CONTENTS
Reviews
Ponomarev S.A., Belakovsky M.S., Orlov O.I. SIRIUS-21: international long-term isolation study in an air-tight complex with cotrolled environment
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The paper gives an overview of the 8-month isolation study in the unique research facility at the RF SSC – IBMP RAS with participation of a mixed crew (3 males and 2 females). The overview presents the scenario, environmental parameters, researches programs, as well as plans of operations and technical support designed in line with the concept of biomedical support of long-tern piloted missions beyond the low Earth orbit.
Key words: space mission, analog study, isolation and confinement.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 7. P. 5-11.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-7-5-11
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Shved D.M., Vinokhodova A.G., Kuznetsova P.G., Nekto A.A., Rozanov I.A., Savinkina A.O., Schastlivtseva D.V., Polyanichenko A.A., Bubeyev Yu.A. Main results of the russian psychological and psychophysiological investigations in 8-month isolation study SIRIUS-21
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The paper summarizes the Russian psychological and psychophysiological investigations in the 240-d isolation study, including the emotional, cognitive and psychosocial aspects of adaptation to the stressful environment. The positive effect of psychophysiological stability on functional dynamics and retention of skills during long-term isolation is pointed out. Dependence of teamwork success on in-group interactions and splitting was studied. Differences in dynamics of cohesion and outer communication of the small group in comparison with the earlier studies were, probably, associated with other methods of training and some important events during isolation. Innovative ways of psychological support, including simulation of professional activities in space mission, proved to be advantageous.
Key words: chamber isolation, long-term isolation, SIRIUS-21, psychophysiological investigations.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 7. P. 12-27.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-7-12-27
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Prosvirnin A.V., Ruzhichko I.A., Orlov A.V., Astafieva S.N., Diachenko A.I., Suvorov A.V. Changes in the cardiovascular system parameters according to the bycicle ergospyrometry test durung 8-month isolation
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The paper presents the results of studying the cardiovascular effects of 8-month isolation on a mixed crew (3 males and 2 females at the age of 29-43 years). The aim was to assess heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) dynamics, and tolerance of physical loading in the condition of limited space.
The investigation was conducted in the IBMP Ground-based experimental complex (NEK) within the SIRIUS-21 project. Objective data about physical performance and cardiorespiratory system functioning were obtained using the ergospirometry test with a gradual load increase and simultaneous measurements of ECG, pulse oximetry and BP. The test was performed before isolation, at the end of each month in isolation and after isolation completion.
The overall results indicate HR decreases at rest and during submaximal loading that suggest an increase of the cardiovascular system functional reserve. In most of the crew members the systolic and diastolic BP values remained within the age norm with occasional episodes of short increases, in males primarily. Analysis of HR and BP dynamics leads to the conclusion that regular training has a positive effect on the body adaptation to long-term isolation.
These results can be useful in designing space missions, planning exercises for participants in isolation studies and, broadly speaking, for people who work in remote and extreme conditions with limited physical activities.
Keywords: cycle ergometry, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, SIRIUS-21, long-term isolation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 7. P. 28-34.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-7-28-34
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Markin À.À., Zhuravleva Î.À., Kuzichkin D.S., Nichiporuk I.A., Serova A.V., Kocherguin A.Y., Zhuravleva T.V., Loguinov V.I. Metabolic, hemostatic, psychological and gender specific adaptation of the SIRIUS-21 crewmembers to 240-day isolation and confinement
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Project SIRIUS-21 - 240-d isolation of 3 males and 2 females in the airtight complex with controlled environment - simulated a piloted mission to the Moon, operators’ activities while orbiting the Moon, and on the surface of Earth’s satellite.
The subject matter of our investigation was metabolism, hemostasis reactions, interrelation of the psychological and metabolic adaptation of healthy people to the simulated conditions, as well as gender specific adaptation.
Dynamics of the biochemical indices suggested that 240-d isolation and confinement induced stress reactions such as a reduction of glycolysis intensity, persistent hypercalcemia, a more intensive buffering of the creatine kinase system, deficit of macroergic compounds, magnesium and essential microelements. The untoward shifts in metabolic tractions were partly levelled by physical exercises the preventive effect of which consisted of bringing essential microelements back to the norm, and inhibition of the atherogenesis processes. However, exercises had also a negative effect as they led to formation of the hypohydration syndrome. Shifts in hemostasis pointed to slowing down of external coagulation, increased potential of the internal coagulation cascade and, of course, final stage of coagulation. Reduction of the intensity of fibrin formation and fibrinolysis evidenced the adaptative nature of the processes in the hemostasis system that take place at the beginning and medium term of the study.
Decrement of the neuropsychic stability, signs of psychological discomfort, reduction of the energy potential, and interdependence of the psychological and biochemical parameters suggest moderate stress in the SIRIUS-21 crew members. Gender differences in anthropometry and psychophysiology, as well as in body composition are accounted for the increased anxiety in females during isolation. At the same time, the fact that females were much more successful in digital information processing most likely is indicative of a more successful adaptation to isolation.
In spite of the stress reaction, personal and physiological resources of the participants in the study were adequate for adaptation to the modeled conditions and sustaining optimal efficiency and ability to act as operators.
Key words: isolation and confinement, metabolism, hemostasis, psychological testing, adaptation, gender differences.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 7. P. 35-46.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-7-35-46
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Timme E.A., Kokueva M.A., Fomina E.V. A method for numerical analysis of the physiological response of the human cardiorespiratory system to interval exercise on a locomotor treadmill test
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A method is proposed for assessing the physiological response of the human cardiorespiratory system to intermittent physical activity and the dynamics of its changes during the Sirius-21 isolation experiment by identifying the transfer function from experimental data and calculating its parameters. The study used data from nine locomotor tests performed by one of the participants in the experiment. The data on the speed of movement of the subject on the treadmill were considered as the input of the model, and the data on oxygen consumption as the output of the model. The optimal structure of the transfer function describing the experimental data was found and its five parameters for each test were determined. The dynamics of the parameters indicates a decrease in the "physiological cost" of the locomotor test by the end of the isolation experiment, which indicates an effective cardiorespiratory adaptation of the body to moderate-intensity interval loads that were used in the training program in isolation. The proposed method demonstrates effectiveness in assessing the physiological response of the body to intermittent physical activity and can be used in automated decision support systems to prevent the negative effects of weightlessness on humans.
Keywords: interval exercise, transfer function, oxygen consumption, system identification
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 7. P. 47-52.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-7-47-52
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Vlasova D.D., Sadova À.À., Rykova M.P., Antropova E.N., Kut’ko O.V., Shulguina S.M., Orlova K.D., Shmarov V.A., Utkin K.V., Ponomarev S.A. Effect of long-term isolation and confinement on expression of the NOD-like receptors of the human innate immunity
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The purpose was to investigate expression of the family of innate immunity NOD-like receptors (NLR) in 6 essentially healthy people at the age of 28 to 44 years who volunteered for 240-d isolation and confinement within the SIRIUS-21 project.
NLR effectiveness was assessed by changes in expression of the genes encoding the NLR-receptors, proteins of the NLR signaling cascades, and proteins inducing the NF-?B, AP-1, MAPK pathways.
Analysis of the data showed that long-term isolation exerts a variety of effects on gene expression in this group of receptors. Formation of the inflammasome complex during isolation may trigger inflammatory responses.
Key words: NOD-like receptors, recognition receptors, innate immunity, space mission, space biology, gene expression.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 7. P. 53-61.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-7-53-61
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Ilyin V.K., Solovieva Z.O., Komissarova D.V., Morozova Yu.A., Sheblaeva A.S., Usanova N.A., Krivonogov I.A., Skedina Ì.À. Microbiological investigation in the SIRIUS-21 project
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The work is devoted to investigation of microflora of the gut, upper airways, cutaneous covering, jaws and teeth (all participants), and vagina (2 females only) in the 8-mo. SIRIUS-21 study. In different periods in isolation, five participants consumed Lactobacillus spp and S. salivarius autoprobiotic supplements.
The investigation showed that the Lactobacillus-based supplement had a beneficial stabilizing effect on the gut microflora during acute adaptation (days 0-14) and by the end of isolation. According to analysis of nasal smears, populations of opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus spp. had two peaks, i.e. at the beginning (day 30) and at the end (days 180 and 210) of isolation. Count of Staphylococcus spp. on the sculp of participants varied significantly and had also two peaks: at the beginning (days 0) and on the day 180th of isolation. Analysis of samples from the auricles and wet skin areas did not discover noteworthy differences in the count of microorganisms throughout isolation. Data about the vaginal and cervical channel microflora suggest that long-term isolation is a risk factor in terms of chronic inflammatory diseases due to the growth of anaerobic and facultative opportunistic pathogens count and decrease of Lactobacillus spp. count. According to the saliva analysis, the S. Salivarius-based supplement was favorable for mouth and throat microbiota.
Key words: microflora, isolation studies, gut, vaginal flora, probiotics, auto probiotics.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 7. P. 62-71.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-7-62-71
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Shotaro Doki, Daria Schastlivtseva, Daisuke Hori, Tsukasa Takahashi, Norishige Kanai, Wakako Migaki, Akari Fujii, Mami Ishitsuka, Asako Matsuura, Hotaka Tsukada, Satoshi Uchida, Toshiya Hayashida, Souma Nishimura, Reem Al Assaad, Maral Soronzonbold, Ichiyo Matsuzaki, Shin-ichiro Sasahara Measurement of Brain Activity During Cognitive Tasks in SIRIUS-21
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Purpose: Prolonged confinement during lunar habitation or Mars exploration, combined with limited communication and restricted emergency return options, can lead to significant mental stress due to constant interpersonal interactions and isolation from Earth. This mental stress has the potential to negatively impact the mission, making proper management essential. This study utilized functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure brain activity as a means of detecting mental stress. The aim was to evaluate brain activity changes in crew members who took part in the Scientific International Research In Unique terrestrial Station 21 (SIRIUS-21) mission.
Method: fNIRS measurements were taken during cognitive tasks from six SIRIUS-21 crew members. The measurements were conducted six times: before entering the confined environment facility, during the stay (four times), and after exiting the facility. A two–channel fNIRS device was used to measure oxyhemoglobin absorption in the frontal region during the cognitive task.
Results: Due to several measurement inaccuracies, only three crew members had more than two valid data points. No changes in average oxyhemoglobin concentrations were observed before, during, or after the cognitive tasks prior to confinement. However, during confinement, an increase in average oxyhemoglobin concentrations was observed during the cognitive tasks.
Conclusion: For technical reasons, data from three crew members at two measurement points was included in the data processing. When comparing the oxyhemoglobin concentrations before and during confinement, we found that brain activity appeared to be more activated during confinement than before confinement. This suggests that prolonged confined environments may result in differences in brain activation.
Keywords: Confined environment, fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy), SIRIUS-21, Simulation, Psychological stress.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 7. P. 72-78.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-7-72-78
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