CONTENTS
Reviews
Shafirkin A.V. Life span of the USSR (Russian) cosmonauts, US astronauts and risks to health from various stress-factors on Earth and in space
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Under discussion are the available health data of the cohort of physically fit 25-30 y.o. males selected to work as pilots, cosmonauts/astronauts and submariners. An exponential reduction of the total compensatory body reserve and increase of death risk after the age of 30 are demonstrated.
The age-related changes in the death coefficients for male populations in Russia, US and Japan derived from demographic statistics over the period of 1989–1990 have been applied to estimate total radiation-induced risks in the crewmembers' post-career lifetime. Survival curves for the NASA astronauts - participants in orbital and Moon missions were analyzed. Total risks to health and of the growth of death coefficients due to environmental and social factors in missions over the period of 1960–2019, and space factors during short careers (1–3 years) with orbital and Moon missions were calculated.
Key words: environmental factors, age-dependent risks model, epidemiologic monitoring, health of professional groups, cosmonauts, post career risks, morbidity and mortality, lifespan.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 5-18.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-7-5-18.
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Fomina E.V., Lysova N.Yu., Rezvanova S.K., Kireev K.S., Kotov O.V., Novitskiy O.V., Timme Å.À.
Predictors of cosmonaut's readiness to work on the Martian surface on the evidence from orbital missions onboard the International space station
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The paper presents the results of validating a new graded locomotion test on motorized treadmill with participation of 6 cosmonauts (43±2 y.o., 84±6 kg, mission duration 169±18 days). The test is used to determine the autonomic system response to physical loading and individual locomotion strategies before, more than once during and on the first days after mission. The locomotion speed increases from 3 to 15 km/h by 1 km/h every 30 s, or till rejection. The recorded parameters are oxygen consumption, CO2 production, pulmonary ventilation and heart rate.
The established individual rearrangements in locomotion autonomic regulation are indicative of an increasing physiological cost of work after prolonged exposure in microgravity. In remote space missions this new test may be effective in selecting the most adequate ways of preventing negative developments, and appointing crew members for egress onto an unexplored planet.
Key words: microgravity, graded load, gas exchange, autonomic regulation of muscle work, physiological cost of work.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 19-27.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-7-19-27.
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Ryumin Î.Î., Voitenko À.Ì. Interplanetary mission: crew commander assignment and psychological training
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The paper considers the psycho-educational aspects of training and assignment of crew commander for a remote space mission. An algorithm of selecting candidates for commander is proposed and personality traits and important professional qualities are specified. The training program should take in practical psychology, prevention and settlement of problems in interpersonal communication, and managerial activity.
Key words: remote space mission, crew commander, selection, personality traits, important professional qualities, training.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 28-32.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-7-28-32.
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Koroleva M.V., Galichiy V.A., Stepanova S.I., Karpova O.I., Karapetyan A.S. Topical issues of working hours regulation for members of extended space missions
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The article addresses the normative limits of crew working hours adopted during the orbital station Mir program and now on the International space station (ISS) and cosmonauts' overtime with the focus on work content, planning lapses, concrete types of activity and psychophysiological consequences. In the opinion of the authors, the primary reason of cosmonauts' overtime was and is overwhelming mission programs impossible for the actual number of Russian crew members on the ISS.
Key words: overtime work, daily workload, extreme occupations, emotional stress, microgravity, psychic asthenization.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 33-39.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-7-33-39.
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Rudenko Å.À., Baranov Ì.V., Zakharov S.Yu. Studies of central and peripheral hemodynamics during extended orthostatic and antiorthostatic hypokinesia
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The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of orthostatic bed rest (OBR) on central and peripheral hemodynamics and compare to the effects of head-down bed rest (HDBR) as a model of microgravity. The OBR test-subjects showed vasoconstriction of arterial and vasodilation of venous vessels in the lower extremities that could be caused by influence of the sympathetic nervous system and the modeled vertical position on the Moon. Reduction of the central heart volumes due to blood redistribution was observed both in the HDBR and OBR subjects.
Key words: central and peripheral hemodynamics, antiorthostatic hypokinesia, orthostatic hypokinesia, eco-cardiography, ultrasound duplex investigation of vessels.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 40-47.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-7-40-47.
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Potapov M.G., Skedina Ì.À., Kovaleva À.À. Application of hardware-based physiotherapy on the sanatorium-and-spa stage of cosmonauts' rehabilitation
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The necessity of complete and rapid recovery of cosmonauts to make them ready to begin preparation for next missions places heavy demands on their medical rehabilitation. Priority is given to health resorts with widely used hardware-based physiotherapy. The article considers the methods of physiotherapy applied in cosmonauts' rehabilitation with the emphasis on combinative procedures of simultaneous application of various physical factors. The latter can be used at low dosage of each factor with a better therapeutic effect.
Key words: cosmonaut, rehabilitation, physiotherapy, combinative physiotherapy procedures.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 48-54.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-7-48-54.
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Dyemin A.V., Suvorov A.V., Fietze I., Penzel T. Quantitative evaluation of the sleep recovery properties in people during 2-week isolation simulating a mission to the Moon
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In the course of 17-d experiment Sirius-17, 24-hour monitoring of modified Kerdo's autonomic index (KAI) was conducted in 9 normal subjects – 6 crew members and 3 backups (control group). The principle environmental factors were isolation and an increased carbon dioxide content in air as compared to Earth's atmosphere.
Most of the crewmembers raised mean KAI during sleep significantly in comparison to baseline values. In the control group KAI changed moderately. Correlation of KAI values with sleep time varied between the subjects; analytic expressions (multinomial models) were found for these correlations. The best period of recovery was deduced for each of the subjects. It was concluded that in isolation recovery during sleep took different directions and changed significantly when compared with baseline data, i.e. it improved, or became worse, or remained constant. We propose a method of evaluating quantitatively the recovery properties of normal subject's sleep using the KAI integral characteristics depending on sleep time.
Key words: sleep, isolation and confinement, elevated carbon dioxide, modified Kerdo's autonomic index, mathematical modeling, physiological recovery, personified physiology.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 55-64.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-7-55-64.
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Bubeev Yu.À., Usov V.Ì., Sergeev S.F., Kryuchkov B.I., Mikhailyuk M.V., Johannes B. Results of space experiment pilot-t simulating the human – robot interactions on the lunar surface
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The paper discusses the applicability of existing psychodiagnostic testers as prototypes. Onboard simulator Pilot-T was developed for space experiments on orbital stations, current ergonomics improvement projects in the area of extreme robotics, and studying operator's psychophysiological capability while interacting with robots in extreme environments. The authors propose a model of cosmonaut's interaction with mobile robots on the Moon.
Key words: human-robot interaction, lunar rover, group of autonomous mobile robots, computer-based simulation station, VR.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 65-75.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-7-65-75.
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Khomenko M.N., Vartbaronov R.A., Vovkodav V.S., Churilov Yu.K., Bondareva S.V. Presentation of a static ergometer test procedure for predicting tolerance to flight g-loads of highly maneuverable aircraft pilots
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The standard static ergometer test (SET) was evaluated as a procedure of graded leg muscle loading (GML) in the 120 - 280 kGs range with 30 s at every grade to diagnose individual tolerance to g-loads (+Gz) of fighter pilots (FP). A hyperbolic dependence of static muscle performance on the level of maximum tolerable g-load (MTG) was determined during centrifugation without anti-g suit (AGS) with the correlation coefficient = 0.89 (ð < 0.001). Maximum static physical work (280 kGs) and MTG of +9 Gz in AGS are particularly challenging conditions for the heart due to high total resistance of peripheral vessels (PVTR), unaltered cardiac output (CO) and pressure overload. The dynamic ergometer test was characterized by low PVTR, a distinct CO rise and volume overload. The pilots demonstrated a linear correlation between maximal +Gz value during flight (MFG) and SET endurance with the linear correlation coefficient = 0.68 (ð<0.001) and level of practical diagnostic informativity = 90 ± 6.7 %. Comparative analysis of mean MFG and SET endurance of pilots in three fighter garrisons showed a certain parallelism of MFG and SET endurance. Based on the investigation, the standard static ergometer test can be used for indirect predicting individual g-tolerance by pilots.
Key words: static ergometer test, flight g-load, maximum tolerable g-value during centrifugation, diagnostic informativity, maximal +Gz value during flight, individual tolerance to flight g-values.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 76-83.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-76-83.
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Kovalevsky À.Ì., Iordanishvili À.Ê., Gaivoronsky I.V., Pashchenko P.S., Latif I.I. Effect of systematic exposure to total vibration on the condition of pilot's mouth cavity
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In-depth dental investigation of 404 pilots of transport airplanes and helicopters had the aim to assess effects of systematic exposure to total vibration. The control group consisted of 864 people of different occupations.
Measurement of the gum vibration sensitivity, electroodontometry (EOM), myotonometry, ultrasonic Doppler investigation of the parodontal vessels functioning were applied to 31 helicopter pilots (24-43 y.o., 400 to 2000 flying hours) and 20 essentially healthy people at the age of 24–45 years who had not experienced vibration.
Parodontosis and periodontitis were more common among pilots than in the control group by 4 % (p < 0.001) and 32.8 % (p < 0.001), respectively.
Shortly after flight, the vibration sensitivity went down to 4.4 ± 0.9 s (p < 0.001), EOM indices showed a rise (ð < 0.05), mean linear and mean volume velocities in parodontal vessels decreased (ð < 0.05), the masseter tension and relaxation tones changed (ð < 0.05). The parameters regained preflight values in 60-90 minutes after landing.
Key words: pilots, total vibration, gingivitis, periodontitis, parodontitis, vibration sensitivity of the gum, linear and volume blood flow velocity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 84-90.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-7-84-90.
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Usenko G.A., Vasendin D.V., Usenko A.G., Shakirova N.A. Trends in oxygen consumption and utilization in patients with ischemic cardiac disease on the days of magnetic storms depending on their psychosomatic status and therapeutic tactics
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The purpose of investigation was to assess reactivity to geomagnetic disturbances of oxygen consumption and utilization in male patients with the ischemic cardiac disease (ICD), effort angina (FC-II), and hypertension (S-I) differing in temperament and level of anxiety. Parameters under study included sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity, cardiac output, serum levels of cortisol, insulin and aldosterone, and differences in oxygen content of the arterialized venous and pure venous blood. The superimposed epoch method used during magnetic storms (MS) revealed an increase in background gamma radiation. On these days the patients were noted to increase cardiac output, respiratory minute volume and oxygen consumption, and to decrease oxygen utilization by tissues. These body reactions developed on the eve and first MS day in choleric persons, at the onset and MS day 2 in sanguine persons, on MS days 3–4 in phlegmatic persons and on MS days 4–5 in melancholic persons. The reaction was particularly strong in the groups of phlegmatic and melancholic patients with high levels of anxiety and, therefore, they must be included in the group with the risk of ICD exasperation. Antianginal therapy and blockade reduced significantly the number of attacks and brought values of the coefficients of oxygen consumption and utilization nearer to those in healthy people with similar anxiety levels and temperament.
Key words: ischemic cardiac disease, magnetic storms, oxygen utilization.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 91-99.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-7-91-99.
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Brief Communications
Matsnev E.I., Zakharova L.N., Sigaleva E.A. Characteristics of female vestibulo-autonomic stability in different phases of the menstrual cycle in the aspect of piloted space missions
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The goal was to analyze retrospectively the data about tolerance of experimental motion sickness (MS) by 15 normal female subjects (25 to 37 y.o., mean age 31 ± 6 yrs.) in different phases of the menstrual cycle. Motion sickness was modeled by continuous cumulative Coriolis (precession) accelerations on menses days 1-2 and in 7-10 days after menses. The analysis revealed a tendency for vestibular tolerance detriment in several females during the menstrual cycle. Probability of the detriment of vestibular-autonomic tolerance because of the menses should be taken into account in the medical support system of mixed crews to the ISS and future exploration missions to the Moon and Mars.
Key words: space motion sickness, vestibular-autonomic tolerance, menstrual cycle.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2019. V. 53. ¹ 7. P. 100-103.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-100-103.
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In Memory of a Colleague
Krapivnitskaja T. A., Krapivnitskaja L. V. N. À. Razsolov – doctor, teacher, scientist. To the 90th anniversary
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