CONTENTS
Reviews
Kozlovskaya I.B. Gravity and the tonic postural motor system
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-3-5-21
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Semenov Yu.S., Diachenko A.I., Popova Yu.A., Gorbunova À.À., Reushkina G.D., Afonin B.V., Belousova I.V., Suvorov A.V. Reaction of the human cardiovascular system to respiration with additional negative pressure at breath during 15-hour head-down hypokinesia
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina. 2017. V. 51. ¹ 3. P. 22–30
A method of respiration with additional negative pressure (ANP) can be used for preventing the hemodynamic disorders during long-term exposure in microgravity. Investigations were performed at the end of the 14th and beginning of the last (15th) hour of head-down tilt (-15°, HDT) before, during and after ANP. Human subjects were 8 essentially healthy males aged 22 to 35 years. Bioimpedance techniques were applied to assess distribution of body liquids and pulmonary hydration; central hemodynamics indices were registered using rheography. Hemodynamic loading on the right atrium was estimated from venous concentration of the atrial natriuretic peptide precursor (proANP 1-98). The investighations were conducted in two series, i.e. experiment and control. One and the same protocol was used in each series and all the subjects participated in both series. The only difference between the series was that in the control the negative pressure breathing apparatus was substituted by a simulator that factually did not alter breathing pressure in the mouth or airways. In the experimental series, the downward trend of blood flow to the head was accompanied by a slight increase in blood supply of the torso; however, pulmonary hydration was unchanged. No significant chanages occurred in stroke volume, cardiac output, heart rate or blood pressure during and after the ANP application. Venous proANP tended upward at the time of ANP breathing as compared to the control and yet these fluctuations did not leave the physiological norm boundaries for healthy people and were much less in comparison with dynamics instigated by the head-down tilt.
Key words: negative pressure breathing, cardiovascular system, head-down tilt, countermeasures against the microgravity effects.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-3-22-30
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Glaznikov L.A, Blaguinin A.A., Sorokina L.A., Buinov L.G., Syroezhkin F.A., Nigmedzianov R.A., Plakhov N.N., Kotov O.V. Studies of effectiveness of electrical tranquilization of the central nervous system in combination with vestibular training for improvement of statokinetic stability
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina. 2017. V. 51. ¹ 3. P. 31–38
Progress in aviation engineering makes statokinetic stability the foremost issue of aviation medicine. Growth of aircrafts speed and manoeuvrability accentuates the conflict between the persistent increase of available power and steady psychophysiological abilities of the human organism. Statistics evidences that 49.0 % of aviation accidents are due to erroneous actions of pilots.
Today, aviator's labour is characterized by tough mental work while organism is subjected to a broad variety of flight factors. Information flow analysis, instant decision-taking and control of spacecraft strain the human abilities to the limit. All crew members must keep being professionally effective throughout the mission time. This circumstance dictates the necessity of appropriate means and methods of improving the statokinetic stability of aviation and space crews.
Purpose of the study was to examine psychophysiological dynamics during statokinetic perturbations prior to and on completion of a course of electrical tranquilization of the central nervous system (CNS) combined with Yarotsky's test modification.
Statokinetic perturbations were modeled by the constant Cariolis acceleration accumulation test (CAAT). Indices under study included maximum CAAT tolerance time, strength of vestibular sensory, vegetative and somatic reactions. Functional characteristics were tested using the method of complex functional computer stabilography.
Data analysis allows conclusions about high effectiveness of the course of CNS electrical traquilization combined with Yarotsky's test modification.
Key words: flying personnel, functional state, statokinetic stability, working efficiency, Yarotsky's test, electrical tranquilization, central nervous system, complex functional computer stabilography.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-3-31-38
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Kolosova O.N., Melguy N.V., Nikolaeva E.N., Shadrina L.P. Space weather effect in subauroral latitudes on psychophysiological indices of human organism
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina. 2017. V. 51. ¹ 3. P. 39–45
Purpose of our investigation was to demonstrate the impact of geomagnetic storms (GMSs) on the human psychophysiological functioning during winter in subauroral latitides known for such extreme factors as cold (below -40 °Ñ) and polar night on the background of intensive mental and emotional stresses of exam sitters. Object of the longitudinal study in quiescent geomagnetic conditions (December 18, 2014) and in the period of the doubled GMS on December 23 and 24, 2014 was native inhabitants (Yakuts) of 19.9 ± 2.2 years of age (n = 18). The rather rare doubled GMS with three short rises, the extreme environment and the social stress provoked elevation of the psychoemotional tension. Metabolically costly intersystem rearrangements in human organism due to the intensive central (emotional) duplication of adaptation processes and concurrent loss in total spectral power of cardiac regulation witness for narrowing of the homeostatic interval (adaptation potential) within which organism is able to self-organize in order to withstand external or internal stimuli.
Key words: geomagnetic storm, psychoemotional tension, simple oculo-motor reactions, subauroral latitudes, adaptation, heart rate variability, ecology.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-3-39-45
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Ivanov A.A., Mitsyn G.V., Abrosimova A.N., Bulynina T.M., Gaevsky V.N., Dorozhkina O.V., Liakhova K.N., Severyukhin Yu.S., Utina D.M., Krasavin Å.À. Radiobiological effects of secondary radiation of the phasotron at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina. 2017. V. 51. ¹ 3. P. 46–53
On the phasotron at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna outbred female mice ICR(CD-1) with body mass 26–34 g were irradiated 20, 40 and 60 minutes in the field of secondary neutron radiation by 10 to 30 fractions with mean duration of about 2 min each. Mice were exposed once to 0.5 Gy of ?-quanta 60Ñî and fractionally to 1.0 (0.5 + 0.5) and 2.0 (0.5 + 0.5 + 1.0) Gy with 5-min intervals with the dose rate of 12.46 cGy/min. Thymus and spleen mass values, number of bone marrow cells, peripheral leukocytes count and chromosomal aberrations in marrow cells and their mitotic activity in 24 hours after irradiation were indicative of a much stronger bio-effect from exposure in the neutron field as compared to standard ?-radiation. Relative bio-effectiveness estimated from the number of bone marrow cells and their mitotic activity lies in the range from 1.89 to 7.7. The unambiguous consequence for the central nervous system was neurotic conditions of animals after 22 hours since irradiaiton, and distortion of the excitation/inhibition ratio. It was shown that a mixed neutron, proton and photon field approximating the field of the secondary neutron component inside spacecraft during solar proton events possesses a high radiobiological effect. This finding will allow a more adequate evaluation of radiation risks in space missions.
Key words: neutrons, secondary radiation, protons, ?-quanta, mice, relative bio-effectiveness, phasotron, fractional irradiation, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, chromosomal aberrations, mitotic index, central nervous system.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-3-46-53
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Ponomarev S.A., Muranova A.V., Kalinin S.A., Antropova E.N., Rykova M.P., Saltykova M.M., Orlov O.I. Effect of three-minute cold exposure in cryosauna at -70 °Ñ on the cell immune system in the human organism
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina. 2017. V. 51. ¹ 3. P. 54–59
Cell components of the adaptive and congenital immunity were investigated in essentially healthy volunteers aged 27 to 34 years. Perhipheal blood was analyzed for absolute and relative counts of lymphocyte phenotypes CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD19+, CD3-CD16+CD56+, CD3+CD16+CD56+, CD3+CD25+, CD45RA+, CD4+CD45RA+, and monocytes and granulocytes expressing on membranes pattern recognition receptors of the Toll-like family (TLR2, TLR4, TLR6). A single exposure at -70 °Ñ was found to affect cell factors of the human immune system dramatically. Very low temperatures produce different changes in adaptive and congenitlal components of immunity reprsenting a complex process triggered by the stress-reaction to a short stay in air cryosauna.
Key words: air cryosauna, cold exposure, adaptation, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, pattern recognition receptors, TLR.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-3-54-59
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Biryukov N.S., Maksimova M.V., Ogneva I.V. Effect of injection of a phosphatidylcholine complex on the cortical cytoskeleton in rat's m. soleus fibers
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina. 2017. V. 51. ¹ 3. P. 60–65
Purpose of the work was to assess the cortical cytoskeleton of m. soleus fibers from rats after 6-hr tail-suspension preceded by 3 days of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) injections at a dose of 100 µã/d.
Data about the fiber perimeter, submembrane cytoskeleton thickness and percentage of bonds breaks along the perimeter were obtained using the alpha-actinin-4 anti-body stain.
The fiber perimeter remained unchanged in all groups under study. However, the percentage of breaks was high in suspension groups but not in respective groups of control. Thickness of the stained layer commensurate to the submembrane cytoskeleton did not change in the control groups and in the suspension group without lecithin injections but increased reliably in the suspension group that recieved injections by 27 % (p < 0.05) in comparison with its control.
Key words: mechanosensitivity, myofiber, microgravity, submembrane cytoskeleton, phospholipids.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-3-60-65
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Borzykh A.A., Kuzmin I.V., Nesterenko A.M., Selivanova E.K., Martianov A.A., Nikolaev G.M., Mamonov P.A., Sharova A.P., Tarasova O.S. Dynamics of rats' voluntary run characteristics following eight weeks of training
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina. 2017. V. 51. ¹ 3. P. 66–73
The purpose was to describe voluntary running patterns of rats over 24 hours by such characteristics as distance, duration and speed, to observe their dynamics in the course of 8-wk training, and to define morphometric, hormonal and biochemical correlates of animal's training level. When in cages with running wills, rays use to run in the dark period. Speed is the least variable characteristic and, probably, most informative one about the training level. Voluntary training during 8 weeks did not reduce body mass; it did not also impact blood hormones and biochemistry or citrate syntase activity in the hindlimb locomotor muscles. Hard- and software developed for rats' voluntary training can be useful in experimental validation of increased physical activity as a memthod to combat cardiovascular disorders.
Key words: rats, physical training, voluntary running, distance, speed, citrate syntase, hormonal status, blood biochemistry.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-3-66-73
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Information
Orlov O.I., Ilyin Å.À. Eighteenth meeting of the Russian-US joint working group on researches in space biomedicine and biology
Medenkov À.À., Nesterovich T.B., Kozlova N.M. Biomedical challenges of piloted space missions (from the material of the International conference on human space exploration)
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