CONTENTS
Reviews
Shafirkin A.V., Grigoriev Yu.G., Ushakov I.B., Shurshakov V.A. Biological effectiveness of fast neutrons and accelerated multicharged ions for derivation of a new dependence of space radiation quality coefficients on linear energy transfer
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The authors review recent experimental data about relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of low absorbed doses (0.01–0.5 Gy) from fast neutrons and accelerated multicharged ions currently accepted as career limits for cosmonauts from the standpoint of late effects risk mitigation.
According to the new radiobiological findings, literary maximum values of the RBEM coefficients for low doses and dose rates are increased two or three times for late cytogenetic effects; benign cell transformation and tumor risks; lifetime reduction; disorders in the brain cortex neurons and damages to organs; lenticular opacity and cataract. The analysis-based revision of the quality coefficients – linear energy transfer (LET) relationship leads to a considerable increase of equivalent doses received from galactic cosmic rays and fast neutrons, and calculated total radiation risk over cosmonaut's lifetime.
Key words: space mission, radiation safety, relative biological effectiveness, accelerated multicharged ions, neutrons of fast energies.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 5-15.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-5-15
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Bubeev Yu.A., Usov V.M., Kryuchkov B.I., Syrkin L.D., Mikhaylyuk M.V. Operator's spatial orientation ability during control of remotely-piloted aircraft in virtual reality
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Functioning of remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA) in extreme poorly structured environments often calls for immediate intervention in order to prevent collision with an artificial or natural object. Assessment of human reliability in complicated situations needs profession-relevant tests of spatial orientation particularly important for operators of unpiloted apparatuses. The immersive virtual environment dominates in development of remote control technologies.
The paper analyzes approaches used in cognitive sciences to explore imagination of 2D and 3D virtual scenes and thus to get insight into the psychological aspects of spatial orientation. Psychological models can be employed in selection and setting work regulations for RPA operators.
Key words: human operator, remotely-piloted aircraft, remote control, spatial and situational awareness, spatial orientation, immersive virtual and augmented reality technologies VR/AR), human operator reliability.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 16-27.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-16-27
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Tyrina (Golikova) Å.À., Bobyleva P.I., Andreeva E.R., Buravkova L.B. Strome-dependent expansion of hemopoietic precursors during 7-day modeling of the effects of microgravity
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It is well known that long-term space missions influence various myeloid shoots of hemopoiesis in humans and animals.
In this investigation, we used several optimized models of co-culturing mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to analyze the HSPCs suspension fractions following 7-day modeling of the effects of microgravity. We determined the number of developing HSPCs, presence of colony-forming units (CFU) of various hemopoietic shoots and phenotype spectrum of cells in colonies.
We observed an increased number of HSPCs, decreased number of CFUs, and changes in the structure of CFU population after the exposure to modeled microgravity.
Key words: mononuclear cells of umbilical blood, hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, co-culturing, modeled effects of microgravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 28-35.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-28-35
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Tzetlin V.V., Bersenev E.Yu., Stepanova G.P., Degterenkova N.V., Anikeev D.A. Monitoring of the effects of isolation factors on human physiological functions within the SIRIUS-19 project
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The paper presents the results of examination of 6 volunteers (3 males and 3 females) in a 120-d isolation study aimed to simulate a mission to the Moon.
The factors of our interest were the helio-geomagnetic background and electromagnetic environment (EME). EME variations were determined by the H+ ions activity (potentiometer), water pH and redox potential (ion meter). Diurnal fluctuations of autonomic regulation of the heart rate (HRV) were monitored to reveal possible interconnected biotrophic effects.
From our observations it followed that each volunteer had own diurnal profile of biorhythms and that HRV in men and women were different. Male volunteers showed a more pronounced downward trend of mean diurnal HR in succeeding measurements pointing to the growth of parasympathetic regulation because of lowered locomotor activity. Men and women demonstrated identical shifts in diurnal HR registered every 10–12 days. On weekends, the 1 to 1.5 hour shift of the morning HR elevation corresponded to the late awakening. On the days of high ionosphere disturbance the sympathetic and parasympathetic segments of the cardiovascular system regulation responded by maximal activation.
Key words: electromagnetic exposure, environment, ionospheric plasma, water oxidation-reduction potential, pH hydrogen number, diurnal index, hart rhythm variability.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 36-44.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-36-44
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Schastlivtseva D.V., Kalmanov A.S., Kotrovskaya T.I., Bubeev Yu.A. Individual and typological characteristics of operator's EEG reactions to time deviations in the work/rest cycle
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The relationship between of individual typological characteristics and dynamics of the EEG rhythms was studied in human operators challenged by deviations in the work/rest cycle during 21-d isolation and confinement.
Comparison of records made prior to and immediately after isolation showed that the relative power value (RPV) dynamics of the alpha-rhythm was dependent solely on parameters of the individual typological brain activity. Unlike RPV of delta, RPV of theta was unambiguously responsive to the experimental stresses, i.e. shift work in the conditions of 21-d isolation and confinement.
Key words: individual typological characteristics, local temporal common spatial pattern, desynchronized EEG pattern, shift work, chamber.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 45-50.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-45-50
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Mitrikas V.G. Some aspects of the radiation exposure of cosmonauts traversing the Earth's magnetosphere
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Dose loading of cosmonaut's representative body organs beyond the Earth's magnetosphere was calculated for various scenarios of departure from a reference orbit in space vehicles of different design. Calculation of contribution to the equivalent doses from protons and electrons of Earth's radiations belts and galactic cosmic rays (GCR) demonstrated that, irrespective of vehicle design, during solar minimum and growing activity the equivalent dose does not exceed the established limit for a single exposure to 150 mSv. However, radiation exposure may vary in times depending on the traverse trajectory.
Key words: space ionizing radiation, absorbed and tissue-equivalent doses, Earth's magnetosphere.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 51-56.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-51-56
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Ilyin V.K., Komissarova D.V., Usanova N.À., Morozova Yu.A. Investigations of microflora from professional test-subjects and volunteers for isolation studies of up to 20 days in duration
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Microbiocenosis in the upper respiration tracts and intestine was investigated in experienced test-subjects who could, possibly, have adapted to stresses during chamber studies of 8 to 10 days in duration faster than first-timers. The eubiotic index was used to assess positive and negative shifts in microbiota.
The intestinal microflora in experienced subjects turned to be more plastic and adapted much faster compared to the inexperienced counterparts. In both groups, the microbiota composition was compromised slightly at the end of acute adaptation and then stabilized.
Key words: microbiology, isolation studies, probiotics.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 57-61.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-57-61
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Moiseev Yu.B. On testing the shock-absorbing seats for helicopter crew members
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Recommendations on improving the dynamic performance of shock-absorbing seats for helicopter pilots resulted from analysis of the Russian pilots' anthropometric data and helicopter 3-d attitude and position during emergency landing. The idea is to complement the existing list of impact tests with two more tests in which the impact vector will be perpendicular to the test-platform horizontal. One of these tests should be performed with a light anthropomorphic test device (Hybrid-III) representing a 5-percentile female and the other, heavy Hybrid-III representing a 95-percentile male. For horizontal impact testing, the 50-percentile male Hybrid-III should be replaced by the 95-percentile Hybrid-III.
Key words: aviation rules, shock-absorbing seat, anthropomorphic dummy, helicopter, dynamic tests, flight crew members, damage safety, pilot safety, impact load
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 62-65.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-62-65
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Pashchenko P.S., Sukhoterin A.F., Shapovalov P.A. Structural and functional manifestations of acute and chronic gravitational stress in the adrenal
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Optical and electron microscopy, quantitative cytochemistry and morphometric analysis were used to look into structural and functional transformations in the bloodstream, adrenal cortex corticosterocytes and adrenal brain cells in consequence of exposure to modeled acute and chronic gravitational stresses (AGS and CGS respectively).
AGS caused adrenal hyperemia, hypertrophy of the zona fasciculata, elevated activity of enzymes involved in mitochondrial and extramitochondrial oxidation, and secretion of undissolved catecholamine granules in the capillary bloodstream.
CGS depressed mitochondrial oxidation, activated glycolysis, produced destructive changes in corticosteroids, and LED lipid droplets in capillary lumen. From capillaries the fat droplets traveled further to the brain sinusoids where they deposited together with blood corpuscles (erythrocytes primarily) and formed microcirculation impairing microemboli.
Thereupon we assume that the source of lipid droplets under the full-strength gravitational stress is intermediate products of corticoid synthesis in conditions of mitochondria destruction and disturbed mitochondrial metabolism in cells of the fasciculata and glomerulosa zones.
Key words: adrenal, corticosteroids, chromaffin cell of the adrenal brain, stress, adaptation, hypergravity, blood microcirculation, sinusoids.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 66-73.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-66-73
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Soldatov P.E., Shulaguin Yu.A., Tyurin-Kuzmin À.Yu., Dyachenko A.I. Endurance of hypoxic hypoxia after preliminary breathing of normoxic mixtures containing argon or krypton
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The purpose was assessment of the possibility to increase mammal's endurance of hypoxic hypoxia by preconditioning through breathing normoxic gas mixtures (BGM) containing argon or krypton.
Preconditioning by krypton-containing BGM one or two hours prior to hypoxia (initial Î2 concentration of 20.8 %) increased endurance of oxygen starvation. Preconditioning by argon-containing BGM did not bring this effect. Immediately after hypoxia several animals in both the test and control groups displayed a short-time generalized tremor that grew in the nitrogen – argon – krypton (N2 – Ar – Kr) succession consistently with their narcotic activities. This effect can be ascribed to modification by Ar and Kr of the humoral and neuronal tremor reactions to the hypoxic stress.
Testing the preconditioning effect of Kr-containing BGM prior to hypoxia with the initial Î2 concentration of 14.6 ± 0.40 % also demonstrated a decrease of minimal endurable Î2 concentration although less evident.
Effects from normoxic Kr-containing BGM correlates with the time space between preconditioning and hypoxia.
Key words: noble gases, preconditioning, endurance of hypoxia.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 74-80.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-74-80
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Karsanova S.Ê., Yasnetsov V.V. Action of melatonin combinations with 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives on neurons of the 1st vestibular zone of the great brain cortex in mammals
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Experiments with cats showed that new 3-hydroxypyridine derivative IBKhF-27, mexidol and melatonin, and combination of IBKhF-27 with melatonin and mexidol affected directly 84.8; 67.8; 77.4; 97.9 and 88.1 % neurons of the 1st vestibular zone of the cerebral cortex, respectively. Inhibition by IBKhF-27 was observed 1.4 times more often than by mexidol. Combinations of IBKhF-27 with melatonin and mexidol produced the inhibitive effects on neurons oftener than each component separately; the direct effect of IBKhF-27 with melatonin occurred oftener than each of these two components separately. Also, the inhibitive effect of IBKhF-27 with melatonin was seen more often than of melatonin combined with mexidol. In the presence of MK-801, specific noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA-receptor complex and luzindol, specific antagonist of melatonin MT1- and MT2-receptors (before pneumomicroinjection dosages), the direct effect of IBKhF-27 with melatonin or mexidol on the spontaneous activity of neurons was prevented fully or attenuated materially in 95.3 and 88.2 % neurons, respectively. Consequently, 1st vestibular zone of the cerebral cortex has a great role in the central action of these combinations executed fully or partly through the NMDA-receptor complex and melatonin MT1-, MT2-receptors.
Key words: new 3-hydroxypyridine derivative, melatonin, mexidol, combination, I vestibular zone, cats.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 81-86.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-81-86
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Methods
Kvasovets S.V., Ivanov A.V., Bubeev Yu.A. Application of the adjoint ideomotion method for psychophysiological diagnostics and correction with the help of smartphone
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The paper introduces the principles of an adjoint ideomotion method (AIM) for psychophysiological diagnostics based on a client – server distributed system within which information is communicated and measurement data filed with the help of commonly used smartphones. The authors discuss the issues of remote diagnostics automation and unification, application areas, and practical uses.
Comparison of the results of questioning and AIM evidenced for advantages of the latter in respect to small populations and revealing symptoms undetectable by standard questionnaires.
Key words: hand movements, adjoint motor reaction, psychodiagnostics, smartphone.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 87-98.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-87-98
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Chronicle and Information
Orlov O.I., Fomina E.V., Ponomarev S.A., Kussmaul A.R., Belakovsky M.S. International Symposium «Humans in Space» to the anniversary of the First human spaceflight
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The 23rd International «Human in Space» Symposium, dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the first human flight into space, was organized jointly on the initiative and with the organizational support of the IBMP RAS by the International Academy of Astronautics and the State Space Corporation «ROSCOSMOS», with the participation of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Symposium was held in Moscow from April 5 to April 8, 2021 in a hybrid format – more than 160 participants were present in the halls in person, and about 400 delegates connected online. On the basis of the Zoom Webinar platform, a single online resource was created with access to a personal account, allowing to participate in plenary and parallel breakout sessions. In five days, 8 plenary sessions were held (27 plenary reports were presented), four round tables were conducted on topical issues of space exploration, and 25 sessions on various aspects of space medicine and biology were held. In total, there were more than 240 oral reports and about 50 short reports (from 23 countries, including Russia, the United States, Germany, France, Belgium, China, etc.). The Institute has gained new experience in organizing events in such format, which provides a unique opportunity to expand contacts and network of interaction between specialists from different branches of science and technology around the world in the interests of further development of space biology and medicine. Such interaction serves as a necessary basis for the preparation and implementation of further steps for deep space exploration.
Keywords: space medicine and biology, biomedical support of space flights, international cooperation, anniversary of the First Human Spaceflight
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 3. P. 99-110.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-3-99-110
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