CONTENTS
Reviews
Badakva À.Ì., Miller N.V., Zobova L.N., Roshchin V.Yu. Role of brain cortex plasticity in the use of neural interfacing
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 5-13.
The review provides a rough idea of intensive investigations in the brain – system interfacing. Neuronal activity is recorded from the brain cortex and decoded by processor in order to extract intention of a human and to use the decoded information for control of an external device. Translation to the brain of «sensory» feedback through multichannel coordinated microstimulation of the sensory cortex establishes a bidirectional brain – computer interface opening new opportunities for basic studies of the brain plasticity and breakthrough in the areas of «natural» control of multidimensional devices, and motor rehabilitation of patients with severe nervous system disorders.
Key words: neuronal activity, brain cortex, neuronal interface, artificial «sensory» feedback, microstimulation of the cortex, bidirectional brain – computer interface, cortex neuroplasticity.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-5-13
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Praskurnichiy Å.À., Morozkina I.V. Aeromedical risks associated with arterial hypertension
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 14-22.
Risks to flight operation safety associated with hypertension among pilots and traffic controllers are of concern to all levels of aeromedical service including the aeromedical certification or licensing boards, flight surgeons and medical officers responsible for regular physicals and pre-flight or pre-duties checks.
Key words: arterial hypertension, cardiovascular risk, ambulatory («masked») hypertension, flight safety, safety control.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-14-22
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Shafirkin A.V., Grigoriev Yu.G., Ushakov I.B. More precise definition of the relative biological effectiveness of fast neutrons and accelerated multi-charged ions at low doses for estimation of the risk of brain and lens injury by neurons
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 23-32.
The authors review the available data on damage to cortex neurons and incipient lenticular opacity in small laboratory animals after exposure to fast neutrons and accelerated multi-charged ions (AMCIs), and different doses of X- and ?-rays. Analysis and possible revision of maximum coefficients of relative biological effectiveness (RBEM) for these effects, as well as RBEM coefficients for other space radiation-induced including blast-transformation, cytogenetic alterations, increased probability of tumor development in organs and tissues, reduction of estimated lifespan, will lay the grounds for reconsideration of the existing normative documents and calculations of generalized and equivalent doses to organs and tissues based on the absorbed dose values. At present, Russian GOST 25645.218-90 «Space crew radiation safety during space flight» and ICRP 60, 61 (1994), reflect the dependence of space radiation quality factors (QF) on linear energy transfer.
Key words: space flight, radiation safety, relative biological effectiveness, accelerated multi-charged ions, high-energy neutrons.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-23-32
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Bogomolov V.V., Poliakov À.V., Kovachevich I.V., Alferova I.V., Repenkova L.G., Turchaninova V.F. Medical support to long-term (one-year or longer) piloted missions to orbital station «Mir»
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 33-38.
The authors analyzed the results of medical monitoring of cosmonauts (n = 5, 36 to 52 y.o.) and medical interventions during long-term (about a year) missions to orbital station «Mir».
The standard crew health monitoring included day-by-day checks, regular and profound examinations.
ECG in 12 leads registered rare single extrasystoles in 2 cosmonauts; T-amplitude decline from 23 to 70 % in most of ECG leads was registered in 4 cosmonauts. However, these deviations were not pathologic and did not require pharmacological correction.
Results of functional tests during the profound medical examination did not attest to significant deviations and were consistent with the general pattern of human body reactions in the conditions of space flight.
The seldom medical events did not carry any specific features that could be attributed to the extended length of these missions. All somatic and functional disorders were coped with successfully using the board medical medications and instruments. The Russian medical care system for space crews ensured minimization of the medical risks and preservation of the health and efficiency of cosmonauts on on-year and longer missions.
Key words: orbital station «Mir», space mission, medical monitoring.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-33-38
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Nechaev A.P., Stepanova S.I., Bronnikov S.V., Shevchenko L.G., Ivanenko N.V. Study of the interrelation between intensity of cosmonauts’ work–rest schedule and frequency of crew erroneous actions on the International space station
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 39-43
Prediction of erroneous actions is a vital component of the medical-psychological support to space crews. Statistical analysis of the data accumulated in 18 missions to the International space station resulted in establishment of a reliable positive dependence of crew error frequency on labor intensity. This conclusion led to development of a methodical approach to error risk mitigation by purposeful control of crew work planning and management.
Key words: International space station, cosmonaut-operator, operational reliability, erroneous action, work and rest schedule.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-39-43.
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Kotovskaya À.R., Fomina G.À., Salnikov V.À. Investigations of cosmonauts' leg veins in repeated 6-month missions to the ISS RS
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 44-48.
Results of occlusion plethysmography examination of leg veins in 11 cosmonauts launched to Russian segment (RS) of the International space station (ISS) for 6-month missions with about 4-yr intervals are reported. Baseline measurements made before the second launch to the ISS showed some increase of the leg volume and a decrease of venous capacity in comparison with the measurements before the first launch. Comparison of the data obtained on months 2 and 5 in two missions showed consistency of individual trends in vein parameters; however, in the second missions increases in vein capacity and compliance were less pronounced. There was no distinction in kind between trends and dynamics of vein filling rates. It should be assumed that active fitness training in the interval between missions had a positive effect on the leg muscles condition and favored to diminution of the free compliance zone.
Key words: repeated space flights, leg veins.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-44-48
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Gushchin V.I., Poliakov A.V., Fedyai S.O., Pozdnyakov S.V., Nosovsky À.Ì., Shved D.M., Kuznetsova P.G., Sarantsev S.V., Niyazov A.R. Dynamics of diurnal motor activity of human operator affected by spaceflight factors during hermetic chamber simulation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 49-53.
The work has the objective to assess the diurnal motor activity and night rest quality of human subjects in hermetic chamber project Volcano as predictors of operator's psychophysiological state and mental efficiency. Subjects of the investigation were an international crew of six volunteers for 17-day simulation of a remote space mission («SIRIUS-17»). Motor activity was registered round-the-clock by an actigraphy watch. The psychophysiological state and mental efficiency were tested on the daily basis. This was the first Russian experience in diurnal monitoring of the motor activity during chamber isolation. The preliminary results point to the impact of the simulated spaceflight environment on operator's mental efficiency, sleep and motor activity.
Key words: actigraphy, motor activity, sleep, mental performance, cognitive functions, night motor activity, work schedule.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-49-53
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Îrlov O.I., Mamonova E.Yu., Levanov V.M., Perevedentsev O.V., Chernogorov R.V. Functional approach to the grouping of occupational risks to healthy employees
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 54-58.
Risks to the health of working population are a fundamental concept defining the medical care system for employees of industrial companies no matter the form of property. Owing to the on-going revision of labor protection standards and regulations, the topic gains currency equally in term of theory and practice. The subject of this study is occupational risks to health.
The authors propose a set of criteria of separating the risks into subgroups to construct thereupon a differential risk management system. The system is based on the criteria of relation to production process, factor parameter, factor effect, most frequent consequences to health, maximum realization of risk, economies losses for company and eco-damage, risk prediction, medical interventions etc.
Key words: health risk, risk management system, harmful and dangerous production process risk factors.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-54-58
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Ivanov A.V., Kvasovets A.V., Bubeev Yu.À. Analysis of unconscious hand micro-movements as a method for the studies of responding to meaningful information
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 59-65.
A new method is based on a modified coupled motor response procedure. Response to a complex, i.e. text, verbal plus pictorial information, is assessed by ideomotor movements by both hands. Patterns of extramental small movements accompanying the left and right hand activities during voluntary movements of one hand have been described.
There were three investigations performed in different situations when information importance was a sequence of personal or social disadaptation. In one investigation subjects were patients of a mental hospital with actual personality problems; in another, patients who had committed unlawful acts. In the third investigation information importance was concocted.
Results of these investigations advocate for potential usability of the method for revealing the individual patterns of response reflecting as personality, so previous encounter with factors affecting social adaptation.
Key words: small hand movements, disadaptation, coupled motor reaction, hemispheric asymmetry.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-59-65
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Kurdanova Ì.Kh., Beslaneev I.A., Kurdanova Md.Kh., Batyrbekova L.M., Kurdanov Kh.A. System analysis of autonomic nervous regulation, endothelium function and thyreoid status of healthy people on highlands
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 66-73.
Effects of thyroid hormones (TH) and nitrogen oxide (NO) on cardiac variability and hemodynamics in healthy highlanders and lowlanders were compared. Out of 125 examined people 70 were autochthons from the Elbrus region (2200–3100 m above sea level) and 55 were relatively healthy lowlanders. All of them were subjected to clinical, instrumental and biochemical investigations including cardiac rhythm variability evaluation (CRV), ECG, blood plasma analysis for TH, thyrotrophic hormone (ÒÒH) and stable NO metabolites.
Highlanders were noted to have minor hemodynamic shifts and a high adaptive potential. NO metabolism and TH are closely connected with autonomous nervous regulation of the cardiac rhythm, hemodynamics and adaptability equally in healthy people living in mountains and on plains.
Our results suggest a lesser tension of the heart regulation systems and hemodynamics in highlanders as compared to lowlanders.
Key words: autonomic nervous regulation of the cardiac rhythm, nitrogen oxide, thyreoid hormones, highlanders.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-66-73
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Yasnetsov V.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Yasnetsov Vik.V., Karsanova S.Ê., Chelnaya N.À. Neuroprotective properties of new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 74-78.
Experiments with rats subject to 10 Gz-induced cerebral ischemia demonstrated a dose-dependent neuroprotective effect of new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives (SK-132, SK-170 and SK-171; 25 and 50 mg/kg/d). Effect of all these substances, SK-170 particularly, exceeded that of mexidol, a medication of comparison. All three substances (50 mg/kg/d) excelled mexidol in moderating the neurologic deficit provoked by bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries. We conclude that SK-132, SK-170 and SK-171 exert the neuroprotective effect on experimentally induced cerebral ischemia.
Key words: new 3-hydroxypiridine derivatives, mexidol, neuroprotective effect, rats.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-74-78
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Ivanov À.À., Sidakova Ya.V., Kosolapova N.I., Levinskikh Ì.À. Effect of humic preparations on seed germination
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 79-85.
Experiments with white mustard Sinapis alba L. and spring wheat Triticum aestivum L. were aimed at evaluation of the effect of humic fertilizers Cavita biocomplex and Biohumus on the germination rate of vegetables and tomatoes.
It was demonstrated that fertilizer concentrations of 0.001 to 1 % increased the number of germinated seeds; however, Cavita biocomplex demonstrated a selective effect on wheat seeds. Cavita biocomplex showed a pronounced stimulation effect on germinated seeds mass of both mustard and wheat. Biohumus had a moderate simulating effect on wheat seeds only.
These results show, presumably, some promise for the humic fertilizers use in space crop production.
Key words: «Biohumus», Cavita biocomplex, humic substances, Sinapis alba, Triticum vulgare, germination, fresh mass of sprouts.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-79-85
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Brief Communications
Soldatov S.K., Zasyadko Ê.I., Bogomolov A.V., Vonarshenko A.P., Yazlyuk M.N. Psychophysiologic occupationally important qualities of pilot-instructors and their development
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 1. P. 86-91.
The results of determining the psychophysiologic occupationally important qualities of pilot-instructors with the goal of training optimization are presented.
The pilot-instructors participating in the experiments were divided into 2 groups. The 1st group (15 people) included people who had just completed their studies (theoretical training), without work experience, aged 25–28 ys, the 2nd group (10 people) were experienced pilot-instructors with work experience of 8–10 years qualified as a 1st class specialist, aged 35–37 ys and flying on Yak-52 type airplanes.
On the evidence of the survey by questionnaire and testing it was concluded that the most important occupational characteristics of pilot-instructor are visual and instrumental tracking abilities and situational awareness. The occupationally important psychophysiologic qualities can be improved by a dedicated course integrated in the planned training program.
Key words: professionally important qualities, pilot-instructor, psychophysiological profile, psychophysiological training.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-86-91
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Instructions for Authors
P. 92
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