CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Andreeva E.R., Goncharova E.A., Gornostaeva A.N., Grigorieva O.V., Buravkova L.B. Bone marrow mononuclear cells from murine tibia after the space flight on biosatellite «Bion-M1»
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 2. P. 5–11
Cellularity, viability and immunophenotype of mononuclear cells derived from the tibial marrow of Ñ57bL/6 mice were measured after the 30-day «Bion-M1» space flight and subsequent 7-day recovery. Cell number in the flight group was significantly less than in the group of vivarium control. There was no difference in the parameter between the flight and control groups after the recovery. Viability of mononuclear cells was more than 95 % in all examined groups. Flow cytometric analysis failed to show differences in bone marrow cell immunophenotype (CD45, CD34, CD90.1 (Thy1); however, the flight animals had more large-sized CD45+ mononuclears than the control groups of mice.
These results indicate that spaceflight factors did not have significant damaging effects on the number or immunophenotype of murine bone marrow mononuclears. These observations are consistent with the previously made assumption of a moderate and reversible stress reaction of mammals to space flight.
Key words: biosatellite «Bion-M1», C57bl/6 mice, bone marrow cellularity, immunophenotype.
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Mirzoev Ò.Ì., Vilchinskaya N.À., Lomonosova Yu.N., Nemirovskaya Ò.L., Shenkman B.S. Effect of 30-day space flight and subsequent readaptation on the signaling processes in m. longissimus dorsi of mice
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 2. P. 12–15
Some steps of anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways were investigated in postural/tonic m. longissimus dorsi of mice following the 30-day orbital flight of biosatellite «Bion-M1» and 8-day recovery. Western blotting was used for determining insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and AMR-activated protein kinase (AMPK) involved in reciprocal regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways, as well as Å3-ligase MURF-1, and elongation factor eEF2. Functioning of the IGF-1-dependent IRS-1 signaling pathway was activated in the recovery period only. Though the content of ubiquitinligase MURF-1 showed an increase after flight, on completion of the recovery period it did not exceed the pre-flight level unambiguously.
Key words: biosatellite «Bion-Ì1», space flight, m. longissimus dorsi, IRS-1, AMPK, MuRF-1, eEF2.
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Solovieva À.À., Sedova Å.À., Tomilovskaya Å.S., Shigueva Ò.À., Àfonin B.V. Functional activity of the liver in immersion and effects of the countermeasures
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 2. P. 16–23
Two groups of male volunteers for 4-day dry immersion with and w/o countermeasures (support load imitator (SLI) or high-frequency electrostimulator) underwent ultrasonic investigation (USI) of the liver, gastroduodenal organs and vessels, and blood biochemical analysis. Two other groups of volunteers performed the 13Ñ-methacetin breath test (13Ñ-MBT) to study the effects of immersion and SLI on the liver detox activity and metabolic capacity. In immersion, USI diagnosed slowdown of blood flow along the hepatic vein and signs of plethora in the abdominal venous system. In addition, immersion was accompanied by increases in blood pepsinogen, pancreatic amylase, total bilirubin, the “indirect” fraction specifically, insulin and Ñ-peptide. 13Ñ-ÌBÒ detected deceleration of 13Ñ- methacetin inactivation and diminution of the liver metabolic capacity. Administration of the countermeasures did not improve the ultrasonic image of hemodynamic alterations in the liver and abdomen significantly. High-frequency electrostimulation cancelled out changes in all biochemical parameters except Ñ-peptide; SLI was favorable to recovery of pepsinogen and amylase baseline values only. Besides, the SLI wearing prevented loss of the 13Ñ-methacetin inactivation rate but was not effective enough against diminution of the hepatic metabolic capacity.
Key words: microgravity, immersion, hypokinesia, countermeasures, abdomen, hemodynamics, digestive system, liver, veins, enzymes, hormones, bilirubin, 13Ñ-methacetin breath test, metabolism, detox activity.
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Gurfinkel Yu.I., Vasin À.L., Matveeva Ò.À., Sasonko Ì.L. Evaluation of the hypomagnetic environment effects on capillary blood circulation, blood pressure and heart rate
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 2. P. 24–30
Impact of attenuated magnetic field (ÌF) on human health is a hard-core issue of present-day cosmonautics. A series of experiments with animals exposed in attenuated MF revealed violent disorders in cardiovascular system development.
Purpose of the work was to study effects of the hypomagnetic environment (HME) on capillary blood circulation, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in normal people.
Participants (n = 34) were 24 men and 10 women free from cardiovascular symptoms. Mean age was 43,3 ± 15,4 years. Thirteen participants, i.e. 8 men and 5 women, were randomly selected for a repeated investigation in the usual conditions (imaginary exposure); mean age in the group made up 47,9 ± 18 years.
HME was modeled by induction of close-to-zero MF (zero MF) in the «ARFA» module that allows both keeping MF stable over 2 hours and geomagnetic field compensation with the axial accuracy of ±10 nT. The electrostatic field blocking was provided.
Cardiac rhythm and heart rate were recorded using cardiac monitor Astrocard (Russia). BP was measured with the help of automatic blood pressure monitor Tonocard (Russia). Capillary circulation was determined using a digital capillaroscope (Russia) with high-speed CMOS-camera (100 frames/s). Time of HME exposure was 60 min.
It was demonstrated that in healthy people free from cardiovascular symptoms HME increases capillary circulation rate by 22,4 % as compared with records made under the usual conditions. There was a reliable HR reduction by the end of HME exposure with reference to the measurements taken at the onset. At the end of exposure, diastolic BP dropped considerably relative to mid-exposure values and systolic BP, on the contrary, made a significant rise.
Key words: hypomagnetic environment, capillary circulation rate, blood pressure, heart rate.
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Yasnetsov V.V., Ìîtin V.G., Karsanova S.Ê., Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Chelnaya N.À. Investigation into the vestibular protective properties of melatoninergic agents
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 2. P. 31–34
Experiments with rats showed that melatonin (2.5 mg/kg) produces a distinct vestibular protective effect excelling promethazine (50 mg/kg) as a reference agent, and also antidepressant agomelatine (5 mg/kg) as another melatoninergic agent. Lusindol, a blocker of MT1/MT2-receptors (2,5 mg/kg), and bicuculline (1,5 mg/kg), a specific GABA-receptors antagonist, weakened the melatonin effect significantly. The results testify mediation of the melatonin action by these receptors. Whole-cell patch clamp in an experiment with convoluted oblongata sections from white nonlinear infant male rats (14-d old) disclosed that melatonin (2 mM) inhibited drastically (29 ± 3 %) the excitatory postsynaptic current caused by depolarization step in neurons of the medial vestibular nucleus. Lusindol (0,1 mM) inhibited the effect of melatonin (2 mÌ) significantly (71 ± 6 %) which suggests involvement of melatonin MT1/MT2-receptors.
Key words: melatonin, agomelatine, promethazine, vestibular protective action, lusindol, bicuculline, medial vestibular nucleus.
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Karapetian Ì.À., Àdamian N.Yu. Effects of stimulating some dorsohypothalamic nuclei on the firing activity of bulbar respiratory neurons during hypoxia
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 2. P. 35–42
To specify the respiration regulating function of the dorsal hypothalamus, response of the firing activity of neurons in the bulbar respiration center (BRC) and external respiration to stimulation of some dorsohypothalamic nuclei in rats with different levels of the functional activity was studied. Functional hyper- or hypoactivity was modeled in a laboratory pressure chamber. In the normal functional condition, i.e. at the standard atmospheric pressure (normoxia) and in low-oxygen atmosphere stimulation of the nuclei mainly led to activation of both external respiration and background electrical activity of BRC neurons. Slight reduction of inspired oxygen to simulate «ascent» to 4000–5000 m increased the neuronal activity in terms of the firing rate. In the situation, the moderating effect of hypothalamic nuclei stimulation was less evident than in normoxia, although it overrode its inhibitory action. As atmospheric oxygen continued going down to levels imitating the altitude of 7500–8000 m, the rats’ functional activity was getting low which could not but affect neuronal firing. The firing rate decreased noticeably; yet, the facilitatory effect of hypothalamic nuclei stimulation was still present. After the return of animals to the normal atmospheric pressure, both the spontaneous rhythm of neuronal firing and reaction to stimulation gradually recovered their initial patterns.
Key words: hypothalamus, respiration, neuronal activity, hypoxia, functional condition.
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Borzykh À.À., Kuz’min I.V., Lysenko Å.À., Vinogradova Î.L. Regional differences in the level of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and expression of the myogenic regulatory factors following electrostimulation with different mechanic and metabolic action on the gastrocnemius muscle
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 2. P. 43–47
Effect of high-frequency electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve on ERK1/2 kinase phosphorylation and mRNA expression in MyoD (myogenic regulation factor) and myogenin in the red (RGM) and white (WGM) parts of the medial head in rat’s m. gastrocnemius was studied. Two stimulation regimes were equalized both lengthwise and in total effort but differed in duration and number of contractions and, therefore, in mechanic and metabolic effects on the muscle. It was shown that growth of the number of phosphorylated ERK1/2 was particularly high in WCM due to application of the protocol for multiple short-time contractions. Whatever the stimulation regime, MyoD mRNA expression in RGM and WGM increases to the same extent, whereas myogenin mRNA expression does not change. Consequently, the regime with the predominantly mechanic effect is favorable to activation of the ERK signaling pathway in glycolytic myofibers.
Key words: m. gastrocnemius, stimulation, ERK1/2, MyoD, myogenin.
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Klimarev S.I., Sinyak Yu.E. Water disinfection by the combined exposure to super-high frequency energy and available chlorine produced during water electrolysis
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 2. P. 48–51
The article reports the results of studying the effects on polluted water of SHF-energy together with the residual free (active) chlorine as a by-product of electrolysis action on dissolved chlorine-containing salts.
Purpose of the studies was to evaluate input of these elements to the water disinfection effect. The synergy was found to kill microorganisms without impacts on the physicochemical properties of processed water or nutrient medium; therefore, it can be used for water treatment, and cultivation of microorganisms in microbiology.
Key words: super-high frequency (SHF), SHF-device, electrolysis, residual (active) chlorine, disinfection, microorganisms, water.
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Khulapko S.V., Liagushin V.I., Arkhangelsky V.V., Shurshakov V.À., Smith M., Ing H., Machrafi R., Nikolaev I.V. Results of measuring neutrons doses and energy spectra inside Russian segment of the International Space Station in experiment «Matryoshka-R» using bubble detectors during the ISS-24–34 missions
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 2. P. 52–56
The paper presents the results of calculating the equivalent dose from and energy spectrum of neutrons in the right-hand crewquarters in module Zvezda of the ISS Russian segment.
Dose measurements were made in the period between July, 2010 and November, 2012 (ISS Missions 24–34) by research equipment including the bubble dosimeter as part of experiment «Matryoshka-R».
Neutron energy spectra in the crewquarters are in good agreement with what has been calculated for the ISS USOS and, earlier, for the MIR orbital station.
The neutron dose rate has been found to amount to 196 ± 23 µSv/d on Zvezda panel-443 (crewquarters) and 179 ± 16 µSv/d on the «Shielding shutter» surface in the crewquarters.
Key words: «Matryoshka-R», bubble dosimeter, space radiation, neutron radiation, equivalent dose, «Shielding shutter», radiation safety, International Space Station.
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Clinical Investigations
Moiseev Yu.B., Strakhov À.Yu., Churilov Yu.Ê., Vovkodav V.S., Radchenko S.N. Medical outcomes of emergency ejections from Russian aircrafts in 2003–2010
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 2. P. 57–62
Outcomes of 36 accidents with 37 aircrafts (one mid-air collision) in the period of 2003–2010 have been analyzed. Of 71 ejected crew members 14 pilots died (19,7 %), 26 pilots (36,6 %) suffered injuries of varying severity and 31 pilots (43,7 %) escaped noticeable injuries. The major causes of the deaths were late emergency escape and failure of the eject mechanism (EM). The majority of harmed pilots (n = 18, 69,2 %) had slight injuries; one crew member (3,9 %) was injured moderately and 7 pilots (26,9 %), substantively. Most of the injuries occurred on parachute landing (40,3 %). The main reasons for severe injury were parachute landing impact (69,2 %) and EM failure (23,1 %). Commonly injuries were caused to the head and neck (30,7 %) and a bit less often to the lower and upper extremities (22,6 and 19,4 % respectively). 14,5 % of the injuries were brought to the body and 11,3 % – to the back. Severe injuries included fractures of the spine (42,9 %) and lower and upper extremities (42,9 and 14,2 % respectively).
Key words: ejection; air accidents; rate of pilot injuries; impact force.
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Chronicles and Information
Poliakov À.V. Results of the meetings of the International Space Station Multinational medical boards
Aleksandrova E.B. The 4th International conference on Human and Electromagnetic Fields
Ilyin Å.À. The sixteenth meeting of the US/Russian Joint Working Group on Space Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research
Ponomarev S.À. Summary of the 13th conference of young scientists, specialists and students dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the flight of world’s first cosmonaut-physician B.B. Egorov
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