CONTENTS
Reviews
Orlov O.I., Panasiuk M.I., Shurshakov V.A. Radiation factor in lunar missions
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 5-18.
Crew safety from ionizing space radiation is one of the aims of biomedical support to lunar missions. Results of International space station dose estimations and experimental data analysis, as well as modeling anticipated doses beyond the Earth's magnetosphere advocate for acceptability of ?1.5 month missions provided the existing dose limits are not exceeded.
Key words: lunar mission, ionizing radiation, dose measurement, radiation safety.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-5-18
|
|
|
Sigaleva E.E., Matsnev E.I., Voronkov Yu.I., Builov S.P., Zakharova L.N., Kuzmin M.P., Kriushev E.S., Degterenkova N.V., Smirnov O.A., Stepanova G.P. Retrospective analysis of clinical and physiological adaptation of human organism to 370-day bed rest
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 19-27.
The article presents a short retrospective analysis of clinical and physiological data of volunteered subjects in the IBMP-based 370-day bedrest study conducted from April 1, 1986 till April 10, 1987.
Key words: 370-day bed rest, ground modeling, microgravity, volunteered subjects, medical selection, adaptation to microgravity, clinical and physiological investigations.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-19-27
|
|
|
Badakva A.M., Miller N.V., Zobova L.N., Roshchin V.Yu. Control of the trajectory of purposive hand movements
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 28-37.
Subject of the review is analysis of the present-day concept of the purposive hand control by primates and humans in order to evaluate adequately how neck-high water immersion affects neurons in the Macaca mulatta brain cortex by deviations in the cursor trajectory toward a target. In many studies the primates had to deal with two-level tasks, i.e. first to reach a motionless and then jerking target. It was found that equally in the human and primate brain casting and performance including the adjustment of purposive hand movements are controlled by the parietal, dorsal premotor and primary motor cortex constituting an interrelated parietofrontal neural network. The review describes the reach-related latencies and hand kinematics on one and the other task levels, and ongoing neurophysiological processes as shown by single neuron responses. It was surmised that involvement of a parietofrontal region in the hand movement control is flexible. Thus, casting and performance of a complex task are controlled by the frontal region, whereas the parietal region seems to be an alternative and more rapid pathway for simple hand movements.
Key words: on-line hand trajectory control, two-level task, Macaca mulatta, parietofrontal region, parietal cortex, dorsal premotor cortex, primary motor cortex.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-28-37
|
|
|
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Skedina M.A., Kovaleva À.À., Potapov M.G. Investigation of neurophysiological processes in the brain during modeling of the microgravity conditions (5-day dry immersion)
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 38-46.
Comprehensive investigation of the central nervous system (CNS) functioning was performed with participation of 12 healthy male volunteers for 5-day dry immersion (DI). Before DI and on completion the metabolic activity in the brain was determined by the level of constant potential (CPL) synchronously with electroencephalography (EEG). The measurements were preceded by the simple reaction time test (SRT) and the Luscher test.
Correlation analysis of baseline measurement revealed a moderate anxiety correlation with averaged CPL (r = 0.68) and moderate inverse correlation with the relative power (RP) in the ?-band (r = -0.74).
After 5-day DI, stable adaptation was observed in 4 subjects. In 5 subjects CNS was transiting to a new level of adaptation; 3 subjects were in the period of acute adaptation identified by abnormal anxiety, elevated metabolic activity in the brain, decline of the ?-activity and growth of total RP in the ?- and ?1-bands. The adapted subjects were distinguished by lower or unaffected anxiety, RP growth in the ?-band, and reduction or increase in the brain metabolic activity by no more than 2 mV.
Key words: microgravity, dry immersion, electroencephalography, constant potential level, adaptation.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-38-46
|
|
|
Ilyin V.K., Tsarev V.N., Prokopovich L.S., Nikolaeva E.N., Morozova Yu.A., Ippolitov E.V., Podporin M.S. Substantiation of development and use of probiotic agents preventing pharyngo-oral inflammatory diseases of humans in artificial environments
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 47-52.
The isolation and confinement factor is provocative of parodontal inflammatory diseases. The paper reports parodontal microflora dynamics in participants of 2 chamber studies. The results evidence increases in the diversity and quantities of pathogenic bacteria. The authors rationalize the priobiotic prevention of pharyngo-oral infections in people who have to live long periods in artificial environments.
Key words: pharyngo-oral cavity, parodontitis, microflora, inflammation, prevention, isolation.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-47-52
|
|
|
Es'kov K.N. Specifics of operator's psycomotor activities during implementation of the Gomeostat procedure in ground-based experiments with short-term chamber isolation
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 53-58.
Individual gender- and age-related differences in Gomeostat procedure implementation were in the focus of five isolation studies (from 7 to 17 days) with participation of 26 human subjects.
On the average, the motor activity was the highest in the senior group (35–43 y.o.); however, leadership in the senior group was the lowest as compared with the younger groups (31–34 and 24–29 y.o.). The motor activity of male subjects was on the average higher and leadership lower compared with female subjects. In some instances these relations were statistically significant.
Key words: ground-based study, isolation and confinement, Gomeostat procedure, homeostatic objective, motor activity, leadership.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-53-58
|
|
|
Boyarintsev V.V., Zhuravlev S.V., Ardashev V.N., Shevelev O.A., Stulin I.D., Sharinova I.A., Kalenova I.Å. Characteristics of cerebral blood flow in the norm and pathologies in the course of cranio-cerebral hypothermia
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 59-64.
Neuroprotective effects, cerebral blood flow and hemodynamic reactions to cranio-cerebral hypothermia (CCHT) were comparatively studied in healthy volunteers and patients with acute cerebral infarct whose neurologic status was assessed also. Cerebral blood flow was measured using transcranial Doppler; hypothermia was induced by a therapeutic cranio-cerebral hypothermia treatment device.
A strong CCHT neuroprotective effect was demonstrated in the cerebral infarct patients. Comparison of the cerebral blood flow reaction to cooling in patients and volunteers drew our attention to difference of CCHT effects on the cerebral blood flow. Thus, in volunteers hypothermia reduced the mean blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and cerebral blood flow velocity and, to the contrary, in patients hypothermia increased blood flow with a moderate growth of the peripheral resistance indices in affected vascular area but did not change mean BP and HR.
Key words: cranio-cerebral hypothermia, cerebral blood flow, therapeutic hypothermia, transcranial Doppler.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-59-64
|
|
|
Rodina A.V., Semochkina Yu.P., Kopaeva M.Yu., Strepetov A.N., Safronov V.V., Moskaleva E.Yu. State of microglia and cognitive functions in mice in the delayed period after combined exposure to low doses of gamma- and gamma-neutron radiation
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 65-73.
Combined effects of total prolonged ?-irradiation at low (0.1 Gy) and sublethal (2 Gy) doses followed by combined head ?,n-irradiation (1 Gy) on the mouse cognitive functions and microglia were studied in delayed periods. The open-field test on day-7 after the exposure to 2 Gy showed elevated anxiety that was gone 21 days later. The prolonged total ?-irradiation at 2 Gy combined with the head ?,n-irradiation at 1 Gy caused anxiety elevation in 21 days after exposure that persisted for 2 months. The Morris water maze test evidenced the impairment of spatial memory and navigation in 60 days after the exposure to prolonged total ?-irradiation at 0.1 Gy followed by the head ?,n-irradiation at 1 Gy. The reason for the observed cognitive disorders seems to be concurrent increases in microglia population and activity suggestive of neuroinflammation.
Key words: low doses, cognitive functions, microglia, ?-irradiation, ?,n-irradiation, TSPO.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-65-73
|
|
|
Tyganov S.A., Mirzoev T.M., Rozhkov S.V., Shenkman B.S. Role of the focal adhesion kinase in the anabolic response to the mechanical stimulus in rat's atrophied postural muscle
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 74-79.
Purpose of the investigation was to elucidate the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in the mechanical stimulus conduction to the anabolic signaling pathways and protein synthesis in isolated m. soleus atrophied by 7-day hindlimb suspension (HS). Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: vivarium control (VC), 7-d HS and HS + PD (7-d HS with the use of FAK inhibitor PD562,271). After HS, isolated m. soleus were subjected to a series of eccentric contractions. Protein synthesis intensity was assessed with the use of SUnSET; levels of key anabolic markers were determined by western blotting. All the groups responded to the eccentric contractions by increasing reliably the intensity of both protein synthesis and p70S6k and rpS6 phosphorylation as compared with nonstimulated muscles. However, in group HS the response of these 3 parameters was significantly weaker than in VC. In HS + PD, the m. soleus response to mechanical stimulation did not differ from VC. We conclude that FAK inhibition in atrophied rat's m. soleus can hinder weakening of the anabolic response to induced eccentric contractions ex vivo.
Key words: m. soleus, hindlimb suspension, eccentric contractions, protein synthesis, FAK, p70s6k, rpS6.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-74-79
|
|
|
Barantseva M.Yu., Mukhamedieva L.N., Ivanova S.M., Yarlykova Yu.V., Ozerov D.S., Shafirkin A.V. Phosholipids of erythrocyte membrane bilayer during chemical inhalation combined with ionizing radiation
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 80-87.
The purpose was toxicological evaluation of isolated and combined effects of chemicals and radiation on the animal organism by changes in the phospholipid composition of erythrocyte membranes.
The experiments performed with senior male mice F1(CBA•C57BL/6) included inhalation of a low-dose mixture of chemicals, fractional ?-irradiation, and combined exposure.
As it was shown, isolated prolonged inhalation of low-dose chemicals gives invokes compensatory adaptation aimed to eliminate energy deficit by release of non-esterified fatty acids from the adipose depot and recovery of the lipid bilayer in erythrocyte membranes (EM).
Isolated fractional ?-irradiation at the total dose of 350 cGy enhances EM lipolysis. The combination of 2 factors results in summation of the effects and is characterized by prevalence of the EM lipodestruction till day 90 of recovery.
Key words: chemicals, ionizing radiation, phospholipids of erythrocyte membranes.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-80-87
|
|
|
Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Karsanova S.K., Chelnaya N.A., Yasnetsov V.V. Vestibuilo-protecting qualities of new 3-hydroxipyridine derivatives
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 88-92.
Experiments with rats showed that 100 mg/kg of new 3-hydroxypiridine derivatives SÊ-132, SÊ-170 or SÊ-171 have a strong vestibulo-protecting action and that SÊ-132 excels mexidol used as a reference standard. Microinjection of SK-132, -170 and -171 into subpleural alveoli of cat's lung affected directly 85, 84 and 84 % neurons of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) respectively; the inhibitory reaction was observed 27, 4.2 and 12 times more frequently than excitory. The inhibitory effect of SÊ-132 and SÊ-171 was observed 1.6 and 1.5 times more frequently than of mexidol. Also, SÊ-132, SÊ-170 and SÊ-171 affected directly 83, 84 and 88 % Purkinje cells respectively. The inhibitory reaction was observed 29, 3.5 and 13.5 times more frequently than excitory; the inhibitory effect of SÊ-132 and SÊ-171 was observed 1.4 times more frequently that of mexidol. Consequently, the anti-motion-sickness effect of these new compounds hinges on MVN and cerebellum cortex.
Key words: new 3-hydroxypiridine derivatives, vestibulo-protecting action, medial vestibular nucleus, cerebellum, Purkinje cell.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-88-92
|
|
|
Platova N.G., Lebedev V.M., Spassky A.V., Trukhanov Ê.À. Chromosomal aberrations in the lettuce root meristem after seeds irradiation by accelerated carbon ions and germination in hypomagnetic environment
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 93-100.
Lactuca sativa L. seeds were exposed to 12Ñ ions with the energy of 400 MeV/nucleon and received the absorbed dose of 1 Gy in the normal geomagnetic field as well as attenuated in 50, 360 and 2500 times. The chromosomal aberration test of sprouts points out that hypomagnetic environments aggravate the radiation damage.
Key words: remote space missions, heavy charged particles, carbon ions, hypomagnetic environment, Lactuca sativa, lettuce seeds, chromosomal aberrations.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-93-100
|
|
|
Methods
Nazarov N.M., Voronina Ì.À., Korotkova T.P. Method of urine conservation for producing regenerated water with a prospect of application in long-duration space missions
|
|
|
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 4. P. 101-109.
The paper discusses development of a process to conserve urine for production of distillate with minimal concentrations of organic carbon and ammonia nitrogen.
Aboard the «Mir» station the urine preserving agent contained toxic sulfuric acid and chromium oxide.
Three novel nontoxic urine preservers suppress microbial growth and thus improve distillate quality by dint of orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) used in food industry as a drinking supplement. Different concentrations of preservers were tested in the process of regenerated water evaporation at 60 °Ñ and subsequent condensation in the transporting airflow. The preservers contained the following 3 oxidizers by-turn added at 1 or 2 month intervals: chromium oxide (CrO3), potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and potassium bichromate (K2Cr2O7).
A reverse relationship was established between organic carbon and ammonia hydrogen as the key water quality indices and urine pH. Organic carbon decreased with reduction of initial urine pH from 6 to 5 units. The organic carbon content was minimal at pH in the range of 5 to 3 and increased sharply at pH lower than 3. Ammonia nitrogen in regenerated water decreased with urine pH reduction.
In view of this relationship, urine pH should be reduced to 3 to ensure the regenerated water compliance with the potable water quality standard defined in document GOST 5084-95.
Key words: orthophosphoric acid, urine, regenerated water, low-temperature evaporation, life support system, ammonia.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-4-101-109
|
|
|
|