CONTENTS
Reviews
Kotov O.V., Polyakov M.V. About the psychophysiological classification of the cosmonaut's activities
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We analyzed specifics of cosmonauts' labour in the course of training for and implementation of space missions, and overviewed the tasks planned for cosmonauts on remote missions, including travels and landing on the Moon and other space objects. Using the activities classification approach and ergatic systems theory, we suggest a psychophysiological classification of the cosmonaut's activities and substantiate the underlying principles.
Key words: cosmonaut, piloted spacecraft, space mission, activity, activities classification, workplace, teamwork, human factor, ergatic systems.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. Ñ. 5-18
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-5-18
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Ilyin V.K., Rykova M.P., Antropova E.N., Solovieva Z.O., Skedina M.A., Kovaleva À.À, Nosovsky À.Ì. Status of the parodontium tissues in the conditions of long-term isolation inside an air-tight module
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The comprehensive investigation of parodontium tissues of the participants in a 120-d isolation study imitating the artificial spacecraft environment was focused on anaerobic microbiota, immunological parameters of the oral liquid and blood flow velocity within the parodentium microcirculation (PMC).
Subjects were 6 healthy people (3 males and 3 females) at the age of 29 to 45 years. Parodentium tissues were investigated 14 and 1 day prior to isolation, 3 times in isolation (every 30 days) and on days 1 and 7 after isolation.
Qualitative composition of primary pathogens was determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Concentration of oral immunoglobulins sIgA, IgA, IgÌ was measured using the ELISA assay. Blood flow velocity was measured using high-frequency ultrasound Doppler.
Our results showed an increase in the immunoglobulins on days 30 and 84 of isolation and subsequent reduction toward the end of the study. The participants were found to be careers of type-1 pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and type-2 pathogen Prevotella intermedia. Following isolation, linear indices of the arteriolar blood velocity grew reliably (p < 0.0007); the capillary blood velocity grew by 6.7 % relative to the pre-isolation baseline data. On day 7, capillary perfusion was noted to improve still further.
The observed shifts in the local immunity and presence of pathogens point to deterioration of the parodontium defense mechanisms. It appears that activation of inflammatory processes in isolation and confinement remains probable.
Key words: parodontium, microcirculation, microflora, immunity system, ultrasound investigation, microgravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. 19-24.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-19-24
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Serikov V.V., Zibarev E.V., Yushkova O.I., Oniani Kh.T., Merkulova A.G. Hemodynamic reactions in civil aviation pilots to simulator training
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The paper presents the data of cardiovascular monitoring of civil pilots in the process of simulator training that included 24-hr BP and Holter monitoring and calculation of cardiac interval variation and Baevsky's stress index.
Blood pressure increases correlated with a psycho-emotional stress level. Take-off and landing overstrained the cardiovascular system significantly. According to the Holter data, 42 % pilots had rhythmic disorders, ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles; 50 % pilots had an expressed elevation of the sympathetic nervous activity.
Key words: hemodynamic characteristics, functional status, overstrain, civil aviation, labour intensity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. 25-30.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-25-30
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Praskurnichiy E.A., Kulichenko V.P., Polubentseva E.I., Ivanov I.V. Flight safety – new conceptual and aeromedical aspects
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The authors examined the current conception of flight safety, medical risks management, prevention of accidents due to the human factor, and updated flight safety definition.
Health and physiological examinations within the pilot medical certification procedure are, unconditionally, important determinants of flight safety. However, maintenance and realization of key professional qualities confront a number of extra- and intersystem factors that can create some level of risk. Mitigation of these risks and medical risks management should be taken as the basis for preventing aviation accidents caused by the human factor.
Key words: flight safety, flight safety control, risk factors for flight safety, flight-safety threatening condition, prevention of aviation accidents, accidentology.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. 31-39
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-31-39
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Iordanishvili À.Ê. Characteristics of the functioning of masticatory organs and tissues in flying personnel
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The objective data about functioning of chewing organs and tissues were used for comparison between fighter pilots and non-flying personnel.
It was found that exposure to the fighter factors affects the sensitivity of oral receptors. Data of electro-odontometry, myotonometry, gnathodynamometry, esthesiometry and electrogustometry are ideal for monitoring and treatment of the masticatory function in pilots.
Key words: flying personnel, masticatory system, dental pulp, periodont, parodont, masticatory muscles, functional tests.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. 40-44.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-40-44
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Alekseeva O.Yu., Bobyleva P.I., Andreeva E.R. Effect of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells on the functional activity of monocyte-derived macrophages under a short-term hypoxic stress in vitro
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We studied interactions of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and cells from the monocyte-macrophage group (MN/MP) important in the MSCs mediated therapeutic action in vivo, their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties.
The MSCs effect on the MN/MP functional activity was evaluated after a 6-d co-culture in standard conditions (20 % Î2) and ensuing exposure of one part of MN/MP and MN/MP+MSCs to a long-term hypoxic stress (1 % Î2, 24 hrs) while the other part remained at 20 % Î2.
As in the normal, so hypoxic conditions the MSCs stromal activity contributed to the MN/MP viability by decreasing the numbers of MN/MP cells during early apoptosis. The paracrine interaction in 20 % Î2 occurred with an elevated MN/MP phagocytic activity without influence on the lysosomal compartment activity. The hypoxic stress affected the MSCs-induced phagocytic ability and activity of lysosomes.
Interaction with MSCs leads to formation of a MN/MP anti-inflammatory phenotype that unveils the phagocytic potential in the presence of MSCs despite the oxygen deprivation.
Key words: hypoxia, monocyte-derived macrophages, mesenchymal stromal cells, macrophage plasticity, lysosomes, apoptosis, phagocytosis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. 45-52.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-45-52
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Zhuravlev S.V., Ardashev V.N., Novikov E.M., Maslennikova O.M., Kirillova T.B. Diagnostics of the ischemic heart disease with the use of heart rate variability and dispersion mapping of the myocardium during stress-echocardiography
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The authors present a stress-echocardiography (stress-echoECG) technique enhanced with dispersion mapping and heart rate variability analysis. This combination of diagnostic tools increases IHD diagnostics sensitivity and specificity to 96 and 89 % respectively.
Key words: stress-echoECG, dispersion mapping, heart rate variability.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. 53-58.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-53-58
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Usik M.A., Sukonkina A.A., Ogneva I.V. Actin cytoskeleton organization in oocytes at various stages of Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis after exposure in a microgravity simulator over the complete gametogenesis cycle
Abstract
P. 59
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The paper deals with the effects of modeled microgravity on actin cytoskeleton in oocytes at various stages of Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis over the complete gametogenesis cycle.
Total actin content and F-actin singly was determined using immunohistochemical analysis. The results point to the growth of both total beta-actin and its polymer recognized by phalloidin. This finding can have key implications for evaluation of risks for the reproductive potential from the spaceflight factors.
Key words: gametogenesis, ovary, modeled microgravity, cytoskeleton, Drosophila melanogaster.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. 59-63.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-59-63
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Makarov A.F., Kotsky M.A., Ton'shin À.À., Bukhtiyarov I.V. Artificial hypobiosis as a method to mitigate the negative effect Of oxygen at an elevated partial pressure
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To assess how hypobiosis modifies the negative effect of a high partial pressure of oxygen, goldhamsters were put into artificial hypobiosis followed by a simulated O2 poisoning at absolute gas pressure of 7 kgf/cm2. The experiment showed an increase in 1.4 times (p = 0.0579) of the period preceding convulsions; reduction in 3.7 times (p = 0.0009) of the period of stabilization on return to normal 02 pressure, reduction of the total convulsions period in 2.3 times (p = 0.0003).
Key words: hypobiosis, hypothermia, oxygen poisoning, oxygen active forms, diving, diving medicine.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. 64-68.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-64-68
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Pastushenkov V.L., Kuznetsov Ì.S., Glaznikov L.A., Dvoryanchikov V.V., Pastushenkov A.L., Buynov L.G., Sorokina L.A. Electrophysiological evaluation of the functional state of peripheral auditory analyzer in an acoustic injury model with preventive taking of an antihypoxant (triazinoindole derivative)
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The paper reports the results of testing efficiency of a triazinoindole derivative in an experiment with modeled acoustic injury.
Animals (116 (CBA x C57BL/6) F1 hybrid female mice) were randomly distributed in 5 groups. Groups A, B and C received I/M triazinoindole at 5, 7 and 10 mg/kg/d respectively. Group D was injected with the cytoflavin (reference medicine) at 1.7 ml/7 ìl/kg. Group E was a control that received injections of 2 ml of 0.9 % sodium chloride solution. Following 5 days of injections, the mice were exposed to white noise of 107 dB. Analysis of auditory evoked potentials demonstrated a dose-dependent oto-protective effect of the triazinoindole derivative.
Key words: acoustic injury, sensorineural deafness, antihypoxants, auditory evoked pot entials, triazinoindole.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. 69-75.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-69-75
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Ushakova S.A., Shikhov V.N., Shklavtsova Å.S., Trifonov S.V., Anishchenko O.V., Tikhomirov À.À. Effect of light intensity on cenosis of wheat cultivated on solutions with the use of liquid products of human exometabolites mineralization in context of closed eco-systems
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Goal of the investigation was to assess an impact of photosynthetically active radiation (RAR) intensity on crops growing hydroponically on solutions containing human exometabolites mineralized by hydrogen peroxide activated by alternating current.
Object was wheat Triticum aestivum L. (strain 232, Lysovsky selection) bred for cultivation in bio-technical life support systems. Nutrient substrate was granular zirconium silencer of 0.8 cm in diameter. Till day 25 (initial booting) the crop grew under RAR intensity of 650 and 950 µmol/m2s.
Well-being of the vegetating wheat was assessed by the following criteria: ÑÎ2, wheat cenosis gas-exchange, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, plant biomass and mineral composition.
High RAR intensity did not cause damage to the photosynthetic system but activated photosynthesis and increased dry biomass in 1.7 times. Besides, levels of macroelements in biomass increased significantly (Ca – more than 3 times, Mg – 2.7 times, Na – 2.3 times, S – doubled).
Key words: light intensity, wheat Triticum aestivum L., physico-chemical mineralization of human exometabolites, mineral nutrition, plant growth.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. 76-84.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-76-84
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Methods
Dragan S.P., Drozdov S.V., Soldatov S.K., Bogomolov A.V., Shishov A.A., Zinkin V.N., Kharitonov V.V. Substantiation of methodical approaches to defining borders of sanitary noise protection zones in aerodrome surroundings
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Borders of noise protection zones for populated aerodrome surroundings have been defined with account of equivalent and peak noise levels from different types of airplane in control points, take-off and landing paths, taxiing, day and night airline schedule, lay of land and seasonal variations.
The effort was accomplished in four stages. The first stage was choosing methods and parameters to be measured. The second was analysis of airline schedule and noise produced by airplanes. The third was calculation of equivalent and peak noise levels and the fourth was setting guidelines on drawing the noise protection zones in populated airdrome surroundings.
Key words: airdrome surroundings, noise protection zone, acoustic parameters, aviation noise, airplane, setting noise limits.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 5. P. 85-93.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-5-85-93
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Chronicle and Information
Orlov O.I., Belakovsky M.S. 75th birthday of academician Viktor Mikhailovich Baranov
Ushakov I.B., Shafirkin A.V. Constructive contribution of Yu.G. Grigoriev to space radiobiology and physiology, aerospace medicine and international scientific cooperation
P. 98
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