125 to 215 days. The cosmonauts were tested twice pre launch (baseline data collection) and on days R + 1/2, 4/5 and 8/9. Video oculography was used to test eye movements. It was found that in the majority of cosmonauts who had no experience of long-duration space missions the eye tracking function remained impaired significantly till R + 8/9. In cosmonauts who had already encountered with microgravity, obvious changes in eye tracking were observed on R + 1/2 only and, residual, on R + 4/5. On recovery, a new eye tracking strategy was acquired only by cosmonauts who had the first touch with spaceflight microgravity.
Key words: ocular tracking, smooth tracking, fixation saccades, gaze retention, intersensory interaction, microgravity.
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Vil'chinskaya N.A., Mirzoev T.M., Lomonosova Yu.N., Kozlovskaya I.B., Shenkman B.S. Effect of short-term dry immersion on proteolytic signaling in human soleus muscle
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 1. P. 28–34
The signaling processes initiating proteolytic events in m. soleus of humans during short-term exposure in the non-weight bearing conditions were analyzed. Dry immersion (DI) was used to induce weight deprivation over 3 days. Western blotting was used to define the IRS-1 content, total and phosphorylated neuronal NO-synthase (nNOS), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that control the anabolic and catabolic pathways, and concentrations of cytoskeletal protein desmin and Ñà2+-activated protease calpin. Already on day-3 of DI calpain-dependent proteolysis manifests itself by reductions in both the total content and level of nNOS phosphorilation. Moreover, AMPK phosphorilation was decreased drastically.
Key words: dry immersion, m. soleus, IRS-1, AMPK, nNOS, desmin, calpain.
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Novikov V.Å., Îganov V.S., Kabitskaya Î.Å., Murashko L.Ì., Naidina V.P., Chernikhova Å.À. Mineral bone density and body composition in participants in experiment Mars-500
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 1. P. 35-38
Investigations of the bone system and body composition in Mars-500 test-subjects (prior to and on completion of the experiment) involved dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using the HOLOGIC Delphy densitometer and the protocol performed to examine cosmonauts. Bone density of lumber vertebrae and femoral proximal epiphysis, and body composition were measured. Reliable changes in vertebral density found in 3 test-subjects displayed different trends from +2.6 to -2.4 %. At the same time, the experiment decreased significantly mineral density of the femoral proximal epiphysis, including the neck, in all test-subjects. Four test-subjects had cranial mineralization increased by 5–9 %, same as in some cosmonauts after space flight. All tests-subjects incurred adipose loss from 2 to 7 kg; one test-subject lost 20 kg, i.e. his adipose mass became three times less. Changes in lean mass (1–3 kg) typically were negative; as for changes in lean mass of extremities, they could be linked with adherence to one or another type of physical activity. Therefore, extended exposure to confinement may affect mineralization of some parts of the skeleton. Unlike real space missions and long-term bedrest studies conducted at the Institute of Biomedical Problems in the past, Mars-500 did not cause clinically significant mineral losses (osteoporosis, osteopenia), probably because of the absence of effects of microgravity.
Key words: Mars-500, densitometry, mineral bone density, body composition.
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Ushakov I.B., Grigoriev Yu.G., Shafirkin A.V., Shurshakov V.A. Substantiation of dose limits for a new normative document on radiation safety of long-duration space missions at orbit altitudes of up to 500 km
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 1. P. 39–54
Review of the data of experimental radiobiology and epidemiological follow-up of large groups of people subjected to radiation exposures on Earth has been undertaken to substantiate dose limits for critical organs of cosmonauts in order to ensure good performance and vitality while on long-duration orbital missions. The career dose limits for cosmonauts and astronauts established earlier in the USSR and USA amounted to nothing more but banning the risk of cancer death increase to 3 %. To apply more rigorous criteria of delayed radiation risks, the Russian limits for cosmonauts were revised to substantiate a 4-fold reduction of the average tissue equivalent dose maximum to 1 Sv. The total of cancer and non-cancer radiation risks over lifetime and probable reduction of mean life expectancy (MLE) were calculated using the model of radiation-induced mortality for mammals and taken as the main damage to health. The established dose limit is equal to the career dose for nuclear industry personnel set forth by Russian standard document NRB 99/2009.
For better agreement of admissible threshold doses to critical human organs (bone marrow, lens and skin) in the revised radiation limits for long-duration space missions and radiation safety limits on Earth, reduction of dose limits for the critical organs were substantiated additionally; these limits comply with those for planned over-exposure on Earth in document NRB 99/2009.
Key words: space flights, radiation safety, total radiation risk, setting radiation limits, dose limit, critical organs.
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Vorozhtsova S.V., Bulynina T.M., Ivanov À.À. Cytogenetic effects in mice bone marrow after irradiation by fast neutrons
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 1. P. 55–60
Mechanisms of damaging mice bone marrow cells by 1.5 MeV neutrons at the dose of 25–250 cGy, dose rate of 23.9 cGy/s and ?-quants 60Ñî as a standard radiation were studied. The mitotic index and aberrant mitoses in marrow preparations were counted in 24 and 72 hours after irradiation.
Coefficients of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of fast neutrons 24 and 72 hours post irradiation calculated from mitotic index reduction and aberrant mitoses formation were within the range from 4.1 ± 0.1 to 7.3 ± 0.1. Mean time of the existence of chromosomal aberrations in marrow cells was determined. For the specified doses from ?-rays, the period of aberrations existence was 1.4–1.1 cycles and for neutrons, 1.0–0.6 cycles. Morphologic analysis of neutron-induced damages and ratio of the most common breaks demonstrated a high production of bridges, which outnumbered cells with fragments in 3 to 4 times suggesting a more destructive effect on the genetic structures of cells. RBE of fast neutrons is a variable that grows with a radiation dose. Moreover, RBE estimated after 72 hours exceeded values it had 24 hours after irradiation.
Key words: mice, bone marrow, fast neutrons, cytogenetic effects, mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, relative biological effectiveness, linear energy transfer.
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Udartseva Î.Î., Andreeva Å.R., Buravkova L.B. Impact of active oxygen forms induction on expression of molecular adhesion and paracrine activity of mesenchimal stromal cells
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 1. P. 61–65
Impact of low doses of active oxygen forms (AOFs) on the paracrine activity of mesenchimal stromal cells (MSCs) was studied. Photodynamic treatment (PDT) was shown to be a method for controlled generation of intracellular AOFs. Active oxygen forms generated at a dose of 0.25 J/cm2 do not impact significantly the MSCs mitochondrial activity or viability and can be recognized as regulatory. This was the first discovery that low-intensity PDT modulates substantially the MSCs paracrine activity which was manifested by an increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8), vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF), and suppressed secretion of the transforming growth factor (TGF?). While expression of intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 increases and of Thy-1 antigen (a common MSCs marker) decreases, no changes occur to expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 or other adhesion molecules (Í-CAM, MCAM and VCAM-1). Our data make it clear that low-dose PDT is the most important regulator of the MSCs function.
Key words: active oxygen forms, mesenchimal stromal cells, paracrine activity, photodynamic exposure.
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Methods
Myznikov I.L., Nabokov N.L., Rogovanov D.Yu., Khankevich Yu.R. Description and presentation of the results of electroencephalogram processing using an information model
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 1. P. 66–72
The paper proposes to apply the informational modeling of correlation matrix developed by I.L. Myznikov in early 1990s in neurophysiological investigations, such as electroencephalogram recording and analysis, coherence description of signals from electrodes on the head surface.
The authors demonstrate information models built using the data from studies of inert gas inhalation by healthy human subjects. In the opinion of the authors, information models provide an opportunity to describe physiological processes with a high level of generalization. The procedure of presenting the EEG results holds great promise for the broad application.
Key words: marine medicine, procedure, neurophysiology, entropy, organization, complex system, electroencephalography.
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Information
Popova I.I., Orlov O.I., Matsnev E.I., Revyakin Yu.G. Modern instruments for ear, nose and throat rendering and evaluation in researches on Russian segment of the International space station
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 1. P. 73–75
The paper reports the results of testing some diagnostic video systems enabling digital rendering of TNT, teeth and jaws. The authors substantiate the criteria of choosing and integration of imaging systems in future on Russian segment of the International space station kit LOR developed for examination and download of high-quality images of cosmonauts' TNT, parodentium and teeth.
Key words: TNT, video diagnostic systems, LOR tool set, Russian segment of the International space station.
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Chronicles and Information
Orlov O.I., Belakovsky M.S., Kolar J., Kussmaul A.R., Komissarova D.V. 20th Human-in-Space symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics
Instructions for Authors
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