CONTENTS
Reviews
Kokhan V.S. Glutamate/GABA disbalance in comparative analysis of radiation and traumatic injury of the brain cortex
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 5-10.
The review summates the data about glutamate/GABA disbalance in consequence of brain injury. Many non-peptide neurotransmitters have toxic effects and their metabolic disorders are known as a trigger of the neurodegenerative process. An example is excitotoxicity resulting from hyperactivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and ?-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. One of the excitotoxins is glutamate, an exciting agent within CNS. Another neurotransmitters – ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA) – is metabolically associated with glutamate and acts as an inhibitor within CNS. The glutamate/GABA system dominates in the neocortex and is crucial to the cognitive functions in animals, as well as human creativity. Disbalance in this system is a key factor in development of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders including autism, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, lateral amyotrophic sclerosis. Along with an increase in concentration of the glutamate free form in cytoplasm and extracellular space due to disturbing factors, disorders in glutamate metabolism are the main risk factor for CNS.
Key words: glutamate, ?-aminobutyric acid, traumatic cortex injury, ionizing radiation.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-5-10
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Akselrod À.S., Palman A.D., Fimina E.D. Risk of sudden cardiac death: ventricular arrhythmias, syndrome of obstructive sleep apnea
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 11-17.
The paper suggests that obstructive apnea increases significantly the risk of cardiovascular death. However, polysomnography and cardiorespiration monitoring as methods of respiration disorders verification during sleep have not been included in the pilot medical certification standard. Hypersomnia in the daytime, snore, fatigue, mood swing and cognitive disorders together with overweight are the symptoms of sleep respiration disorders. Absence of even the majority of these symptoms does not rule out fully the syndrome of obstructive sleep apnea and the need of its instrumental diagnostics.
Key words: syndrome of obstructive sleep apnea, CPAP-therapy, ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular tachicardia, sudden cardiac death, premature ventricular contractions.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-11-17
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Durymanov M.O., Boyarintsev V.V., Trofimenko A.V., Biryukov S.A., Gorina E.V., Filkov G.I. Methodological approaches to development of cell-based medicinal product for treatment of patients with cold injury in the Arctic
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 18-25.
Frostbite is the most common type of traumatic injuries in the cold climate of the Arctic. Post-traumatic recovery of the patients takes a long time and often leads to the loss of the damaged limb. A promising approach for frostbite therapy could be treatment with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), which are widely used in regenerative medicine for different applications. Here, we aimed to discuss the possibility of frostbite treatment with MSCs. The success of MSC use for therapy of different injures depends on multiple factors including the source and functional state of MSCs. These aspects along with strategies for improvement of therapeutic effect of MSC treatment are also discussed in detail.
Key words: frostbite, mesenschymal stem cells, genetic modification, 3D-cultures, matrix.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-18-25
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Ilyin Å.À., Larina I.M., Nosovsky À.Ì. Levels of protein and main protein fractions in human blood during a year-long exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, hypokinesia and isolation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 26-32.
Venous blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses from 16 members of a year-long expedition to scientific station Vostok in Antarctica. The physiologically important factors were hypobaric hypoxia (ð = 460 mm Hg) in the station location (Central ice dome), hypokinesia due to the indoor life, physical and social isolation from the outer world.
The participants were divided into 2 groups: one was experimental, i.e. periodically consumed vitamins and amino acids preparations to prevent asthenia, and the other – control that received placebo.
Biochemical investigations revealed undulating blood levels of protein and main protein fractions within the physiological norm. Starting from month 4 of the expedition, concentrations of ?- and ?-globulins showed a statistical increase. The fact that this increase persisted 2 months after the expedition points to sufficient body reserves in its members. There was not difference in concentrations between the experimental and control groups.
It was speculated that hypobaric hypoxia had a positive role in maintaining non-specific body resistance in the year-long period of life in isolation and hypokinesia.
Key words: total protein, albumin, globulins, chronic hypoxia, hypokinesia, isolation.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-26-32
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Ivanova S.M., Labetskaya O.I., Anisimov N., Maksimov G.V. Morphofunctional properties of erhythrocytes and effectiveness of oxygen transfer by hemoglobin in human subjects during 21-day dry immersion
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 33-37.
Red blood cells count, energy metabolism, erythrocytes recovery, as well as oxygen binding and release by hemoglobin were investigated in blood of healthy male subjects at the beginning and end of an experiment with 21-day dry immersion.
Concentration of erythrocytes rose significantly in consequence of hemoconcentration in the early period of locomotion restraint. A considerable ATP reduction might be connected with its elevated expenditure on the energy-demanding transport and phosphorylation of proteins and lipids. The downward trend in oxyhemoglobin and the upward trend in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen during immersion can imply a risk of hypoxia development. All indices returned to normal values by day 7 of post-immersion recovery.
Key words: dry immersion, human subjects, adenosine triphosphate acid, reduced glutathione, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, hemoglobin, hemoglobin affinity for oxygen.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-33-37
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Kuzichkin D.S., Markin A.A., Zhuravleva O.A., Koloteva M.I., Vostrikova L.V., Glebova T.M., Loginov V.I.
Relationship between the pattern of subcutaneous hemorrhages and changes in cosmonaut's system of plasmic hemostasis
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 38-41.
In cosmonauts’ citrated blood plasma sampled 30 day before launch as well as 1st and 7th days of recovery period the next hemostasis indices were analyzed: fibrinogen (FBG), plasminogen and D-dimer (DD) concentrations; thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPPT), international normed ratio; antithrombin III (ATIII), protein Ñ (PÑ) and ?-2-antiplasmin (ÀP) levels.
During the cosmonauts’ visual survey after f long-term space expeditions completion, many of them were revealed petechial hemorrhages and subcutaneous ecchymoses. Their appearance is expected to lead to an increase in the level of fibrin formation and fibrinolysis, wherein the increase in the procoagulant potential of the coagulation cascade was noted regardless of subcutaneous hemorrhages presence. According to the results of this study, the hemostasis system adaptive capacities of the cosmonauts without any hemorrhages after the descent from orbit were higher, which apparently contributed to reducing the risk of significant hemorrhages.
Key words: aerospace medicine, hemostasis, cosmonauts, petechia, ecchymoses.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-38-41
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Kutko O.V., Rykova M.P., Antropova E.N., Kalinin S.A., Shulgina S.M., Sadova A.A.,
Orlova K.D., Smarov V.A., Vassilieva G. Y., Ponomarev S.A. The effect of 21-day dry immersion on the production of T-lymphocytes cytokines involved in the regulation of bone metabolism
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 42-46.
The results of studying the synthesis of cytokines affecting the metabolism of bone tissue and contributing to the maintenance of its physiological homeostasis by activated T-lymphocytes of peripheral blood of 6 test volunteers, participants of the experiment with 21-day dry immersion (DI), are presented. Studies have shown that prolonged restriction of motor loads leads to an increase in the content of peripheral blood activated T-lymphocytes with phenotype CD3+ CD25+ and changes in the synthesis of cytokines in vitro in 24-hour stimulated complex anti-CD2/CD3/CD28 monocultures CD3+-cells isolated from peripheral blood. Two different types of response of activated T-lymphocytes to long-term stay in the conditions of DI, either increase or decrease in the secretion of cytokines stimulating increased bone resorption (IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, TNF?, GM-CSF) and weakening osteoclastogenesis (IFN-?, IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) were demonstrated.
Keywords: dry immersion, immune system, cytokines, T-lymphocytes.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-42-46
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Nikolaev V.P., Suvorov A.V., Sementsov V.N. Specifics of saturation and desaturation of inert gases from human tissue under normal pressure
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 47-53.
Mathematical modeling of human tissue saturation with inert gases (He, Ar, Kr, Xe) in normoxic breathing mixtures under normal pressure and elimination of these gases by breathing air showed that desaturation starts with a comparatively rapid decrease in concentration of expired gases owing to their rapid washout from well-perfused tissues. Concentrations of expired krypton and xenon eliminated from partly saturated tissues decrease to 0.001 % (10 ppm) in 250 min. Concentration of expired helium goes to zero more rapidly. Concentration of desaturated argon falls only to its atmospheric level (0.934 %).
Key words: inert gases, saturation, desaturation, mathematical modeling.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-47-53
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Sukhoterin A.F., Pashchenko P.S. Structural manifestations of the secretory process in the adenohypophysis on the background of gravitational stress modeling
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 54-61.
The paper discusses structural transformations in the iron controlling adenohypophysis on the background of modeled acute and chronic hypergravitational stress. The effects of overloads were carried out according to the proven method (P.S. Pashchenko, 1995). Tissues from white outbred male rats were subject to light and electron microscopy and morphometry; the resulted data were analyzed statistically. Acute gravitational stress manifested itself predominantly by changes on the pattern of primary reaction in somatotropocytes and adrenocorticotropocytes, and overflow of the gland capillary lumens with corpuscles. Chronic gravitational stress from systematic exposure to +Gz loads over 26 weeks entailed cumulation of destructive transformations in adenocytes and walls of adenohypophysis capillaries that can lead to impairment of the whole hypophysis-adrenocortical system.
Key words: adenohypophysis, +Gz loads.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-54-61
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Vasin A.L., Shafirkin A.V., Gurfinkel Yu.I. Effect of artificial alternating geomagnetic field in the millihertz range on the heart rate variability indices
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 62-69
Investigations into the effect of artificial alternating geomagnetic field (GMF) with frequencies 1.11 and 1.67 mHz on cardiac rhythm variability (CRV) were performed with participation of 3 groups of 32–35 y.o. male subjects (n = 10 in each). GMF was compensated by an installation with one given component. Holter monitor and system Astrocard®-Telemetry were applied in CRV recording and analysis. The 5 to 30 % increase of CRV indices in alternating GMF correlated with initial values. Even 1 hour exposure in GMF alternating from natural to zero frequencies caused activation of the cardiac rhythm regulatory mechanisms.
Key words: hypomagnetic environment, geomagnetic field, cardiac rhythm variability.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-62-69
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Tsetlin V.V., Stepanova G.P. Studies of the influence of environmental electromagnetic factors on water and internal medium of living organisms
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 70-76.
The paper is focused on analysis of highly purified water dynamics in electromagnetic environment.
It has been observed that the dominating cosmophysical factor for living systems on Earth is electromagnetic radiation of ionospherical plasma. Experiments showed that redox reactions taking place in water and colloid systems in living organism liquids are a result of water molecules activation (excitation) primarily by HF ranging from 100 kHz to ~50 MHz generated in ionospheric plasma. The electromagnetic radiation power in this HF range is several orders greater than the solar radiation power, while the Earth's atmosphere is rather transparent (95–99 %) for this spectrum.
Temporal and spatial variability of radiation intensity can reflect changes in electron density of ionospheric plasma Ne induced by such solar activity attributes as charged particles of the solar wind, growth in the number of active regions on the Sun described by the Wolf number and other space factors.
Key words: solar activity, electromagnetic radiation of ionospheric plasma, daily and weekly variability, redox reactions.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-70-76
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Deshevaya E.À., Beliaev V.S., Bychkov V.B., Churilo I.V., Shubralova E.V. Microbiological, climatic and acoustic factors of the International space station Russian segment environment: relation to the destructive processes in the shell material
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 77-85.
Correlation of microbiological monitoring data with the physical factors of climate and acoustics led to determination of the input of each one into the corrosion processes on the internal surfaces of the ISS Service Module. Maximal microbial growth has been detected mostly in cold zones where deposition of atmospheric condensate was highly probable. There are certain zones in the module that need systematic instrumental, visual and microbiological monitoring for timely detection of microcorrosions.
Key words: microorganisms, thermal and humidity parameters, ultrasonic background, internal vehicle surfaces, shell material, corrosion sites.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-77-85
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Plotnikov E.V., Konstantinova N.A., Artamonov À.À. Thermodynamic relation of uncertainties in biophysics and radiobiology
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 86-93
The paper is concerned with thermodynamic fluctuations of temperature and energy. By virtue of their interdependence these fluctuations can have influence on various micro- and macrosystems. The authors show that the thermodynamic uncertainties relation must be allowed for in biophysics and radiation biology where energy and temperature fluctuations are critical. Theoretical grounding has been given to equity of the thermodynamic uncertainties relation interconnecting interconnects fluctuations of the thermal and energy systems. The authors present the results of studying transport properties of semiconductors – transistors on a single silicon crystal for the purpose of estimating thermal and energy fluctuations. Experimental investigations support correctness of the thermodynamic uncertainties relation.
Key words: quantum thermodynamics, thermodynamic relation of uncertainties, temperature fluctuations, energy fluctuations, thermodynamics, biological molecular processes, enzymes.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-86-93
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Brief Communications
Lisyukov A.N., Izmailov À.À., Kuznetsov M.S., Davleeva M.A., Valeeva E.V., Nurullin L.F., Islamov R.R., Shenkman B.S., Kozlovskaya I.B. Spinal marrow neuroplasticity in tail-suspended mice
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 6. P. 94-97.
Expression of genes coding the synaptic excitatory (cholinergic [Chat, Chrm1], glutamatergic [Slc17a7, Grin2a]) and inhibitory (glycinergic [Glra1, Glyt2] and GABA-ergic [Gad67, Gabra2]) proteins of the spinal cord neuromediatory system in mice after 30-d tail-suspension and subsequent 7-d recovery was studied. Statistically significant effects of modeled hypogravity on expression of target-genes were observed neither after suspension nor post recovery.
The results of studies attest to spinal cord neuroplasticity in tail-suspended mice and suggest that activity of the genes responsible for the spinal cord neuromediatory systems might not be dependent on the modeled musculoskeletal unloading in hypogravity.
Key words: tail-suspension, spinal cord, gene expression, exciting neuromediatory systems, inhibitory neuromediatory systems.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-6-94-97
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