CONTENTS
Reviews
Shafirkin A.V. New outlook for the space radiation risks paradigm for remote beyond-magnetosphere missions to the Moon and Mars
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The paper discusses the approaches to and criteria of setting limits to radiation loads on cosmonauts in missions of varying duration. The available radiobiological data about effective dose formation and damages to organism and tissues from different space radiation sources have been analyzed. Revision of the hazards to cosmonauts from solar cosmic rays (SCRs) during relatively powerful solar proton events (SPEs) led to a more than two-order reduction of mean tissue dose equivalent values, and equivalent doses for radiosensitive tissues imparted by SPEs with various fluencies and spectrum rigidity owing to specially designed shelters. It was found that due to rapid cell reparative processes the SCR effects on bone marrow, skin, GIT, corneal epithelium and cortex neurons (known for spread over time) may reduce 1.5 times or by half.
According to the literature, in missions to Mars the galactic cosmic rays are particular hazardous because of potential severe damages to various structures of the brain cortex. This is fraught with a great risk to the cosmonauts' ability to work during transit and of delayed negative consequences, and growth of the total radiation risk over career.
Key words: long-term space exploration and orbital missions, solar cosmic rays, galactic cosmic rays, dose rate, mean tissue dose equivalent, damage to radiosensitive tissues, cosmonaut's ability to work, total radiation risk, potential lifespan reduction.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 5-15.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-5-15
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Godilo-Godlevsky V.A., Voronkov Yu.I., Anikeev D.A. Problem aspects of medical control and flight medical certification of flying personnel with actual cardiovascular diseases
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The paper reviews some problem aspects of the medical control of pilots with cardiovascular diseases. Diagnostics and treatment of arterial hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias and conductivity disorders in Russian commercial and state pilots were analyzed with the use of relevant current guidelines, reference books for flight surgeons, and other sources. We identified a number of open and involved issues associated with therapy and prevention of these diseases in pilots, and potential incorporation of profound diagnostics into rehab programs. The main outcome of this effort is recommendations of principle approaches and treatment regimens to the advantage of flight safety and professional longevity of pilots with cardiovascular diseases.
Key words: preventive aviation medicine, clinical aviation medicine, arterial hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, conductivity disorders, aviation medicine, flight medical certification, flying longevity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 16-22.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-16-22
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Stepanova S.I., Koroleva M.V., Karapetyan A.S., Galichiy V.À., Karpova Î.I. Theoretical and applied aspecys of work and rest scheduling for members of missions according to the Russian Lunar program
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The paper addresses the operational requirements to work and rest schedule for Russian crewmembers of the International space station and risks associated with their violation. Measures aimed to prevent and control the negative psycho-medical effects of these risks are being discussed in relation to the prospective Russian Lunar program.
Key words: cosmonaut's work and rest schedule, flight work-rest schedule monitoring, Russian Lunar program, jetlag, sleep disorders, fatigue, overfatigue, asthenization of the nervous system.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 23-30.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-23-30
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Rudenko Å.À., Cherepov A.B., Baranov M.V., Lebedeva Ì.À., Khlebnikova N.N. Studies of cardiovascular system autonomic regulation during extended exposure to horizontal and tilted bed rest and head-down tilt bed rest
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Purpose of the investigation was to study effects of horizontal bed rest (HBR) of autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system and to compare them with the effects of the microgravity model – head-down tilt bed rest (HDT). The paper presents the results of two experimental series. It was shown that the primary response to bed rest is attenuation of parasympathetic and domination of sympathetic CVS regulation. This was particularly evident in the HDT series. Changes of the gravity vector (transition from the vertical to supine position for the night sleep) in the 2-wk HBR had no effect on autonomic CVS regulation. The key factor in the autonomic balance dynamics is initial type of autonomic regulation.
Key words: heart rate variability, spiro-artherio-cardiorhythm recorder, autonomic balance index, head-down tilt bed rest, horizontal bed rest.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 31-37.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-31-37.
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Shtemberg A.S., Klots I.N., Belyaeva A.G., Blokhina T.M., Yashkina E.I., Osipov A.N., Bazyan A.S., Kudrin V.S., Perevezentsev À.À., Koshlan N.A., Bogdanova Yu.V., Koshlan I.V., Timoshenko G.N., Lapin B.A. Hematological, biochemical and molecular effects of primate's head irradiation with high-energy krypton nuclei
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Heavy ions of the galactic cosmic radiation pose the main threat to the health of astronauts on missions beyond Earth's magnetosphere.
To evaluate immediate effects of heavy ion nuclei, heads of four Macaca mulatta males were irradiated with 78Kr ions. Immediately after the exposure erythrocyte number dropped sharply and so did hemoglobin and PCV; however, they recovered gradually and reached baseline values in 5 months. In parallel, platelets showed a continuous and yet insignificant increase in their number.
Single irradiation with Kr ions reduced serotonin concentration and induced a strong downward trend in dopamine precursor L-DOPA in blood plasma; with time these changes amplified. The fraction of CD34+ and CD16+Â lymphocytes in peripheral blood altered significantly.
Marrow levels of blasts, myeloblasts, neutrophil promyelocytes and reticular cells dropped to minimums, whereas lymphocyte number grew significantly. The share of ?-H2AX (marker of double-strand DNA break) of the positive blood lymphocytes remained reliably increased (ð < 0.05) 42 days post exposure.
Hence, even single local irradiation with nuclei of heavy elements produces serious negative consequences which points to the insistent need for astronauts' protection against galactic radiation.
Key words: primates, krypton ions, blood corpuscles, monoamines, double-strand DNA break.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 38-45.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-38-45
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Praskurichiy E.A., Ivanov I.V. Aeromedical risks associated with atherogenic dislipidemias and atherosclerosis
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Aeromedical risks associated with atherogenic dislipidemia and atherosclerosis were estimated and risk management strategies were examined. The retroactive (reacting) strategy intends to forestall contingency. The proactive strategy assigns primary importance to establishment, mitigation and prevention of risk factors. The forecasting strategy is based on the analysis of information on the performance indicators of the system and their dynamics in order to determine the circle of the most probable problems in the future. The principles of choosing appropriate intervention for therapy of flying personnel are described.
Key words: atherogenic dislipidemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk, flying personnel, aeromedical risks, flight safety.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 46-51.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-46-51
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Zasyadko K.I., Vonarshenko A.P., Soldatov S.K., Bogomolov A.V., Yazlyuk M.N. Analysis of qualities professionally important for flight instructor and their enhancement
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The purpose was to analyze the qualities professionally important for flight instructor and potentials of their enhancement. The study involved questionnaire surveys and testing followed by training using a computer-based work place of an expert in career-oriented psychological screening.
The three main categories of FI's career qualities are: flight experience, knowledge and skill level, and personal properties.
The questionnaire surveys elicited the most valuable personal (emotional stability and motivation to be trained on Earth and in air), mental (visual orientation, orientation using flight instruments, concentration), physical (quickness, motor activity), psychophysiological (vestibular stability) and special (g-tolerance and tolerance to motion sickness) professionally important qualities.
Experienced FIs showed the best integral scores in the divided attention test (throughput and tracking accuracy), Eysenck test (extraversion) and prediction (extrapolation ability). These results made it possible to select a reasonable battery of tests to be administered during psychophysiological examination of applicants.
A course of 10 training sessions was successful in enhancement of FIs professional qualities and efficiency.
Key words: professionally important qualities, flight instructor, psychophysiological selection, enhancement of pilot's professional qualities.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 52-56.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-52-56
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Buynov L.G., Blaguinin À.À., Glaznikov L.A., Sorokina L.À. Study of the effectiveness of normal and low-pressure hypoxic training in optimization of the functional state and improvement of professional fitness of people controlling high-speed vehicles
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Effects of a course of normal and hypobaric hypoxic training on the functional state and working capacity under statokinetic load were evaluated in 43 healthy male subjects aged 18 to 24 years. Selected were subjects who demonstrated the third-degree vestibulo-autonomic reactions during the initial 3 minutes of exposure to intermittent cumulation of Coriolis accelerations.
The following parameters were measured: time of test tolerance, post-rotational nystagmus, inspiration breath-hold, salivation, hyperhydrosis, and protective movements. Self-assessment activity and mood reports were analyzed; Robinson index was calculated and rate of information processing was determined. The subjects were tested before, after training sessions 10 and 15, and after «false» sessions.
The results showed that the course of normal and hypobaric hypoxic training was favorable to tolerance of the exposure to intermittent cumulation of Coriolis accelerations, functional state and some elements of professional activities of the subjects. Comparison of effectiveness between the normal and hypobaric hypoxic training sessions did not reveal reliable difference in the measurements.
After 1, 2 and 3 months since these training courses time of tolerance to the Coriolis accelerations test tended to reduce and gradual return to baseline values.
Key words: high-speed vehicles, functional state, professional fitness, statokinetic stability, normal and low-pressure hypoxic training, intermittent cumulation of Coriolis accelerations test.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 57-63.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-57-63
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Glaznikov L.A., Sorokina L.A., Buynov L.G., Gudkov R.V. Effect of Ascaris lumbricoides invasion on statokinetic stability of flight school applicants
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Purpose of the investigation was to assess effects of dehelmintization on the statokinetic tolerance of flight school applicants.
Statokinetic tolerance of 14 candidates (17–18 y.o.) was tested before and after dehelmintization by exposure to intermittent cumulation of Coriolis accelerations according to the standard Barany's procedure.
The results showed that after the dehelmintization therapy the applicants increased time of tolerance significantly (vs. initial test data). Furthermore, the severity of vestibulo-sensory, vestibulo-autonomic and vestibulo-somatic reactions decreased as did the results of static stabilometry testing.
Key words: applicants to flight school, functional state, professional fitness, vestibular system, statokinetic stability, dehelmintization.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 64-68.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-64-68
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Karsanova S.Ê., Yasnetsov V.V. Effect of melatonin combined with 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives on neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus and cerebellum cortex in animals
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Experiments with cats showed that new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives IBKhF-27 and SK-119, drugs mexidol and melatonin, and melatonin combinations with IBKhF-27, SK-119 and mexidol influenced directly 84, 52, 66, 71, 98, 88 and 89 % neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) respectively. Inhibition by IBKhF-27 was observed in 1.8 and 1.4 times more often than by SK-119 + mexidol. Melatonin combined with IBKhF-27, SK-119 and mexidol inhibited and influenced LVN neurons directly more often, than each component of the combination separately. The inhibitory effect of melatonin + IBKhF-27 was observed more frequently than of two other combinations, i.e. melatonin + SK-119 and melatonin + mexidol; the direct effect on neurons was more often compared with melatonin + SK-119. Derivatives IBKhF-27, SK-119, drugs mexidol and melatonin, and melatonin + IBKhF-27, SK-119 + mexidol had direct effects on 81, 43, 69, 81, 98, 88 and 89 % Purkinje cells respectively. Besides, inhibition by BKhF-27 was in 2.1 times more often than by SK-119. Melatonin combinations with IBKhF-27, SK-119 and mexidol inhibited more often than each of the components separately, whereas the direct effect of melatonin + IBKhF-27 on Purkinje cells was more frequent than of both of these components separately. The combination melatonin + IBKhF-27 produced the inhibitory effect more often that two other combinations, i.e. melatonin + SK119 and melatonin + mexidol.
Key words: new 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives, mexidol, melatonin, combination, lateral vestibular nucleus, Purkinje cells, cats.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 69-74.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-69-74
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Sayapin S.N. Analysis and prospective use of autonomous symbiotic self-relocating body massage robot «TRIANGEL» onboard piloted space stations
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The paper presents symbiotic self-relocating body massage robot «TRIANGEL» proposed for automated sliding cupping glass massage of the cosmonaut's back and chest onboard a space station. Robot «TRIANGEL» is capable to massage a moving body irrespective of its position that is, in other words, a cosmonaut does not need to interrupt assigned activities. The declared capabilities have been demonstrated with a full-scale pneumatic prototype of the robot.
Key words: symbiotic body massage robots, parallel mechanisms, sliding cupping glass massage, space robotics.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 75-78.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-75-78
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Brief Communications
Ilyin V.K., Rykova M.P., Antropova E.N., Solovieva Z.O., Nosovsky À.Ì. Investigation of parodontium tissue during microgravity factor modelling
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Concentrations of immunoglobulins (sIgA, IgA, IgÌ) and cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1?, INF?, TNF?, IL-4) were measured in oral liquid sampled from 6 male subjects at the age of 19 to 26 years volunteered for a 5-day dry immersion study. Analyses showed an upward trend in sIgA and a reliable increase in IgA (ð < 0.05) on day 7 of recovery in comparison to day 5 of the study. It was found that exposure in dry immersion alters the cytokine profile increasing the pool of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-1?, INF?), or induces a proinflammatory shift in cytokines. The investigation pointed to susceptibility of the parodontium tissue to inflammatory diseases and weakening of the parodontium barrier functions in the conditions of dry immersion.
Key words: parodontium, local immunity, immunoglobulins, cytokines, microgravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 79-83.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-79-83
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Chronicle and Information
Fomina E.V., Kussmaul A.R., Belakovskiy M.S. Biomedical problems of human space exploration, on the materials of the 22nd Humans in Space Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics
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Human deep space exploration can be successfully realized only with the cooperation of scientists and specialists from different countries. For many years the Humans in Space Symposium, regularly organized by space agencies and organizations of different countries under the auspices of International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), has been being a platform for a fruitful discussion of fundamental problems and practical issues, exchange of research results and ideas in space biology and medicine. The 22nd Humans in Space Symposium was held in Dubai, on November 11–14, 2019. Over 300 experts from 17 countries took part in it. The scientific program of this event included 5 plenary sessions, 5 round tables and 13 special sessions covering almost all biomedical problems of human space flights. 96 reports were presented, 36 of them were prepared by the IBMP specialists. The 22nd Humans in Space Symposium has become a significant milestone on the path of human space exploration.
Key words: space medicine and biology, medical and biological support of space flights, international cooperation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 1. P. 84-91.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-1-84-91
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Instructions for Authors
P. 93
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