CONTENTS
Reviews
Ogneva I.V., Larina I.M., Sarantseva S.V.Development of Drosophila melanogaster in space flight
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 3. P. 5–11The review deals with the available literary data on different aspects of Drosophila melanogaster vital functions in the conditions of real and modeled microgravity. The developmental stages, embryogenesis and aging, specifically, and behavioral reactions are discussed. The presented results of morphological as well as molecular genetic analyses are indicative of structural changes in early Drosophila embryos and their compensation during subsequent development, and formation of an adaptive gene-expression pattern in microgravity.
Key words. Microgravity, Drosophila, morphogenesis, gene-expression pattern.
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Krutko V.N., Dontsov V.I., Zakharyashcheva Î.V., Kuznetsov I.A., Mamikonova Î.À., Pyrvu V.V., Smirnova T.M., Sokolova L.A. Biological age as an index of human health level, aging and ecological well-being
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 3. P. 12–19
Methodology of estimating the integral health and aging level is based on the system index of biological age (BA). The paper introduces the reader to the BA principles and structure, search for meaningful aging biomarkers, useful tests, and applications in present-day biomedicine. The concept of BA is directly linked with the theory of organism vitality. BA biomarkers must provide a detailed picture of the process of aging. Number of biomarkers cannot be large, while their changes with aging must be uniform in every population member and fairly distinct though with moderate interindividual variations. Prognosis of the vital trajectory requires estimation of risk factors, i.e. hereditary and acquired factors that affect lifespan, and also longevity factors, i.e. genetic and environmental factors crucial for clinical medicine and gerontological prophylaxis properly. At present, BA gains wide recognition in clinical and preventive medicine, physiology and biology as a method to evaluate the general state of health, ecological well-being, adaptation to extreme factors, as well as the rate and degree of organism aging.
Key words. Biological age, aging, health evaluation, biomarkers of aging.
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Sukhoterin A.F., Pashchenko P.S. Structural-functional reserves of the vegetative nervous system in pilots flying high maneuver aircrafts
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 3. P. 20–24
Purpose of the work was to analyze morbidity among pilots of different categories of aircraft, and to investigate reactivity of the vegetative nervous system (VNS) in pilots flying high maneuver aircrafts varying in age and flying time. Morbidity was deduced from the data of aviation medical exams. The VNS investigation involved 56 pilots of fighter and assault aircrafts both in the inter-flight periods and during duty shifts. Cytochemistry was used to measure glycogen in peripheral blood neutrophils in 77 pilots. It was shown that the pre-stress condition in pilots with the flying time more than 1000 hours may transform to chronic stress, provided that the flight duties remain heavy. According to the cytochemical data, concentration of neutrophilic glycogen indicating the energy potential of peripheral blood leukocytes is controlled by hormones secreted by the VNS sympathetic and parasympathetic components.
Key words. Vegetative nervous system, +GZ accelerations, functional reserve.
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Gushchin V.I., Shved D.M., Levinskikh Ì.À., Vinokhodova À.G., Signalova O.B., Smoleevskiy À.Å. Ecopsychological investigations in 520-day isolation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 3. P. 25–29
Assessment of the importance of higher plants for emotions and relations within the group of test-subjects was performed in the long-duration chamber experiment MARS-500 designed as an imitation of an exploration mission. It was shown that the degree of involvement with the plants dictated the magnitude and character of the ecopsychological effect. Subjects with high psychological stability and dominating introversion were more inclined to interact with plants. Remoteness of the greenhouse from recreation areas weakened the ecopsychological effect and denied the crew the opportunity to interact with plants. At the same time, the presence of the plant growth unit with decorative plants in the lounge had certainly a positive psychological effect. The crew gave preference to big bright flowers that did not demand much care. This observation should be taken into consideration by designers of psychological recreation environments. Choice of plants to be grown as a dietary supplement for the crew in isolation and confinement should be made with allowance for cultural preferences of crew members.
Key words. Ecopsychology, simulation experiment, long-duration isolation.
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Rudimov E.G., Pogodina M.V., Buravkova L.B. Effect of modeled microgravity on the secretory activity of cultivated human endothelium cells
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 3. P. 30–35
Endothelial cells monolayers are capable to respond to microenvironmental changes immediately by synthesis of vasoactive substances, chemokines, and expression of adhesion molecules. A variety of microgravity models were used to demonstrate the high mechanical and gravity sensitivity of the endothelium. The work was aimed at studying the effects of modeled microgravity on soluble cytokines synthesis by normal and TNF-activated human umbilical vein endotheliocytes. It was found that intact endothelial cells may differ in the ability to secrete IL-6 and IL-8 and that proinflammatory activation increases secretion of these interleukins. Manifestation of this effect is inversely proportional to basal cytokines secretion. Microgravity generated in the Random Positioning Machine does not affect the paracrine effects of proinflammatory induction. This suggests that microgravity is not a proinflammatory stimulant for endothelial cells; at least, it does not increase cytokines secretion or impede the development of inflammatory reaction.
Key words. Endothelial cells from the human umbilical vein, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, inflammation, microgravity.
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Tsetlin V.V., Zotin A.A., Moisa S.S. Effect of an altered magnetic field on the development of great ramshorn Planorbarius corneus (Gastropoda, Planorbidae)
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 3. P. 36–44
Effects of a 100–300-fold attenuated geomagnetic field on the embryonic development of great ramshorn Planorbarius corneus and water oxidation-reduction properties were studied in a hypomagnetic chamber. The hypomagnetic field was largely favorable to the Ð. corneus development. Specifically, teratogenic effects were less massive, i.e. embryos that had known no other environment but hypomagnetism were characterized by low death rate. The agility index grew in embryos on the stages of late veliger and post-metamorphosis. A sharp increase of the magnetic field to the normal strength resulted in rapid death of embryos and juvenile mollusks (virtually, their growth was arrested). Type of induction was dependent on adaptation of juvenile P. corneus to a magnetic field. Mollusks grown in the normal geomagnetic field would prefer the conditions with maximal induction, whereas mollusks developed in the hypomagnetic chamber, on the contrary, chose the conditions with minimal induction. The oxidation-reduction potential of water increased as magnetic induction attenuated pointing to a natural decline in internal energy of water molecules due, as we see it, to inhibition of the mollusk embryonic development.
Key words. Hypomagnetic field, great ramshorn Planorbarius corneus, embryogenesis, agility index, oxidation-reduction potential of water.
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Temuryants N.A., Kostuyk A.S. Variable magnetic field of 8 Hz corrects the opioid system activity in mollusks behind the ferromagnetic screening
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 3. P. 45–50
The three phases of mollusk nociception alteration as a result of extended ferromagnetic screening combined with exposure to a variable magnetic field of 8 Hz correlated with phase changes in the opioid system activity (OSA) deduced from the naloxone action on the thermal avoidance response. On phase I, OSA inactivation was inhibited and, consequently, hyperalgesia progression was expedited. On phase II, OSA rose so that naloxone annulled completely the antinociceptive effect produced by the ferromagnetic screening. On phase III, OSA declined progressively, as naloxone merely reduced the antinociceptive effect because of, apparently, growing OSA tolerance to the ferromagnetic screening. Phase I was absent when mollusks were exposed to the ferromagnetic screening and variable magnetic field; however, OSA changes on phases II and III were present. It was concluded that the variable magnetic field of 8 Hz can be used for correcting changes in the opioid system activity in mollusks behind the ferromagnetic screening.
Key words. Ferromagnetic screening, variable magnetic field of 8 Hz, nociception, opioid system, mollusks.
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Melnikov V.N., Polyakov V.Ya., Krivoshchekov S.G., Baranov V.I., Rechkina S.Yu. Structural-functional characteristics of cervical vessels in hypertensive patients under changed atmospheric pressure
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 3. P. 51–55
The ultrasonic location technique was used to measure intima-media thickness (IMT), as well as internal systolic diameter of and linear blood velocity in the cervical arteries in people with initial hypertension. Correlation analysis elicited a temporal contingency between these parameters and daily average values of atmospheric pressure. Thus, common carotid artery IMT tended to increase on high-pressure days. Besides, diameters of the common and internal carotid arteries, and vertebral artery were narrowed and, consequently, linear blood velocity in these vessels increased. This relationship is more evident in men than women and in elderly subjects than young. These results are suggestive of a vasoconstrictive action of high atmospheric pressure on these arteries. The relationship is not universal, as it is nonlinear for diameter of the internal carotid artery and inverse for the external one. This implies different sensitivity of arteries to the factor under study and possible blood redistribution in the arterial basin depending on external pressure. The relationship was observed equally on the day of investigation and previous days, which points to its temporal stability.
Key words. Atmospheric pressure, brachiocephalic arteries, carotid artery, intima-media, blood flow.
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Methods
Berkovich Yu.À., Krivobok A.S., Krivobok N.M., Smolyanina S.O. Promising technique of mineral supply organization for plants in the condition of microgravity
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 3. P. 56–62.
The proposed system of automated nutrient solution preparation for plant cultivation in microgravity consists of an ion-exchange fabric artificial soil (AS) as a root-inhabited medium, a pack with slow release fertilizer as the main source of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and a cartridge with a granular mineral-rich ionite as a source of calcium, magnesium, sulphur and iron. Experiments proved that fabric AS BIONA-V3 is capable to stabilize ðÍ of the substrate solution within the range of 6.0 to 6.6 favorable to the majority of vegetable cultures. The experimental data attested suitability of this technique of water forcing through mineral-containing packs to automate nutrient solution preparation for crops cultivated in space greenhouses, and to minimize the stock of fabric AS onboard the space vehicle.
Key words. Mineral supply system, ion-exchange artificial soil, slow-release fertilizer, space greenhouse.
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Mitrikas V.G. Mathematical simulation support to the dosimetric monitoring on the Russian segment of the International Space Station
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 3. P. 63–68
To ensure radiation safety of cosmonauts, it is necessary not only to predict, but also to reconstruct absorbed dose dynamics with the knowledge of how long cosmonauts stay in specific space vehicle compartments with different shielding properties and lacking equipment for dosimetric monitoring. In this situation, calculating is one and only way to make a correct estimate of radiation exposure of cosmonaut’s organism as a whole (tissue-average dose) and of separate systems and organs. The paper addresses the issues of mathematical simulation of åðó radiation environment of standard dosimetric instruments in the Russian segments of the International Space Station (ISS RS). Results of comparing the simulation and experimental data for the complement of dosimeters including ionization chamber-based radiometer R-16, DB-8 dosimeters composed of semiconductor detectors, and Pille dosimeters composed of thermoluminescent detectors evidence that the current methods of simulation in support of the ISS RS radiation monitoring provide a sufficiently good agreement between the calculated and experimental data.
Key words. Ionizing radiation, absorbed dose, International Space Station, shielding function.
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