CONTENTS
Reviews
Supolkina N.S., Yusupova A.K., Ryumin Î.Î. Operational psychological support to crews on space missions: history of evolution, state-of-the-art, prospects
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Psychological support to the Russian space crews is aimed to provide an optimal ambience for successful work of each cosmonaut throughout a mission. They include assessment of cosmonaut's mental and emotional state, planning and implementing measures against the negative spaceflight factors, and psychological stress reduction. Complication and extension of mission programs pose new requirements to accuracy of the downloaded psychological data. Advanced digital technologies present a way of getting additional information for dynamic psychological diagnostics.
At the moment, the psychological support practice is undergoing a revision. The paper summarizes the experience of psychological monitoring of the Soviet and Russian space crews, outlines the processes of psychological support attuning to the new, constantly changing conditions, and possible associated difficulties.
Key words; crew psychological support, monitoring of the psycho-emotional state, piloted missions, speech passport, content-analysis, signs of psycho-emotional stress, private psychological conferences.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 5-11.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-5-11
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Kutko O.V., Rykova M.P., Antropova E.N., Shmarov V.A., Zhirova E.A, Orlova K.D., Sadova À.À., Vlasova D.D., Shulguina S.M., Lysenko E.À., Utkin Ê.V., Ponomarev S.À. Effect of long-term space mission on formation and development of the human T-cell immuniity
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The authors present the results of studying the processes involved in maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) derived from CD14+-monocytes and TCR-activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from 9 ISS Russian crew members.
It was demonstrated that long-term habitation on low Earth's orbits brings about disorders both in DCs and Ò-lymphocytes evidenced by reductions in mature DCs expressing the Â7 family of co-stimulating molecules and also Ò-lymphocytes expressing the molecules of positive CD28 co-stimulation. The investigation found an increased number of tolerogenic DCs with the CD80+CD86-- immunophenotype and T-cells expressing the negative co-stimulation molecules CD152. TCR-stimulation of lymphocytes in vitro enabled detection of changes in the processes of associated with T-lymphocyte differentiation and synthesis of cytokines. The immune system reaction to prolonged exposure to the aggregate of spaceflight factors was distinctively individual.
Key words: dendritic cells, Ò-lymphocytes, immune synapses, co-stimulation molecules.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 12-21.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-12-21
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Eskov K.N. Variability of the style of instrumental behavior of operators during repeated implementation of procedure «Homeostat»
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We investigated the relationship between the personal instrumental behavior of operators and success of group work on the «Homeostat» procedure.
Previously it has been stated that analysis of the efficiency of homeostatic task performance concentrates predominantly on the motor-active activities rather than motor-inactive; obviously eccentric activities, motor-inactive particularly, do not add to the success. Styles of instrumental behavior were distributed into effective and ineffective.
Success was boosted or impeded by certain instrumental activities in the process of passing from one task to another. In our investigation all possible combinations were divided into operation positive, negative and indefinite. More often than not, the presence of operation-positive members predisposed a successful task completion and, conversely, the presence of operation-negative members usually prognosticated a less successful completion.
These observations point to the relationship between styles of instrumental behavior demonstrated by group members and level of success as a task group. However, for the relationship to be evident, a group should be composed with dominance of either operation-positive or operation-negative members.
Key words: group interdependent work, «Homeostat» procedure, personal styles of instrumental behavior, combinations of instrumental behavior styles, successful task implementation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 22-27.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-22-27
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Fomina G.A., Salnikov A.V., Glebova T.M., Koloteva M.I. Effect of a series of rotations on a short-arm centrifuge on the anti-orthostatic reactions of arterial hemodynamics in healthy humans (laser doppler flowmetry data)
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Methodology of using a short-arm centrifuge (SAC) as a countermeasure and/or correction of orthostatic disorders will rely on the experimental evidence of the effects produced by various SAC protocols on the antiorthostatic reactions of hemodynamics.
The ultimate purpose of the investigations is to develop artificial gravity (AG) protocols for orbital SAC primarily, and also for the needs of healthcare services.
The paper presents the results of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in a series of 5 SAC rotations (+Gz) with a modified (shortened) protocol.
Reduction of rotation to 45 min (vs 60 min in the session of 2022) was favorable to the general tolerance and did not reduce effectiveness. It was established that a series of 5 rotations with gradual duration reduction and alternating g-values (+1.27 and +2.06 Gz) had a stimulating effect on the antiorthostatic reactions of peripheral arterial hemodynamics. This fact was confirmed by comparison of the records during rotations 1 and 5, and the results of passive postural tests as a control. Conceivably, in future it will be necessary to develop a variety of protocols to meet other specific tasks.
Key words: microgravity, short-arm centrifuge, hemodynamics, orthostatic stability.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 28-34.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-28-34
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Deshevaya Å.À., Fialkina S.V., Shubrailova E.V., Smirnov Yu.I. Microflora investigation in the MIM-2 area on the International space station before and after extravehicular activities
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Microbiological investigations of spacesuits' surfaces before and after extravehicular activities were performed as a part of space experiment TEST. The purpose was to determine the numbers, composition, biochemical properties of isolated microbes, and locations with exceeded bacterial and fungal populations. We identified markers for pathogenicity in spore-forming bacteria and some peculiar features of organic acid production by fungi with different levels of carbohydrates.
Key words: extravehicular activities, bacteria, fungi.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 35-46.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-35-46
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Osipova P.J., Karpov D.S., Dymova A.A., Shef K.A., Zhukova E.A., Kovalev M.A., Polyakov N.B., Soloviev A.I., Guridov A.A., Zhukhovitsky V.G., Poddubko S.V. Dynamics of qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiome of the internal surfaces of the International space station for the observation period from 2016 to 2022
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Residents of the International Space Station (ISS) are various types of bacteria that can act as potential biodegraders of structural materials, which entails disruptions in the operation of various equipment and, indirectly, provoke medical risks and affect the health of crew members with reduced immunity. Since the beginning of ISS exploitation sanitary and microbiological monitoring of the habitat has been carried out for the purpose of timely detection and inactivation of potentially dangerous strains. The study was conducted to investigate the dynamics of the composition and number of bacterial strain species detected on the internal surfaces of the ISS interior and equipment for the period covering from Expedition 46 to Expedition 67 (2016–2022).
Samples collected from ISS interior surfaces were grown on nutrient media. Strains were identified by 16S RNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF analysis.
The results obtained showed that the number of bacterial community species increases with the increase of the ISS RS operation period. However, this growth was not linear, but was a wave-like repetitive process of changing phases of activation and stagnation of the microbiome. During the period of work of Expeditions 46-67, species of the genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus dominated in the microbiome. Among representatives of the genus Bacillus, the species B. licheniformis dominated. The predominance of bacteria of this genus, apparently, is due to their high resistance to physical and chemical parameters of the ISS habitat, including DNA-damaging factors, such as increased radiation background, which, in turn, can be explained by their ability to spore formation. The results obtained once again indicate the high evolutionary plasticity of B. licheniformis strains, which we discovered earlier in other studies.
Key words: International space station, Bacillus, Staphylococcus.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 47-54.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-47-54
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Gorbacheva E.Yu., Sventitskaya Ì.À., Biryukov N.S., Ogneva I.V. Effect of short-term tail-suspension on the hypothalamic-ovarian axis in mice
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With the increasing number of women-participants in piloted space programs, investigations of spaceflight effects on the female reproductive system are becoming vital.
Purpose of the work is to determine thickness of the granulosa cells layer relative to the content of the luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor in antral follicles of the ovary, LH and a relative content of cytoskeletal proteins in the hypophysis of mice following suspension during the estrous cycle.
SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting were used to define the relative proteins content. mRNAs were counted using RT-PCR. IHA was performed to measure thickness of the granulosa cells layer in ovarian sections.
The results demonstrate an increase in the number of granulosa cells in the antral follicles of mice after 96-hr suspension, as well as in the relative content of the LH receptor and its mRNAs. However, the LH level in the hypophysis did not alter, even though we observed some changes in the content of cytoskeletal proteins, namely, an increase in the actin-binding proteins (alpha actinin 1 and 4) and a decrease in alpha tubulin and its acetylated form suggesting, probably, modification of the intracellular LH transport and release into blood.
Key words: micrograity, follicle, luteinizing hormone, hypophysis, cytoskeleton.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 55-61.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-55-61
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Soldatov P.E., Nosovsky À.Ì., Tyurin-Kuzmin À.Yu., Shulaguin Yu.À. Correction of oxygen starvation in experiments with animals when modeling the effects caused by respiratory insufficiency using a multi-component gas mixture based on a combination jf inert gases
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Acute respiratory insufficiency (ARI) accompanied with hypoxemia and hypercapnia requires oxygen therapy. The helium-oxygen therapy secures from the undesirable effects of oxygen therapy. Earlier we showed that introduction of argon in a breathing mixture (BM) reduces the effect of hypoxia.
Purpose of the work is to test the potentiality of BM containing a combination of inert gases to counteract oxygen starvation in acute ARI-provoking experiments with animals. Fourteen Wistar rats with a body mass of 276 ± 14.6 grams were divided into two groups. An integral noninvasive technology was used for real-time assessment of oxygen transport and consumption in each animal.
Both the experiment and control animals breathed a mixture with a low O2 and high CO2 concentration. The control animals received a routine therapy by a hyperoxic mixture containing nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The experimental animals were treated with a hyperoxic mixture containing helium and argon, and carbon dioxide to induce hypercapnia.
The results demonstrated reliably that the hyperoxic heluim-argon mixture reduces burden on the external respiration and favors oxygen utilization in tissues; however, this happens at the expense of a greater stress to the cardiovascular system. In contrast, the hyperoxic mixture used in the control stressed the external respiration rather than the cardiac muscle.
Key words: acute hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency, modeling with animals, inert gases.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 62-67.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-62-67
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Ilyin V.K., Shef Ê.À., Komissarova D.V., Usanova N.A., Safronova M.A., Korosteleva A.G., Lukicheva N.A., Gordienko K.V., Vasilieva G.Yu. Assessment of the effectiveness of a probiotic subjected to a combined exposure to heavy charged particles and hypomagnetism in an experiment with suspended rats
Abstract
P. 68
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A probiotic food subjected to a combined exposure to hypomagnetism and heavy charged particles was tested for the ability to counteract the negative effects of these spaceflight factors.
The experiment was conducted with 36 male Wistar rats. The experimental group of animals (n=18) was tail-suspended for 21 days in order to experience a modeled hypogravity. Their controls were held in individual cages without suspension. Both groups were divided into 3 subgroups depending on which supplement they consumed, i.e. placebo, a probiotic food that had been or had not been exposed to proton radiation and hypomagnetism.
As a result, it was established that suspension, as a stressor, causes reductions in the majority of intestinal protective microflora and that the preventive food levels the negative changes significantly. The number of lactobacilli in the suspended group fed with the probiotic food exposed to radiation and hypomagnetism remained unchanged throughout the experiment. This fact points to the stabilizing effect of the food on intestinal microflora. Effectiveness of the exposed food was close to that of usual.
Key words: microbiology, intestinal microflora, priobiotics, hypomagnetism, proton radiation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 68-74.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-68-74
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Arokina N.K. Protective effects of nooclerin and slavinorm on rat's cardiorespiratory functions during cold-water immersion
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Effects of nooclerin (deanol aceglumate) and slavinorm (vascular polypeptide complex) on the breathing and heart rates were compared in Wistar rats in the course of progressive hypothermia.
The animals were immersed in water at 9 ± 0.4 °Ñ. The parameters under study were breathing rate (BR), heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (Òr), esophageal temperature (Tes), and arterial saturation (SpO2). In comparison to controls, at the beginning of hypothermia BR in experimental rats was high at lower Tr values. Nooclerin did not change the trend of HR curve dependence on Tr, whereas slavinorm shifted the trend toward high HR values; besides, it more than doubled life duration before the respiratory arrest. This occurred as a result of rats' transition in the state of cold-hypometabolism when the cardiac activity was maintained by slow breathing.
The investigation showed that nooclerin and slavinorm are able to preserve the viability of organisms in hypothermic environment. Both drugs enhance and extend the stage of breathing activation at the beginning of cold immersion in the experimental rats in comparison to their controls. Injection of nooclerin and slavinorm mobilizes the defenses of organism and reduces the pathological effects of deep hypothermia.
Key words: hypothermia, breathing rate, heart rate, rats, nooclerin, slavinorm.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 75-81.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-75-81
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Methods
Perevedentsev O.V., Plotnikov A.D. Application of convolution neural networks in automated primary diagnostics of skin diseases in long-duration space exploration missions
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Unlike the orbital missions, in exploration missions the risk of various dermatologic diseases will grow. Artificial intelligence technologies will be instrumental in primary diagnostics of cosmonauts in the conditions of high autonomy. Our investigation demonstrated the feasibility to modify the architecture of convolution neural network VGG16 so that it could be used in diagnostics of skin diseases by medical images with an accuracy of no less than 0.88. In future, this approach could be integrated in a medical care system of space exploration mission for early detection of skin pathologies.
Key words: artificial neural network, medical consulting system, tele-dermatology, space mission, skin disease.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 82-88.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-82-88
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Ryabov V.A., Siksin V.V., Shchegolev I.Y. Development of a spacecraft shielding from neutrons
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Together with the Lebedev Physical Institute, the research laboratory of JSC Avangard has developed a new shielding material against neutrons with different percentages of 10B called “wikineutron”. An experimental comparison of the new shielding material with synthesized ceramic materials based on boron carbide and tungsten boride was carried out. The “wikineutron” material has mass-dimensional characteristics that exceed existing analogues of shielding materials against neutrons, and can be recommended for the spacecraft shielding.
Key words: composite neutron-absorbing material, epithermal and fast neutrons
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 3. P. 89-95.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-3-89-95
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Chronicle and Information
Orlov O.I., Belakovskiy M.S. Polyakov A.V., Pozdnyakov S.V. Space doctor V.V. Bogomolov
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