CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Pastushkova L.Kh., Koloteva M.I., Goncharova A.G., Glebova T.M., Goncharov I.N., Kashirina D.N., Brzezhovsky A.G., Kireev K.S., Larina I.M. Changes in blood proteome of cosmonauts with micro- and macrovascular injuries due to g-loads at the final stage of long -duration space missions
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The integrated response of the human proteome to re-entry g-loads following long-term space missions was studied in 13 male cosmonauts at the age of 44 ± 6 years. Examination at the landing site discovered local petechial hemorrhages into soft tissues of the back and lower legs. The paper presents a new approach to evaluation of petechia and soft tissue hemorrhages in cosmonauts on return to Earth. Proteomic analysis was performed with the use of LC-MS. Bioinformation analysis was made using Perseus, PubMed, Uniprot and ANDSystem software.
Nine out of 19 significantly different (p < 0.05) proteins were related to vascular injuries directly. We described proteins with a primarily protecting effect against endothelial cells apoptosis and augmentation of vascular permeability, proteins that are responsible for blood rheology and proteins antagonistic to the main triggers of ischeamia-reperfusion injuries of the lungs, liver and other parenchymal organs.
Key words: blood proteome, cosmonauts, micro- and macrovascular injuries, petechia, long-term space missions, +Gx-exposure.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 5. P. 5-14.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-5-14
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Larina I.M., Kashirina D.N., Kireev K.S., Grigoriev A.I. Repeated long-term space flights: proteomic investigations of cosmonauts' blood
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We performed the first ever comparative analysis of modifications in the proteome, ionogram and some other blood plasma biochemical indices of 18 male cosmonauts (44 ± 6 years of age) before and after maiden or repeated long-term missions to the Russian segment of the International space station (ISS RS).
Levels of proteins, substrates and ions as well as chemical components were measured using the LC-MS-based proteomics and routine biochemical techniques. A total of 256 to 281 indices were investigated with the methods of descriptive statistic, regression analysis, and access to bioinformatics resources.
It was shown that blood indices recovery from the maiden and repeated missions reflects changes in the body systems and goes at a various speed. The results of measurements made prior to launch and on day 7 after landing are dependent on the number of missions. The bioinformatics techniques showed that after maiden missions both the mediator proteins of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and blood proteins with reliably changing concentrations are associated with the bio-processes including stress, metabolism and DNA reparation, apoptosis, catabolism and proteolysis. During early re-adaptation from repeated missions the AP level was affected by bone remodeling, phosphorylation, angiogenesis and coagulation cascade suggesting a distinct and urgent trigger of the processes of bone structure and mineralization.
Key words: space mission, cosmonaut's blood proteomics, repeated missions, bone re-adaptation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 5. P. 15-22.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-15-22
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Fomina E.V., Kukoba T.B. Characteristics of post-flight muscle strength and velocity dynamics in cosmonauts as a function of weight loading during long-term space missions
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Testing of 25 cosmonauts showed that the amount of resistance training weight loading in long-term space mission influences dynamics of the leg-muscle strength and velocity recovery. On Earth, the loads equal from 70 to 130 % of the body mass is sufficient for keeping up endurance and maximum strength moments of shin and thigh muscles. In the group of cosmonauts who had not used the strength training device or chosen loads less than 30 % of the body mass the leg-muscle maximum strength and thigh endurance were decreased substantially on day 4 of return and all the more by day 15 back on Earth.
Key words: resistance training, cosmonauts, strength, strength endurance, load values, dynamics, re-adaptation, neuro-ocular syndrome.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 5. P. 23-28.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-23-28
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Gushchin V.I., Kuvshinova O.L., Shalina O.S., Suedfeld P., Johnson Ph.J. Structure of autobiographic representation of veteran cosmonauts
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The paper deals with the structural analysis of self-representations of cosmonauts who have finished their flight careers. Self-representation is a central formation of ego-consciousness while profession and family are two important spheres of the human realization and formation, line of development. The authors consider how veteran cosmonauts represent their families and professional selves, and place of career and family in their lives in context of the theories of activities (A.N. Leontiev) and self-determination (E. Deci, P. Ryan). We analyzed self-representations of 15 veterans enrolled in the corps of cosmonauts in 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.
According to our data, different decades mark individual epochs, each with own social-historical context. Cosmonauts in these groups differ in perception of career success, family history, attitude to the life and personal mission at large. Work and family are unequal in their «weight» within the self-representation or self-consciousness structure.
Key words: self-representation structure, self-determination, profession as the leading activity, life events, significance of life events, life expectations.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 5. P. 29-38.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-29-38
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Kriushev E.S., Moreva T.I. The condition of the optic nerve sheaths and blood outflow pathways from the cranial cavity in a 21-day dry immersion according to the ultrasound research methods
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Venous blood circulation and liquid dynamics in the brain, and collateral venous blood circulation were investigated in participants of 21-day dry immersion study. The ultrasonic technique was used to measure the optic nerve sheaths, register hemodynamics in the internal jugular vein, inferior vena cava and superficial femoral vein.
We observed a significant acceleration of blood flow through the jugular veins by day 7 with a decrease in the lumen of the jugular veins and a gradual expansion of the liquor space around the optic nerves. Hemodynamics in the vena cava inferior as a potential collateral of outflow from the cranial cavity indirectly suggests reorganization of the outflow pathway and venous blood distribution between the jugular and vertebral pathways in specific periods of exposure to immersion. After the immersion, all hemodynamic parameters returned to their initial levels; however, after two weeks of recovery the inverse trend in the state of optic nerve sheaths was observed only in some of the participants.
Key words: internal jugular vein, linear blood flow velocity, cross-section area, vena cava inferior, optic nerve sheath, jugular tract, vertebral tract.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 5. P. 39-44.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-39-44
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Kniga V.V., Krapivnitskaya L.V., Krapivnitskaya T.A. Role of clinical-psychological examinations in detection of a propension to deviant behavior in aviation specialists
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One of the major concerns of the aviation health safety management is enhancement of the flight personnel medical certification system. The investigation was focused on individual typology of civil pilots prone to alcoholism. Subjects were 112 pilots suspected in alcohol abuse and 189 normal pilots as controls. The standard protocol of investigations was complemented by the clinical psychological tests including MMPI, Szondi test, H. Eysenck intelligence test, and projective drawing tests.
It was proven that ethanol degrades pilot's personality. The initial stage of this process can be diagnosed using the clinical psychological tests listed above. The authors propose a testing algorithm for inclusion in the crew medical certification procedure.
Key words: aviation and space medicine, flight crew, commercial aviation, flight safety, alcohol, de-adaptation, deviant behavior.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 5. P. 45-49.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-45-49
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Praskurnichiy E.A., Yustova V.D. Methodology of the cardiovascular risk evaluation in commercial aviation crews
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The approach to evaluation of health risks to aviation crew discussed in this paper is an alternative to the common clinical practice, i.e. stratification of the risks of diseases and complications which is sometimes underestimated by members of aircrew medical certification boards.
The approach consists of ranking health issues by severity and impact on flight safety, and risk probability. The updated risk evaluation matrix was used successfully in cardiovascular diagnostics of aircrews.
In aeromedicine, this approach is aimed at objective cardiovascular risk evaluation and prevention of accidents and serious incidents in consequence of problems with the cabin crew health.
Key words: flight safety, flight safety management, risk factors for flight safety, flight-threatening states, risk of cardiovascular complication.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 5. P. 50-56.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-50-56
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Diemin D.B. Significance of the hypothermia level for neurophysiological reactions of human organism to experimental whole-body cooling
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Effects of hypothermia on the character of changes in central hemodynamics, heart rate variability (HRV) and EEG were studied during an experimental whole-body cooling of 30 healthy male subjects at the age of 18–20 years. The subjects were divided into 2 equal groups by the median body temperature in the total sample (34.1 °Ñ) during cooling. The experiment consisted of 3 steps: rest at +20 °Ñ, 10-min exposure to -20 °Ñ in a hypothermal chamber and rewarming at +20 °Ñ. The parameters registered at each step included EEG, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and temperature in the external auditory meatus.
In the cooling chamber, body temperature lowered reliably by 1.4–3.1 °Ñ on the average. In both groups hypothermia reduced the index of regulatory systems strain, increased total HRV power and BP, and decreased HR. During rewarming all these parameters tended to return to baseline values. Subjects with a more distinct hypothermia (33.1 °Ñ) displayed a weakened baroreflex reaction (slight HR reduction) accompanied by a stronger vascular reaction (significant BP rise). High baroreflex stability in the subjects with low-level hypothermia (35 °Ñ) was evidenced by a significant HR decrease in response to the BP rise. Changes in the EEG amplitude and frequency patterns during cooling declared themselves by enhancement of the subcortex regulatory activity (reliable rise in the theta-activity). Also, the alpha-activity was increased in the subjects with high-level hypothermia and decreased in 73 % of the subjects with a low-level hypothermia which points to desynchronization of the main rhythm.
Key words: electroencephalography, heart rate variability, blood pressure, air cooling of organism, hypothermia.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 5. P. 57-64.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-57-64
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Deshevaya Å.À., Khamidullina N.M., Chasovskikh A.V., Kharin S.S., Novikova N.D., Sychev V.N. Potentiality of radiation sterilization in preparation for the ExoMars mission
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The paper presents the experimental justification of sterilizing ?-radiation doses for microorganisms isolated from clean rooms used to assemble the ExoMars descant module (DM). The dominant microorganisms in the clean rooms include radiation-resistant spore forming Bacillus species. Optimal sterilization doses were sought for by irradiation of a DM mockup element and bio-indicators representing the radiation-resistant strains. As a result, exposure to fractionated ?-sterilization with the absorbed dose of 25 ± 2 kGy from two sides of the element was defined as the most effective.
Key words: descant module, spacecraft ExoMars, planetary protection, radioresistance, Bacillus, bacteria spores, ionizing ?-radiation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 5. P. 65-72.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-65-72
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Kaurova D.E., Bersenev E.Yu., Skachilova S.Ya. Investigation of the anti-hypoxia properties of new nicotinic acid derivatives
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Two of the five new nicotinic acid derivatives proved to have the antihypoxic properties in tests with mice exposed to acute normobaric hypoxic hypoxia with hypercapnia. Specifically, LKhT 4–19 (100 mg/kg) extended lifetime of the animals by 11 %; LKhT 6-19 doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg extended lifetime by 23 and 34 %, respectively. The antihypoxic effect of LKhT 6–19 (50 mg/kg) outperformed in 1.2 times mexidol (substance of comparison) at the similar dose and was highly competitive at the dose of 100 mg/kg. For reference, mexidol is a 3-hydroxypyridine derivative (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate incorporating, similar to the substances in question, the pyrydine heterocycle). Besides, LKhT 6–19 (100 mg/kg) outperformed mexidol at the similar dose in 1.1 times.
Key words: acute hypoxia, pressure chamber, new nicotinic acid derivatives, antihypoxic effect, mice.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 5. P. 73-76.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-73-76
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Chronicle and Information
Orlov O.I., Belakovsky M.S., Vasil’eva G.Yu. Physician-cosmonaut-scientist-experimenter (to the 70th anniversary of the birth of B.V. Morukov)
Dvornikov Ì.V., Kozlova N.Ì., Medenkov À.À. Medico-engineering and psychological problems of the space activity in the aspect of the XIIIth International conference on «Piloted missions to space»
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