CONTENTS
Reviews
Polianichenko À.À., Pozdniakov S.V., Ryumin Î.Î., Bobkov D.N., Bubeev Yu.A., Savenko Î.À., Kotov O.V. Basic elements of the psychomedical support to extravehicular activities of cosmonauts on mission
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Extravehicular activity (EVA) is the most challenging operation within mission programs on board the International space station (ISS). It includes tasks which are executed on spacecraft outer surfaces, and in non-pressurized or depressurized compartments. The associated risks require monitoring and assistance by the group of ground control. Medical and psychological members of the group are responsible for health check of cosmonauts before they go out into open space to make sure that their health state will not complicate EVA accomplishment.
Analysis of the EVA results showed that the current procedure of physiological and communication/behavior testing used for admission or suspension of a cosmonaut ensures that physical performance and psychophysiological condition will not impact EVA implementation. This approach ensures cosmonaut’s readiness for EVA and minimizes the risks of issues within the human-machine system due to the human factor.
Key words: extravehicular activity, psychological support, communicative behavior, spacesuit, Russian segment of the International space station.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 5-14.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-5-14
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Supolkina N.S., Yusupova À.Ê., Shved D.M., Nosovsky À.Ì., Gishchin V.I. Influence of professional experience on dynamics of cosmonauts’ communication with MCC in the course of long-term mission
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The paper analyzes the inputs of previous professional and flight experience in communication patterns of cosmonauts during long-term missions. Though there is lots of evidence of differences in communication styles of ex-military and civil cosmonauts, systematic analysis of the facts is still insufficient.
The authors undertook a quantitative content-analysis of utterances made by 14 cosmonauts using own version of the Lomov’s functional model of communication. Of interest was that experienced cosmonauts demonstrate a more intense and functionally diverse communication with MCC, usually in the second half of missions. Civil cosmonauts actively use the informative communication style at the beginning, while ex-militaries show a sharp rise in social and emotional communication in the second half of missions which is interpreted as a delayed emotional transfer. Peak of the affective stress in the mission halfway is analogous to that in polar expeditions and infers universality of stress dynamics in isolation and confinement.
These observations substantiate the necessity of differential psychological assistance.
Key words: space psychology, content-analysis, extended space missions, MCC-crew communication, crew selection, previous mission experience, emotional burnout, mission quarters.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 15-21.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-15-21
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Boyarintsev V.V., Orlov O.I., Petrov A.S., Ardashev V.N., Mukhamedieva L.N., Ozerov D.S., Nagovitsin A.V., Otstavnova Yu.Yu. Humam heart rhythm variability on different stages of adaptation to long-term isolation and confinement
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Extended space missions raise questions about adaptation of the human organism to isolation. Cardiovascular system (CVS) and vegetative regulation play the key role in adaptation to stress factors. Ground-based isolation studies enable retracing phases of adaptation and acquire knowledge that helps to increase safety of manned space missions. Heart rhythm variability (HRV) is a reliable indicator of the vegetative nervous system functioning and sequence of its stages.
The investigation involved 6 healthy people (4 women and 2 men at the age of 30 ± 4.5 yrs.) volunteered for the 365-d isolation study. Five-minute ECG records (lead II) were gathered with Kardiovizor-06C. Investigations of supine volunteers were performed once a month following 5 minutes of rest. HRV analysis was performed by software integrated into the device.
Three phases of adaptation included an acute phase, relative stabilization and strain of the adaptive mechanisms. Parasympathetic regulation prevailed during the acute adaptation and was attended by a heart rate reduction. During relative stabilization, HRV had no noteworthy deviations on average. Be the end of isolation, signs of dysrhythmia, i.e. multiple excitation focuses were observed in the R-R interval scattergrams from several participants.
Extended isolation causes phase deviations in the sympathovagal balance such as an increase of the vagal influence at the beginning, relative equilibrium in the middle and a shift toward the sympathetic prevalence at the end of isolation that altogether may increase the risk of arrhythmias. These deviations were confirmed both by the quantitative data and visual analysis of scattergrams. HRV monitoring helps define phases of CVS adaptation during extended isolation and timely detect unfavorable shifts in the heart rhythm regulation.
Key words: long-term isolation, adaptation of the cardiovascular system, heart rhythm variability, vegetative nervous system.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 22-31.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-22-31
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Saveko À.À., Bekreneva M.P., Shpakov A.V., Koloteva M.I., Tomilovskaya E.S. Investigation of the postural and locomotor stability after 21-day bed rest and use of the short-arm centrifuge as a countermeasure
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Long-term hypokinesia as a model of the physiological effects of space missions and specific clinical conditions impacts the orthostatic, postural and locomotion stability.
Bedrest study (21 days, -6°) with participation of 5 normal test-subjects showed that repeated interval rotation on the short-arm centrifuge (SAC) prevents partly degradation of the postural and locomotion stability by moderation of the hypokinesia effect on the neuromuscular apparatus of the lower extremities and orthostatic reflex mechanisms of the vertical static and dynamic stability. However, there were also untoward vestibular effects such as an increased distance of the center of pressure shifting in the vertical position with visual feedback.
These results attest to the SAC potential as a countermeasure to the loss of postural stability after long-term hypokinesia and emphasize the importance to optimize centrifugation protocols and thus to minimize the side-effects.
Key words: artificial gravity, short-arm centrifuge, postural stability, gait, prophylaxis, bed rest, hypokinesia.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 32-40.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-32-40
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Pasekova O.B., Sigaleva E.E., Matsnev E.I., Ivanov Ê.P., Sigaleva Ò.V. Characteristics of the functional condition of the auditory organ of volunteers during 21-day bed rest
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Auditory function was investigated in microgravity modeled by 21-d BR (-6°) with participation of 12 normal male subjects at the age of 29.8 ± 4.6 yrs. (M ± SD). Methods of investigation were otoscopy, tympanometry (ÒÌ) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE). Otoscopy was performed using a photography system. ÒÌ included middle ear pressure (daPa), maximal compliance (equivalent ear canal volume, ml) and middle ear volume (ml). DPOAE was used to measure the signal-to-noise ratio (dB) within the 0.9–4.2 kHz range. Otoscopy demonstrated a more detailed capillary pattern of the outer auditory meatus in 58.3 % of subjects. ÒÌ showed upward trends of the volumes of equivalent ear canal and middle ear. There was also a distinct downward trend of the signal-to-noise ratio at 1.5 kHz and below.
Data obtained in this 21-d BR study agree with previous findings pointing to the negative effect of body liquids shifting toward the cranium on the hearing and call for introduction of an objective non-invasive ENT examination into the system of in-orbit crew medical monitoring.
Key words: auditory organ, product distortion otoacoustic emission, tympanometry, otoscopy, head-down bed rest, microgravity, space mission.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 41-48.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-41-48
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Brzhozovsky A.G., Kashirina D.N., Pastushkova L.Kh., Larina I.M. Analysis of 12-hour dynamics of the blood plasma lipidome
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Lipidome analysis is mass spectrometry (MS) of the molecular lipids combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that gains footing in the investigations aimed to discover informative biomarkers of diseases.
The paper contains analysis of 12-hr dynamics and variability of the plasma lipidome. Absence of timely detectable lipid molecules in the norm and clear understanding of pathogenesis of changes substantiate topicality of these investigations. The authors discuss lipidome investigations that differences revealed in some types of lipid molecules of healthy people. Also, they describe increases in different lipid groups under controlled diet including some ceramides and phospholipids (phosphatidylycerols, phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholine). In addition, it has been published that levels of ceramides and glycerophosphocholines were dependent on time of day which points to the intricacy of lipid regulation in human blood. Levels of cholesterol ester and triacylglycerols were time and meal dependent. Cholesterol esters are essential for cholesterol absorption in the intestine; they supply most lipids to chylomicrons and hepatic lipoproteins.
Unification MS procedures, i.e. sample preparation, ionization and ion detection requirements, will enable, together with other metabolimics approaches, to acquire more information about the blood plasma lipidome.
Key words: plasma lipidomics, molecular types of lipids, variability, mass-spectrometry.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 49-61.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-49-61
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Shchegoleva L.S., Sergueeva T.B., Filippova Î.Å., Shashkova E.Yu. Content of total testosterone and phenotypes of lymphocytes in men working long watches in the RF North fleet lighthouses
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Twelve-month navigation on high North latitudes is supported by male personnel at the age of 20 to 60 years who stay in 17 lighthouses over 265 days. Their life is described by long social isolation, extreme winds, constant external roaring, waves rising to 30 meters, and strict observance of the requirements to maintenance of high-precision equipment. Hard professional pressure may lead to physical and emotional stresses and consequent exhaustion of the body, including immune, reserve and adaptive potential.
The paper considers shifts in the relationship of immunocompetent cells and total testosterone due to the harsh environment. We examined 68 keepers including 26 of those who worked on a 265-d shift (LSh) and 42 keepers on 16-d shifts (SSh). Peripheral blood samples were analyzed for lymphocyte CD4+, CD5+, CD8+, CD10+, CD25+, CD95+ and total testosterone.
Total number of CD5+ decreased in 100 % LSh keepers and 97.50 % SSh keepers. ÑD8+ increased in 76 % and 57.50 %, respectively; CD95+ increased in 20.83 % and 17.50 %, respectively; CD10+ increased in 20 % and 17.50 %, respectively. SSh keepers displayed a marked deficiency of CD4+ and CD25+ (4.58 % and 75.10 %, respectively) on the background of decreased total testosterone.
Decreases in CD4+ and CD25+ along with consistently high CD8+ levels in 76 % LSh keepers and 57.50 % SSh keepers and low total testosterone witness for a high stress to the immune system predisposing to derangement of immune homeostasis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 62-67.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-62-67
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Voronov A.V., Kvashuk P.V., Shpakov A.V., Malkin R.V., Semaeva G.N., Voronova A.A., Sokolov N.N., Primachenko G.K. Calculation of the reaction forces of the platform from the jump height
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Purpose of the investigation is to assess accuracy of calculation of the platform vertical reaction from the jump height.
The experiment involved athletes in different sports (4 females at the age of 21-22 and 6 males at the age of 20-35). Each athlete made single counter - movement maximal jumps with an arm swing (3–4 jumps) and a series of 10 and 20 jumps on force platform Kistler 9286; height of the jumps was determined using an experimental sample of a contact light track (CLT). Three models were used to calculate mean platform vertical reactions: during the jump, the plyometric and concentric phases from flight time/height and vertical velocity of the hip joint. Comparison of the modeled and actual values showed that difference between calculated and measured values for a single counter - movement jump (model 1) and calculated depending on method of calculation and jump phase makes up 0.371 N/kg (by jump height) and 0.471 N/kg (by hip joint velocity) or <5% of body mass. In the plyometric phase (model 2) and concentric phase (model 3) the difference grows to 1.445 – 2.101 N/kg or 15–21.5 % of body mass. The reason for degradation of accuracy in models 2 and 3 is a high individual variability of jump phases (32–34 %).
Integration into CLT devices that will register the starting of leg extension will improve accuracy of calculation. Correlation coefficient (r) for modeled and actual jumps series is 0.92 < r < 0.93.
Key words: modeling, jump, platform reaction, jump height.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 68-78.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-68-78
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Kravtsova E.N., Meigal A.Yu., Kulgova E.D., Guerasimova-Meigal L.I., Reguinia S.A., Moshchevikin A.P., Dvorianchikov V.V. Accelerometric profile of the TUG-test in people with baleteral vestibular hypofunction on exposure to the bone conduction sound under normal and low brightness
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Bilateral vestibular dysfunction (BVH) is characterized by disturbances in balance, spatial orientation, and compensatory hypersensitivity to visual and proprioceptive information. This study was aimed at comparison of the effects of 110 Hz bone conduction sound stimulation on gait parameters during the TUG test between individuals with BVH (n = 28) and without BVH (n = 26) using accelerometry with help of a smartphone IMU (inertial measurement unit) under normal and low-light conditions.
It was found that bone conduction sound stimulation in the BVH group resulted in a 20% reduction in TUG-test completion time (p < 0.05) and a decrease in the proportion of unusually long or short steps (p < 0.01). In the group without BVH, there were no significant changes in gait as a result of the bone conduction sound stimulation.
Key words: vestibular hypofunction, gait, accelerometry, bone conduction sound, low-light conditions.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 79-86
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-79-86
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Pashchenko P.S., Sukhoterin A.F., Zakharova I.V. Nervous and endocrine apparatuses and hemomicrocirculation in rat’s pancreas in the conditions of laboratory control and gravitational stress
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The paper deals with an investigation of the structure of secretory and nervous apparatuses and capillary vasculature of the pancreatic islets under modeled acute (AGS) and chronic (CGS) gravitational stresses.
Experiments were performed with 36 male white outbred rats; 12 rats were used as the laboratory control. AGS and CGS were modeled by centrifugation at 4.0 to 6.0 g. Histological, electron microscopy and morphometric techniques were used to analyze the pancreatic islet structure. It was shown that AGS produced predominantly the primary reactive hypertrophic changes in the B-cell protein synthesis system, local myelin delamination in membranes of the medullated (myelin) nervous fibers, capillary hyperemia and accelerated transendothelial transport. CGS was characterized by intensive compensatory and adaptive processes in the nervous and endocrine structures, abundance of blood corpuscles in capillaries, including venous capillaries due to hampered outflow in the portal vein during centrifugation.
Key words: morphology, pancreas, gravitational stress, insulinocytes, B-cell.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 87-97.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-87-97
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Berkovich Yu.A., Morozov Ya.V., Bagretsova M.P., Smolianina S.O., Ivanova À.À., Krivobok A.S., Konovalova I.O., Martirosian Yu.Ts. Development of a technology for cultivating dwarf sweet peppers in a convereyer-type space greenhouse
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One of the prerequisites for remote space exploration is availability on board of piloted vehicles and bases of advanced life support systems containing plant growth facilities to enhance closure of the biological cycle. Unlike many other vegetables, sweet peppers are known for high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and viewed as a strong candidate for cultivation in space habitats. Purpose of this work was to crop 10 species and cultivars of dwarf sweet peppers in a prototype space hydroponic conveyer greenhouse.
Plants vegetated 58 days from sprouting till fruiting on Chesnokov’s nutrient solution at 0.5 of normal dose. Photoperiod lasted 18 hours and PPF was (570 ± 40) µmol/(m2•s).
The results showed that expenditure of nitrogen during intensive crop growth was significantly faster in comparison to other microelements and the solution required nitrogen replenishment at least every three days. Pepper Krepysh was the champion among the other peppers owing to its exceptional immunity to oedema, absence of germ-free flowers, high potential productivity and short stems.
Key words: space greenhouse, plant growth unit, sweet pepper, hydroponics, mineral nutrition.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 98-106.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-98-106
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Korshunov D.V., Ilyin V.K., Poddubko S.V., Levinskikh Ì.À., Orlov O.I. Management of plant residues within perspective biological regenerative life support systems aboard space vehicles
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In prospect of remote space missions and construction and operation of manned planetary bases, particular significance is attached to design of life support systems of crews staying long periods in full isolation outside the natural environment. Extended periods of future space missions define the vitality of developing a maximum closed system of life support with cycling regeneration for artificial eco-systems. Purpose of the work was development of a technology of plant waste biotransformation to release and put into the bio-recycling process the biogenic elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
The paper describes a laboratory model of equipment for plant waste recycling based on fermenter FA-02 (PROINTEX Ltd.) and substantiates introduction of microbial fuel elements into biological life support systems.
Key words: biodegradation, microbial fuel elements, ammonification, nitrification, biological regenerative life support systems.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 1. P. 107-115.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-1-107-115
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Chronicle and Information
Ivanov A.V., Schastlivtseva D.V., Kalmanov A.S., Kotrovskaya Ò.I. On the 70th anniversary of RAS corresponding member Bubeev Yuri Arkadievich
Belakovskiy M.S., Yarmanova E.N. The first chief designer of the IBMP. On the 100th anniversary of B.A. Adamovich's birth
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