CONTENTS
Reviews
Rozhkova G.I., Malykh T.B. Present aspects of visiometry standardization
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 6. P. 5–16.
The earlier detection of visual disorders calls for more precise and reliable methods of visual acuity (VA) measurements and their obligatory standardization for a correct data correlation. In the case of VA measurements, the task of standardization is rather difficult due to its multidimensional nature. The first difficulty is to choose the proper test images – the optotypes. Each set of optotypes is appropriate for measuring specific visual capability since perception of the concrete optotypes involves specific neuronal visual pathways and brain subsystems, and depends on memory to different extent. The paper presents a comparative analysis of various optotypes, VA units, measuring procedures and instruments; in particular, advantages and limitations of using tables and HD displays are discussed. Gradual technology progress and complete computerization will serve to the advancement of international standards. Our analysis was to support designing an ophthalmic-ergonomic research program of the international chamber study SIRIUS.
Key words: visual acuity, monitoring, optotypes, measurement precision, units of measurement.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-6-5-16
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Brzhozovsky À.G., Kononikhin A.S., Indeikina M.I., Kashirina D.S., Popov I.A., Pastushkova L.Kh., Nikolaev E.N., Larina I.M. Characterization of the proteomic profile of cosmonauts' urine following long-duration space missions using a semiquantitative approach
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 6. P. 17–23.
Effects of space flight (SF) factors on cosmonaut's organism were studied using the urine proteome analysis. Urine samples were collected 6 months before launch and on days 1 and 7 of recovery (R). Urine proteins were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis and the resulted mix of peptides was identified with tandem chromatography-mass spectrometry. Identified were proteins significantly changed after SF. The data were used for clustering proteins in order to establish their interactions. Out of 256 proteins 50 were typical of this sample including 20 proteins that were changed significantly on R + 1. Increase in their levels can be a consequence of the descent module landing (SF final stage) or deadaptation in the Earth's gravity. Also, mean values of protein concentrations were found to be similar to the values measured on R + 1 implying uniformity of changes due to SF factors affecting human organism. Analysis of proteomic changes in cosmonauts who have flown repeatedly points to protein profile modification between missions.
Key words: space flight, cosmonaut, proteomics, mass-spectrometry, urine proteome.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-6-17-23
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Nichiporuk I.A., Rykova M.P., Antropova E.N., Ponomarev S.A., Zhuravleva T.V., Chistokhodova S.A. Interrelation of anxiety level with dynamics of the immune status in the Russian cosmonauts – participants of the space experiment «IMMUNO»
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 6. P. 24–31.
The results of the estimation in relationships of cellular parameters of innate and adaptive immunity with a level of anxiety in the Russian cosmonauts – participants of the space experiment «IMMUNO» (16 men and 1 woman) are presented. Anxiety level was evaluated by outcomes of interviews and by received during psychological research values of C, H, O, Q3, Q4 and F1 factors of 16-personality factor questionnaire of R.B. Cattell, index of anxiety-depressive emotions of Differential Emotions Scale of K.E. Izard and factors N (feeling of mental agitation) and V (feeling of anxious expectation) of the questionnaire «Supos-8» of O. Miksik before, during and after long-term space flights (125–340 days). Distinctions between groups of cosmonauts with relatively high and low levels of anxiety in height and body mass (after space flights), duration of extravehicular activity, in dynamics and in blood contents of leukocytes, monocytes and, notably, of granulocytes in preflight period were revealed. Results of the performed study testify that cosmonauts with relatively high level of anxiety, obviously, are the group of the increased risk of infectious diseases’ occurrence, including not only an early postflight period, but also conditions of a habitual life, that is necessary to consider at all stages of preparing and implementation of space flights and also during the readaptation period after their end.
Keywords: space flight, anxiety, innate and adaptive immunity.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-6-24-31
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Suvorov A.V., Pamova A.P., Fedorovich À.À. Specifics of microcirculation in the conditions of «dry» immersion
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 6. P. 32–37.
Peripheral hemodynamics was studied in the upper extremities of human subjects during a 5-day exposure in microgravity modeled by «dry» immersion. The object of investigation was skin adjacent to the nail bed of the fourth hand finger and forearm skin. Microcirculation was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry and computer capillaroscopy. In addition, peripheral hemodynamics was assessed in subjects donned in axial-loading suit Penguin (LSP). The subjects were divided into 2 groups: with (G-1) and without (G-2) LSP. The results are the following: LSP leveled down all changes in the microcirculation bloodstream of the upper extremities. By the end of DI, some subjects in G-1 were found to have a more intensive tissue perfusion and increased number of capillaries, and exaggerated activity of passive mechanism of blood flow modulation Àñ (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05).
Key words: laser Doppler flowmetry, capillaroscopy, «dry» immersion, microcirculation, peripheral hemodynamics, microgravity.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-6-32-37
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Ratushny À.Yu., Yakubets D.À., Zhivodernikov I.V., Buravkova L.B. Adhesion molecules of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from adipose tissue during simulation of the effects of microgravity
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 6. P. 38–43.
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are mechanosensitive cells capable to react to a changed gravity and to influence other types of cell. One of the structures mediating cell mechanosensitivity is cell adhesion molecules. To study the effects of modeled microgravity, monolayers of human adipose-derived MSCs were positioned at random relative to the vector of adhesion molecules. According to our results, 96-hr cells exposure in modeled microgravity reduces quantities of such surface antigens as CD105, CD51/61, CD44 and CD54, and alters the transcription activity of several genes associated with adhesion and extracellular matrix. These effects can underlie the modulation of stromal cells functioning in micro-g environment.
Key words: multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, molecular adhesion, modeled microgravity.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-6-38-43
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Klimarev S.I., Sinyak Yu.E., Zaitsev Ê.À., Kanatova G.V. Evaluation of the UHF-energy sterilizing effect on water
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 6. P. 44–48.
Efficacy of water sterilization by UHF-energy was studied through computer simulation of UHF-energy distribution in a coaxial sterilizer and heated water, technology testing and microbiological investigations. Variables interfaces during sterilization of flow contaminated with vegetative microorganisms were determined in the process of sterilizer manufacturing with consideration of the results of computer modeling; labware development and assembly; calculation of UHF power absorption at discrete water temperatures from 90 to 55 îÑ and time of exposure at a preset water flow for each discrete temperature value. The final efficacy was deduced from microbiological investigations using Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans with the input concentration of 106 CFU/ml.
Key words: ultra-high frequency (UHF), coaxial sterilizer, sterilization, disinfection, decontamination, microorganisms.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-6-44-48
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Bukhtiyarov I.V., Kalinina S.A., Merkulova A.G. Assessment of civil flying personnel labor intensity within a special working conditions assessment
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 6. P. 49–52.
In recent years expert communities have been debating actively issues of assessing civil pilots' working conditions with the focus on job intensity. Objectivity of the assessment of flight and cabin crews job sites can be improved using the evidence of links between a job hazard class determined by labor intensity and objective physiological changes or a long-term decline of occupational health and longevity gathered in aerospace medicine, labor and industrial ecology medicine. The authors give a summary of their recommendation for revision of the labor safety regulations.
Key words: job intensity, special assessment of pilots' labor, occupational health risks.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-6-49-52
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Methods
Ushakov I.B., Bogomolov V.V., Dragan S.P., Soldatov S.K. Methodological fundamentals of personified hygiene monitoring
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 6. P. 53–56.
Trends in incidence of occupational and work-related diseases, frequency of misactions for the reason of degraded functional reliability call for enhancement of the methods of hygiene monitoring, automatization of data collection and processing, and personification of results. It appears that the prospective approach to personified monitoring will be sanitary and hygiene categorization of objects as sources of potentially harmful physical factors of professional environment and radio-frequency identification of worker's trajectory during work activity. Personified hygiene monitoring in industry implies a hygienist on the staff, RFID tags attached to working cloths before shift and parametric recorders in areas with potentially hazardous environment. Juxtaposition of the monitoring data and changes in workers' health will serve to assessment and prediction of both the population and environmental health and establishment of cause-effect relations between health state and professional exposure in order to take timely measures for minimization of the latter. The proposed methodological approach will impart objectivity to hygiene monitoring and allow its personification at the least cost of information about doses received by workers.
Key words: hygiene monitoring, factors of professional environment, personified monitoring, medical informatics, labor safety, categorization of potentially hazardous objects.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-6-53-56
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Chronicle and Information
Orlov Î.I., Belakovsky M.S., Ponomareva I.P., Samarin G.I. B.B. Egorov – first in the world cosmonaut-physician
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-6-57-63
Nesterovich T.B., Kozlova N.Ì. Consideration of human psychophysiological characteristics and resource in aviation and cosmonautics (according to the materials of a theoretical and practical conference)
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-6-64-66
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