CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Baranov V.M., Katuntsev V.P., Tarasenkov G.G., Khudiakova E.P., Sedelkova V.A., Alferova I.V., Shushunova T.G. Studies of the activity of the central respiratory mechanism in long-term space missions
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Interrelation between blood redistribution toward the upper part of the body in microgravity and changes in sensitivity of the central respiratory mechanism was studied with participation of 16 Russian members of the International space station crews (40-57 year-old males). Time of maximal voluntary breath-holding during inspiration (MVHins) and expiration (MVHexp) was measured prior to and following the 15-min low-body negative pressure test (LBNP, -25 mm Hg). Before launch, the baseline MVHins and MVHexp durations in the vertical position made up 61.9 ± 3.9 s and 24.5 ± 1.5 s, respectively. In the supine position, the parameters increased to 81.1 ± 5.6 s and 31.2 ± 1.9 s (p < 0.01), respectively. More significant increases of breath-holding were observed in space microgravity. On flight months 1-5, MVHins and MVHexp rose by 25–45.5 % and by 17.5–54.2 %, respectively. After return from space the initial values of the parameters were recovered.
Comparison of the measurements made prior to and within 5-10 minutes after LBNP revealed a further gain in both MVHins and MVHexp. Breath-holding extension in the supine position (at 1 G) and in microgravity suggests attenuation of the respiratory center sensitivity to the physiological chemoreceptor stimuli, namely, increased ÐàÑÎ2 and lowered ÐàÎ2.
This attenuation is driven by the blood shift toward the upper part of the body that causes increase of the vascular pressure in the sinus carotid region and activation of baroreceptors. The conclusion results from the significantly greater time of breath-holding during LBNP in microgravity and supine position, as well as time reduction to the initial values on return from space mission.
Key words: central respiratory mechanism, microgravity, maximal voluntary breath-holding, baroreceptors.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 3. P. 5-11.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-3-5-11
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Gushchin V.I., Supolkina N.S., Shved D.M., Yusupova A.K., Chekalkina A.I., Kotov O.V. Use of the content-analysis in studies of cosmonauts' communication with MCC specialists at various levels of mission workload
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Content-analysis was used to study communication between space crews and MCC operators on the days differing in workload and work schedule (experiment CONTENT).
Workload was rated on analysis of weekly reports of the psychological support team and transcripts of daily crew parleys with ground operators. The study topic was determination of effective and ineffective communication strategies.
The communication structure on problem days was distinguished by a growing number of ineffective communication styles, intrinsic tension, negative statements and intensive information interchange. The increased frequency of markers and categories of ineffective tense communication in cosmonauts' remarks were indicative of psycho-emotional stress.
Key words: crew communication, content-analysis, work/rest schedule, flight workload, communication effectiveness.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 3. P. 12-18.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-3-12-18
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Nikolaev V.P. Rate of ascent after a saturation dive to 500 meters on a heliox mixture
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Modified US navy Tables of decompression and stop times were used to provide theoretical grounds for reckoning of ascent rate to the surface after saturation dives to 500 on a heliox mixture lasting 18 days, 12 hrs and 35 minutes. According to calculation, dynamics of helium tension in the slowest body tissues points to oversaturation, the risk of gas bubble formation and development of decompression sickness symptoms. This risk can be averted fully by decelerating the standard ascent rate in half.
Key words: saturation deep dives, decompression rate, helium desaturation from the tissues, decompression sickness.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 3. P. 19-24.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-3-19-24
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Kuzmenko N.V., Rubanova N.S., Pliss M.G., Tsyrlin V.À. Adaptability of the cardiovascular system in normotensive rats of various ages at fluctuations of air temperature and atmospheric pressure
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Age-related changes in hemodynamics and heart rate variability (HRV) as well as effects of low temperature and atmospheric pressure fluctuations on the cardiovascular functioning were investigated in normotensive Wistar rats of different age groups.
In aging rats, decrease of systolic blood pressure (BPs) was not accompanied by considerable changes in heart rate (HR) or HRV. In none of the age groups a short exposure to the cold (30 min at 0 °Ñ) caused stable changes in BPs and HR; however, recovery of the high-frequency HRV spectrum in 22-mo old rats took more time than in the other age groups. Atmospheric pressure fluctuations (10–15 mmHg) did not influence hemodynamics in 10-mo rats substantially. In 22-mo old rats, atmospheric pressure growth and decrease increased BPs. Besides, low atmospheric pressure was the reason of tachicardia and narrowing of the HRV high-frequency spectrum in this group.
These data witness to the inhibition of vagus reactions to external environment stimuli in aged animals that may make them sensitive to climatic variations and compromise hemodynamics.
Key words: blood pressure, heart rate variability, cooling, atmospheric pressure, adaptation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 3. P. 25-32.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-3-25-32
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Kurdanova M.Kh., Beslaneev I.A., Kurdanova Md.Kh., Batyrbekova L.M., Kurdanov Kh.A. Interrelation between bioelectrical activity of the brain, sympathetic regulation of the cardiac rhythm and hemodynamics in patients with arterial hypertension living in a midaltitude region
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Interrelation between amplitude and frequency of the α- and β- brain waves, heart rate variability (HRV) and hemodynamics was studied in 65 hypertensive patients (level 2) and compared to 75 healthy people. Methods of the investigations included EEG, 24-hour Holter monitoring, echo-cardiography, blood pressure measurement and HRV calculation.
In patients, α and β parameters decreased by 27 to 35 %, respectively. In comparison to normal people, reductions of α and β amplitudes as well as powers made up 20%, 30 % and 16–45 %, respectively. Total HRV in patients decreased 60 %. Interrelations between the α- and β- waves, HRV and hemodynamics were numerous and multidirectional in patients, whereas in normal people they were weak or absent at all.
The results evidence interrelations between the cerebral bioelectrical activity, sympathetic heart rate regulation and hemodynamics in hypertensive patients living in a midaltitude region.
Key words: cerebral α- and β-rhythms, heart rate variability, hemodynamics, arterial hypertension.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 3. P. 33-39.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-3-33-39
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Alkhaddur A., Mashkina E.V. Effect of phitochemical extracts on expression of genes NFE2L2, JUN, SOD1 in human cells
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Investigations of the effects of phitochemical compounds from extracts of pomegranate, grape seeds and garlic on expression of NFE2L2, JUN, SOD1 in cultivated cells of the human blood showed that transcription of SOD1 increased in the presence of pomegranate and grape seed extracts. Level of mRNA in NFE2L2 and JUN rose briskly only under the influence of a high concentration of the grape seed extract. Level of JUN mRNA correlated with NFE2L2 mRNA.
Garlic extract had no effect on transcription of NFE2L2, JUN, SOD1. Activation of the transcription of all 3 genes under study by the grape seeds extract can contribute to controlling the free radical processes in human cells.
Key words: pomegranate extract, extract of grape seeds, blood cell culture, gene expression, NFE2L2, JUN, SOD1.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 3. P. 40-46.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-3-40-46
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Ilyin V.K., Komissarova D.V., Afonin B.V., Usanova N.A., Morozova Yu.A., Muravieva V.V., Bairamova G.R., Priputnevich Ò.V. Effect of probiotics consumption with a fermentation drink on intestinal microflora, mucosae and gastrointestinal tract functioning in humans
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The paper presents the results of the study aimed to evaluate whether prolonged consumption of a probiotic drink consisting of protective microorganisms (lactobacilli, enterococci, bifidobacteria) and fermented from Saccaromyces would be beneficial to the human microbiological status and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) functioning.
Ten volunteers (2 males and 8 females above 50 years of age) consumed the drink over the period of three months. We investigated microflora of the intestine, upper airway (UA) and vagina (in females). Microbial samples from the intestine and UA were gathered 4 times: a week prior to the experiment and then in every 30 days. Samples of the vaginal discharge were taken 7-10 days prior to the experiment and in 7–10 after its completion. Evaluation of the gastric emptying function, hydrochloric acid production, fasting volume of the gastric juice and GIT electrical activity was performed at these time points also.
The experiment revealed positive trends of the intestinal microflora. Changes in the species and quantitative composition of the UA microflora were less pronounced as in the first half of the experiment changes in the UA microflora were more like negative and displayed a marked positive trend in the second half.
After the course of probiotic prophylaxis, colonization of the vagina and cervical channel by opportunistic microorganisms was reduced in 6 out of 8 females. In addition, the probiotic drink stabilized the electrical activity of all GIT components and enhanced intestinal peristalsis.
Key words: microbiology, probiotics, food additives.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 3. P. 47-53.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-3-47-53
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Deshevaya E.A., Gusarov M.V., Tverskoy V. À. Morphology and antimicrobial properties of the compositions of polyvinyl butyral and ethylene propylene rubber with aromatic alcohols
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We carried out testing of film-formation and antimicrobial properties of polymer/aromatic alcohol (AA) compositions. The compositions consisted of AA (phenol, resorcin, pyrocatechol, p-methoxyphenol or 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) with polar hydrophilic polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or nonpolar hydrophobic ethylene propylene rubber (SKEP).
The polymers and AAs were tested for solubility in various solvents in order to choose those that would be suitable for preparation of simultaneous polymer/AA solutions and ensuing films. Differential scanning calorimetry and IR spectroscopy were used to determine morphology and structure of SKEP/AA and PVB/AA compositions. Since SKEP does not blend with AAs, these compositions are two-phase systems. In contrast, PVB/AA compositions represent monophase systems. PVB compatibility with AAs is explained by establishment of hydrogen bonds. Both types of composition exhibit film-forming properties. SKEP/AA films are characterized by low rigidity, whereas PVB/AA films demonstrate high rigidity. Both types of composition inhibit growth of mold fungi.
Key words: antimicrobial properties, aromatic alcohols, hydrogen bond polyvinyl butyral, film coating, mold fungi, vitrification temperature, ethylene propylene rubber.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 3. P. 54-60.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-3-54-60
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Klimarev S.I., Siniak Yu.E., Kanatova G.V. Evaluation of the UHF-energy sterilizing effect on atmospheric moisture condensate
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Process variables of an UHF sterilizer of atmospheric moisture condensate were identified by testing.
Analysis of the water regeneration and UHF treatment system enabled upgrade of the UHF sterilizer and test bench, specify basic process variables of the sterilizer and define the temperature range to kill germs in condensate.
Key words: ultra-high frequency (UHF), coaxial MWF device, atmospheric moisture condensate (AMC), sterilization, decontamination, water regeneration system, microbial organisms.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 3. P. 61-65.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-3-61-65
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Methods
Bubeev Yu.A., Potapov À.V. , Ivanov A.V. Specific features of the method of using noble gas xenon with the purpose to correct stress-induced disorders in people of dangerous occupations
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The authors made analysis of different aspects of using xenon and associated medical equipment as part of complex therapy and functional rehab of people working in dangerous occupations.
Specifically, they examined the procedure safety depending on the breathing circuit closure level (open, semi-closed or closed) and formulated requirements to the inhalation monitoring process.
The authors present the results of clinical observation of 60 patients at the age of 30 to 42 years with the history of stress-induced neurotic disorders such as anxiety, panic attacks, slight or moderate depression, and asthenic syndrome for periods from 3 months to 2 years.
Key words: xenon, noble gases, neurotic disorders.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 3. P. 66-70.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-3-66-70
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Ivanov À.V., Kvasovets S.V., Bubeev Yu.A. Comprehensive neurocognitive testing in functional state telemonitoring
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The paper describes a technology of remote functional and cognitive monitoring that shows promise for aerospace, sport and extreme medicine, and psychology.
The technology is based on analysis of single reactions to a variety of psychomotor tests and combined processing. The environmental factors such as noise, interference, and/or prompting introduced in a joint sequence (master test) provide more information about respondent's condition.
The study involved 500 people including 40 respondents with registration of the auditory evoked potential during MT. Factor analysis of the whole data base has revealed the next three parameters that correlate with the most common interrelations of MT measures: stability, tranquility, efficiency (1); voluntary control (2) and level of conation (3). Analysis of the evoked potential demonstrated a relationship between the MT measures and brain activity patterns established from the neuropshycological evidence for the role of different brain regions in specific cognitive functions.
Intricate individual structure of the aggregate of MT measures should be allowed for in the process of specifying a personal norm and optimal state, prognosticating individual and/or team effectiveness and possible critical functional changes. The client-server MT architecture enables remote selection of team members, on-line monitoring and prevention of negative developments in the functional and cognitive state of team.
Key words: functional condition, psychophysiological examination, telemonitoring, functional dynamics, prognosis, master test.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 3. P. 71-80.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-3-71-80
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