CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Bogomolov V.V., Kondratenko S.N., Kovachevich I.V., Repenkova L.G. Propranolol pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic indices in antiorthostatic hypokinesia
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 5. P. 5–10.
Purpose of the work was to study pharmacokinetics of beta adrenoblocker propranolol, and hemodynamic indices in volunteers for simulation of some effects of microgravity. The study involved 8 essentially healthy subjects and the head-down tilt (-8°) bedrest model reproducing the effects of microgravity (BD). Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ÀÍÎÃ-?
This was designed as three series of investigations, i.e. before BD, on BD day-2 and on the first day of BD completion. Propranolol concentration in blood plasma was determined using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Hemodynamic indices including heart rate (HR), stroke volume, cardiac output, cardiac index and total peripheric resistance were measured using integral rheography; average blood pressure (BPav) was assessed by Korotkov's method. Statistical deviations in propranolol pharmacokinetics were found in none of the three series. The most characteristic reactions to propranolol were BPav reductions in all series and HR decreases 2 hours after intake in the first and second series. These deviations were not pathologic but physiological variations typical of healthy people. Therefore, propranolol can be advised for rational pharmacotherapy of acute cardiovascular diseases in piloted space missions.
Key words: pharmacokinetics, bed rest (BP), hemodynamics, propranolol.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2016-50-5-10
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Volova L.T., Rossinskaya V.V., Milyakova M.N., Boltovskaya V.V., Nefedova I.F., Kulaguina L.N., Pugachev E.I. Studies of spaceflight effects on a 3d model of chondroblast culture
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 5. P. 11–17.
The effect of long-duration space flight on the vital processes in human chondroblasts in vitro was studied with a number of morphologic, biochemical and optic techniques. Object of investigation was a 3-D porous biocarrier populated by a cell culture in a leak-free vessel completely full of growth medium. The investigation was performed onboard automatic spacecraft Foton-M4 with the use of research equipment SIGMA. Synchronous experiments were conducted in ground laboratory. The experiment with cell culture prepared of the human hyaline cartilage validated suitability of this model for long-duration experiments with adhesive cells on automatic spacecraft; besides, the experimental results suggest that in spaceflight microgravity adhesive cells exist in the state of suspension.
Key words: cell culture, experiment in vitro, 3D-biocarrier, space flight, microgravity, LDH-test.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528-2016-50-5-11-17
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Ponomarev S.A., Berendeeva Ò.À., Kalinin S.À., Muranova A.V. Status of the system of signaling pattern recognition receptors of monocytes and granulocytes in cosmonauts' peripheral blood before and after long-duration missions to the international space station
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 5. P. 18–23.
The system of signaling pattern recognition receptors was studied in 8 cosmonauts aged 35 to 56 years before and after (R+) long-duration missions to the International space station. Peripheral blood samples were analyzed for the content of monocytes and granulocytes that express the signaling pattern recognition Toll-like (TLR) receptors localized as on cell surface (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6), so inside cells (TLR3, TLR8, TLR9). In parallel, serum concentrations of TLR2 (HSP60) and TLR4 ligands (HSP70, HMGB1) were measured. The results of investigations showed growth of HSP60, HSP70 and HMGB1 concentrations on R+1. In the majority of cosmonauts increases in endogenous ligands were followed by growth in the number of both monocytes and granulocytes that express TLR2 è TLR4. This consistency gives ground to assume that changes in the system of signaling pattern recognition receptors can stem from the predominantly endogenous ligands' response to the effects of long-duration space flight on human organism.
Key words: pattern recognition receptors, monocytes, granulocytes, space flight, TLR.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2016-50-5-18-23
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Ratushny À.Yu., Buravkova L.B. Morphofunctional state of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells during modeling the effects of microgravity
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 5. P. 24–29.
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) are essential for maintaining of environmentally sensitive tissue homeostasis. Changes in homeostasis are driven by processes of body adaptation to the changing outer world. The investigation was focused on the morphofunctional state of MMSCs isolated from human adipose tissue and exposed to modeled effects of microgravity in vitro. The results point to an increase of proliferative potential, decrease of the lisosomal compartment activity, and reductions in cell size and granularity. Evaluation of the paracrine activity in relatively static control revealed increased IL-8 production and decreased IL-6 production. Our data supplement previous findings and allow conclude about universality of the mesenchymal cell reaction to modeled microgravity. The investigation did not detect signs of cell stress in this environment.
Key words: multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, random position machine, morphofunctional state.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2016-50-5-24-29
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Moiseev Yu.B., Ignatovich S.N., Strakhov A.Yu. Anthropometric characteristics of flight personnel for designing dampers for shockproof seats of helicopter crews
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 5. P. 30–36.
The article discusses anthropometric design of shockproof pilot seats for state-of-the-art helicopters. Object of the investigation was anthropometric parameters of the helicopter aviation personnel of the Russian interior troops. It was stated that the body parameters essential for designing helicopter seat dampers are mass of the body part that presses against the seat in the seating position, and eye level above the seat surface. An uncontrolled seat damper ensuring shockproof safety to 95 % helicopter crews must be designed for the body mass contacting the seat of 99.7 kg and eye level above the seat of 78.6 cm. To absorb shock e?ectively, future dampers should be adjustable to pilot’s body parameters. The optimal approach to anthropometric design of a helicopter seat is development of type pilot’s body models with due account of pilot’s the ?ight out?t and seat geometry. Principle criteria of type models are body mass and eye level. The authors propose a system of type body models facilitating speci?cation of anthropometric data helicopter seat developers.
Key words: ?ight personnel anthropometry, shockproof protection of helicopter crew, shockproof seat.
DOI: 1021687/0233-528X-2016-5-30-36
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Smoleevsky À.Å., Tsapenko I.V., Lantukh E.P., Nazarova G.À., Manko Î.Ì., Zueva M.V., Neroev V.V., Ushakov I.B. Assessment of the effect of dynamic light-emitting diode illumination on the functional state of visual analyzer in an environmentally controlled chamber
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 5. P. 37–42.
The paper reports the results of studying morphology and functioning of the visual analyzer of 8 male subjects following 11 days under dynamic light-emitting diode illumination. A comprehensive eye examination did not reveal any signi?cant negative e?ect of the short-term exposure to the arti?cial light; however, physiological characteristics of the visual analyzer function were impaired. Loss of relative accommodation, narrowing of the peripheral vision ?elds for the green and blue could be linked with asthenopia (visual fatigue) developing in closed space. Electrophysiological investigations discovered a P100 bifurcation which devidence that morphology of ocular evoked potentials changed for the reverse pattern. The phenomenon may be representative of a temporal discord of visual channels or a change in their temporal characteristics caused by the speci?c arti?cial illumination.
Key words: chamber, visual system, electoretinogram, ocular evoked potentials, light-emitting diode illumination.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2016-50-5-37-42
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Guizzatullina Å.À., Bryndina I.G. Intraocular pressure and eye hydrodynamics during brief head-down tilt
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 5. P. 43–46.
Intraocular pressure (IOP) and eye hydrodynamics (aqueous out?ow easiness rate (C) and moisture chamber production (F)) were studied in 9 adult volunteers subjected to the hypogravity e?ects of head-down tilt (HDT) at -15° to the horizontal plane. The volunteers stayed in the horizontal and tilted positions for 10 minutes. IOP was measured according to Maklakov (tonometer 5 g), Ñ and F – according to Nesterov (simpli?ed tonography). In parallel, heart rate (HR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) were measured in the sitting, lying and tilted positions. In HDT, IOP rose 10.3 % (p < 0.05) and C reduced 60 % (p < 0.05); F showed an uncertain trend down by 59 % (p > 0.05). Increase of the Bekker coe?cient by 168 % (p < 0.05) could testify interconnection of the increased IOP and impaired moisture out?ow. Moreover, in HDT DBP showed a rise while HR decreased. These results suggest that during brief tiltdown IOP increases not only because of a greater ?lling of the choroid vessels, but also because of retarded out?ow of the intraocular ?uid. The downward trend in ?uid production can be a compensatory reaction to increased IOP.
Key words: intraocular pressure, eye hydrodynamics, head-down tilt.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2016-50-5-43-46
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Fomina E.V., Us'kov K.V. Effectiveness of different training programs for physical performance maintenance in the condition of low motor activity
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 5. P. 47–55.
Investigations made by the World Health Organization showed that lack of physical activity and sedentary lifestyle are among ten major causes for death and disability. Typially, studies of the negative e?ects of reduced physical activity and their prevention face di?culties of providing standard conditions. These issues were obviated successfully in experiment MARS-500 on simulation of a space exploration mission. Human subjects were 6 men from Russia, France, Italy and China who spent 520 days in isolation. To prevent the negative e?ects of low physical activity, the volunteers performed resistive and cyclic exercises in di?erent periods of isolation. The study was designed with two pauses in the training program. Physical performance was evaluated with an incremental loading test, maximal voluntary e?ort test (Russian-Austrian MDS resistive exercise system), and PWC-170 (bicycle ergometer). Level of physical performance of the subjects in this experiment never degraded to below baseline values. The proposed training system comprising di?erent kinds of exercise ensured stability or improvement of subjects’ physical performance as compared with baseline level.
Key words: long-term isolation, resistive exercise, reduced physical activity, physical performance, cyclic training.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528-2016-50-5-47-55
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Yashina E.R., Kurashvili V.A., Turzin P.S. Influence of aerospace medicine achievements on the development of sport medicine methodology
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 5. P. 56–62.
Modern technologies of aerospace medicine develop at rapid pace pulling on its orbit all spheres of the human activity, including sport. Innovations play a major role in the progress of sport medicine areas related to the biomedical support of precontest training. Overview of the most important aerospace medicine achievements and their methodical implications for sport medicine is presented. Discussion is devoted to how the aerospace medicine technologies can raise e?ectiveness of the biomedical support to di?erent sectors of sport and ?tness.
Key words: aerospace medicine, sport medicine, innovations, methods, technologies.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528-2016-50-5-56-62
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Clinical Investigations
Tishchenko À.À., Rudko Å.À., Markovich D.Yu., Malinin À.V., Vasiliev K.Yu. Transmeridian jet lag and its pharmacological correction
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 5. P. 63–68.
The article deals with the development and correction of acute jet lag in a ?ight across several time zones. The investigation had the purpose to study dynamics of subjective and objective psychophysiological parameters and demonstrate methods of prophylaxis and correction of acute jet lag due to transmeridian ?ights. Subjects were 8 normal volunteers (experimental group) at the age of 26–55 years ?ying eastward over 7 times zones. The investigation included 3 stages: baseline, preparatory (21-d course of Euricoma longifolia extraction) and main (intake of donormil, cirkadin and arti?cial sleep during the ?ight). Functional diagnostics was performed on the baseline stage, on completion of the preparatory stage and on the next day after the ?ight (21–22 days from the beginning of the preparatory stage). Objective and subjective methods were used to evaluate the autonomic and cardiovascular systems and mental performance. In the control group (n = 4) functional diagnostics was performed on the same days. The investigations showed the bene?t of preparation for transmeridian air travel and experimentally demonstrated positive e?ects of the proposed pharmacological correction of acute transmeridian jet lag.
Key words: transmeridian air travels, acute jet lag, psychophysiological state, pharmacological correction.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2016-50-5-63-68.
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Lectures
Ilyin Å.À. Bioethics in human and animal researches
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