CONTENTS
Reviews
Ryumin O.O., Voitenko A.M., Kotov O.V., Balandin V.S. Interplanetary mission: retention of cosmonauts’ professional skills
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The paper considers the safety issues in interplanetary missions from the standpoint of cosmonauts’ skills retention over mission length which is the functional backbone of human operator’s activities. The authors analyze courses of possible de-automation and suggest some methods of prevention during mission.
Key words: professional safety, interplanetary mission, professional skills, de-automation, sensorimotor reactions, prevention.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 5-11.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-5-11
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Levinskikh Ì.À. Plants as model objects of studies in space biology. Part 1. (Arabidopsis Thaliana (L.) HEYNH)
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A series of reviews will present results of the investigations into the effects of spaceflight factors on ontogenetic and physiological characteristics of the main model plants (Arabidopsis, rapid-cycling Brassica rapa, wheat, peas, leaf culture mizuna) chosen for cultivation in various plant-growth chambers on board spacecrafts. This paper deals with the knowledge gained by Russian and international researchers about the effects of microgravity and other space factors on growth, development, metabolism, photo- and gravitropic reactions of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.
The review shows that space experiments with the plant over 40 years provided convincing evidence that higher plants can not only vegetate but pass the generative stages in the normal way and form full-value seeds. The up-to-date molecular and genetic techniques helped establish that the Arabidopsis reaction to the spaceflight environment is organ specific and generally similar to how the plant reacts to eco-stresses on Earth.
Key words: space plant biology, space greenhouses, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., ontogenesis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 12-22.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-12-22
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Rukavishnikov I.V., Shugueva T.A., Tomilovskaya E.S. Effect of 5-day support removal on manifestation of protrusions and scoliotic curvatures of the spine
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The paper reports the results of magnetic resonance tomography of disk protrusions and scoliotic curvatures caused by deep plantar and axial weight unloading during dry immersion (DI).
Investigations of 8 normal male volunteers were performed prior to 5-day DI, and on DI days 3 and 5. Already after 3 days in DI, there was a tangible diminution of disk protrusions in the cervical, thoracic and lumber segments and a decrease of scoliotic curvatures in the neck. These changes became more noticeable after 5 days in immersion. These results are the first demonstration of such significant morphometric effect on the protrusion and scoliotic changes.
The findings open up the perspective for devising rehab programs for treatment of patients with degenerative spinal diseases, prevention of occupational vertebrogenic disorders and suggesting original methods of correcting scoliotic deformations.
Key words: dry immersion, disk protrusions, scoliosis, support unloading, axial unloading.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 23-30.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-23-30
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Kokueva Ì.À., Bakhtereva V.D., Fomina E.V. Determination of effectiveness of new approaches to prophylaxis of hypodynamia and isolation in year-long experiment SIRIUS-23
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Investigation of the effectiveness of individual approach to preventing the negative effect of long-term isolation was conducted during the 12-month SIRIUS-23 isolation study.
Prophylaxis of the effects of reduced motor activity consisted of periodic physical training of the standard (30 min) and short (15 min) duration by personal exercise programs. Participants in the study were 6 crew members, i.e. 2 men and 4 women at the age of 26 to 38 years. Physical performance was assessed using the maximal loading test on the treadmill before, during and after isolation. Individual training protocols were based on test results and updated regularly after each test session in the course of isolation.
Analysis of the investigation data showed the training program counteracted successfully to reduction of the motor activity during isolation. In comparison to the baseline data, alternation of the standard and short training protocols led to a reliable heart rate reduction at the standard stage of the test which is consistent with the principle of undulation and variation of training loading.
Effectiveness of short training protocols alone and in combination with the standard protocols in space missions needs further investigation as an option for periods of tight time, and enhancement of prophylaxis against the effects of microgravity.
Key words: long-term isolation, hypodynamia, individual exercise program, treadmill, bicycle ergometer, physical performance.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 31-43.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-31-43
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Ratushnyy A.Yu., Matveeva D.K., Ezdakova M.I. Secretome of multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells of the umbilical cord under the stress-induced cell senescence
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Recently, multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells of the umbilical cord (ucMSCs) have been of interest as a promising tool in regenerative medicine. However, their therapeutic potential may be limited by cell senescence and associated changes in the secretome profile. The investigation was concerned with ucMSCs senescence induced by mitomycin Ñ.
Experiments showed that senescent ucMSCs acquired ageing specific properties such as modified morphology, elevated ?-galactosidase activity and oxidative stress. The most markable changes were observed in the cell secretory profile known as SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype). Analysis revealed a sharp increase in proinflammatory proteins (MIP-1?, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1) and simultaneous reduction in regenerative molecules SDF-1?. Changes in gene expression were similar.
These findings point out that senescent ucMSCs are characterized by apparent proinflammatory and hemotoxic secretome that, probably, may intensify paracrine senescence and chronization of inflammation in microenvironment. These conclusions contribute to the knowledge in biology of stem cells senescence and are important for development of safe cellular therapeutic products.
Key words: multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells of umbilical cord (ucMSCs), cell senescence, secretory activity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 44-49.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-44-49
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Golubkova M.A., Ogneva I.V. Effect of simulated microgravity on the factors regulating the pool of follicular cells in ovaries of Drosophila Melanogaster
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Simulated microgravity is capable to influence production of follicular cells essential for formation of the egg sacs in fruit fly ovaries. Key morphogen in the process is Wingless (Wg) (mammalian protein gomolog Wnt õ). That is why we determined the relative content of morphogen Wg and α-spectrin in ovaries of 5-day old Drosophila melanogaster after 79 hours of exposure in the random positioning machine.
Based on the results, simulated microgravity brought to 16 % reduction of the Wg relative content in comparison to the control. However, α-spectrin remained unchanged and was same as the control.
Results of the investigation may be important for understanding mechanisms of the gravitational response of cells involved in oogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster.
Key words: oogenesis, cytoskeleton, simulated microgravity, Drosophila melanogaster.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 50-54.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-50-54
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Pechkova M.G., Kiryukhina O.O., Kondakov I.P., Tarasova O.S. Investigation of alterations in contractile activity of the portal vein induced by common bile duct ligation in mice
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Pathological changes in hepatic tissue associated with various diseases, including obstructive cholestasis, often lead to increased pressure in the portal vein, resulting in portal hypertension. Similar changes in liver tissue and portal circulation have been observed in humans and laboratory rodents under the condition of gravitational unloading. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the contractile activity of the circular smooth muscle layer of the mouse portal vein in portal hypertension induced by common bile duct ligation.
14 days after the bile duct ligation, we observed activation of fibrogenesis in mice liver, increased level of biochemical markers of hepatic injury in the blood and enlargement of the spleen as an indication of the development of portal hypertension. Isolated circular preparations of the portal vein from mice with bile duct ligation demonstrated enhanced maximal contraction in response to phenylephrine accompanied by a decrease in sensitivity to this agonist. Moreover, in mice with bile duct ligation, endothelium-dependent relaxation of the portal vein in response to acetylcholine was impaired due to a reduction in the NO-mediated component of the response, despite a compensatory increase in smooth muscle sensitivity to NO.
These findings indicate pronounced functional alterations in the portal vein following liver injury and may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying changes in portal circulation under microgravity conditions.
Key words: portal vein, mouse, obstructive cholestasis, microgravity, adrenoceptors, endothelium, nitrogen oxide
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 55-62.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-55-62
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Arokina N.K., Beliakov A.V., Semenov D.G. Hypoxic preconditioning favours maintenance of rat’s cardiorespirative functions at deep hypothermia in vivo
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Severe hypoxia and deep hypothermia cause damage of cells and disturb functions of organism. It is well known that a moderate preventive stress (preconditioning) of identical nature can protect cells from harmful consequences of another stress in future.
Experiments were performed with anesthetized Wistar male rats. The purpose was to investigate a potential protective effect of preconditioning by moderate hypobaric hypoxia (MHH) on dynamics cardiorespiratory depression till respiratory arrest in rats immersed in cold water. One group of animals was subjected to MHH and the other was control. MHH was created in a pressure chamber by reproducing air pressure at the altitude of 5000 m. Two-hour exposure was repeated for three days. On day 4, all rats were anesthetized and held in water at 9.2 ± 0,5 °Ñ till respiratory arrest. Parameters measured were breathing rate, heart rate, rectal and esophageal temperatures, and arterial hemoglobin saturation with oxygen.
This was the first experiment in which the cold-induced respiratory arrest in rats preconditioned for hypoxia occurred at a lower body temperature and after a longer period of hypothermic exposure. Cooling time of MHH rats increased due to extension of the final phase when breathing and heart rates were low. From these results it can be assumed that neuroprotective hypoxic preconditioning can probably be used for maintaining the cardiorespiratory functions in homothermal organisms in extremely cold conditions.
Key words: hypoxic preconditioning, hypothermia, cardiorespiratory functions, rats.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 63-70.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-63-70
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Tikhomirova N.A., Ushakova S.A., Trifonov S.V., Anishchenko O.V., Tikhomirov A.A. Effect of par intensity on various vegetatopn periods on photosynthetic productivity of wheat cultivated in hybrid LSS on solutions of mineralized human exo-metabolites
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Effects of the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in certain periods of vegetation on the photosynthetic production of wheat crops cultivated on irremovable solutions containing liquid products of human exometabolites mineralization were studied from the standpoint of potential use of this source of plant nutrition in hybrid life support systems (HLSS). Object of the study was soft wheat Triticum aestivum L. cultivar 232 selected by G.M. Lisovsky specially for HLSS. Crops were raised in a pressurized hydroponic plant chamber on zirconium silicate granules of 0.8 cm size under permanent lighting. Light intensity on the level of upper leaves was 700, 1100 or 1500 mmolµ(m2·s) PAR.
Reaction of wheat cenosis on PAR intensity in different vegetation periods was assessed by crop structure and biomass, mineral content, CO2 gas exchange and uptake of microelements from the solution. In the period of active growth at the age from 8 to 50 days, visible CO2 absorption was maximal at PAR intensity equal to 1100 mmolµ(m2·s). On days 19–26, PAR intensity was 1500 mmolµ(m2·s) and the ion homeostasis disrupted. This caused accumulation of a large amount of sodium ions in plant cells and, in consequence, reduction of the number of sprouts on 26-d old plants. After day 40, growth processes slowed down, visible photosynthesis decreased abruptly and fell virtually to zero by day 57. Plants were getting old before time. We assume it is reasonable to control photosynthetic productivity of wheat crops by adjusting PAR intensity.
Key words: PAR intensity, Triticum aestivum L., disposal of human exo-metabolites, hybrid life support system, plant growth, plant mineral nutrition.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 71-81.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-71-81
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Meigal A.Yu., Peskova A.E., Gerasimova-Meigal L.I. Influence of body «verticality», «stability» and «support» on the kohnstamm phenomenon in human deltoid muscles
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The Kohnstamm phenomenon, or the post-activation effect (PAE), was compared in several positions - «standing» (1), «standing on tiptoes» (2), «standing on a soft base» (3), «seated» (4), «seated with legs hanging» (5) and «seated with support on the back of a chair» (6), in human deltoid muscles, using interference electromyography (iEMG). These positions are characterized by a combination of such factors as «verticality», «support on feet» and «stability». It has been found that the «verticality» factor had the greatest influence, since in «standing» positions (1–3) the duration of PAE was longer (46.5 ± 27.3 vs. 31.9 ± 21.0 s, p < 0.001), and the latency was shorter (3.7 ± 2.3 vs. 4.9 ± 3.4 s, p < 0.01) compared to «seated» positions (4–6). The factor «support on feet» influenced the duration of PAE, since in positions 1, 2 and 4 («with support on feet») the duration was longer (44.7 ± 26.2 vs. 24.7 ± 24.2, p < 0.05) compared to position 6 («with support on the back of a chair»). The factor «stability» did not interfere with PAE characteristics. Thus, the optimal position for the induction of PAE is «standing» which represents upright position, with support on full feet on a solid surface, which confirms the participation of the gravitational field in PAE formation. In addition, latency looks a promising parameter characterizing PAE.
Key words: Kohnstamm phenomenon, postactivation effect, interference electromyogram, deltoid muscle, verticality, support on the feet, stability, position
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 82-88.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-82-88
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Azarkin M.Yu., Terkulov A.R., Tolochek R.V., Shurshakov V.A. Modeling of an additional shielding from ionizing space radiation in orbital missions
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The paper presents an investigation of a composite material as a protector from ionizing space radiation (ISR) using the Geant4 toolkit for Monte-Carlo modelling of a broad range of physical processes including hadron showers. The service module (SM) of the International space station (ISS) was used for modelling.
We calculated absorbed and equivalent doses in a shielding container were calculated with account of wall thickness and its location in several SM compartments with different shielding properties. Increase of the SM wall and container thickness reduces materially the dose inside the container; however, rate of the dose fall slows down with increase of the shielding thickness due to the growing absolute input of galactic cosmic rays. Comparison of the results of calculation and data of experiment Shielding composite demonstrate a satisfactory fit.
Key words: space radiation, Geant4, International space station, radiation protection.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 89-95.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-89-95
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Methods
Myznikov I.L., Lesova E.M., Rogovanov D.Yu., Nabokov N.L. Application of structural analysis in electroencephalography
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Integration of the recent mathematical approaches into EEG analysis enhances diagnostic veracity and makes possible the detection of transitional conditions by the EEG signal.
The authors consider Myznikov’s adaptation of the Ryabtsev index to biomedical investigations. The paper demonstrates applicability of EEG structural analysis to normal people.
The EEG 10-20 system was a montage of monopolar electrodes and a connected ear electrode. Wave structure was analyzed in the frontal, central, temporal, occipital leads within 10 s epochs. Isolated were γ-rhythm, α-rhythm, β 1- and β 2-rhythms, Δ-rhythm and θ-rhythm. Percent of the input of each rhythm into the total power of frequency ranges was calculated. Rhythms dynamics represented the EEG spectrum evolution.
Key words: marine medicine, labor physiology, neurophysiology, structural analysis, transitional conditions, functional asymmetry of the brain, electroencephalography.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 6. P. 96-100.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-6-96-100
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