CONTENTS
Reviews
Kabitskaya Î.Å., Oganov V.S., Gordienko K.V., Bakulin À.V. Changes in bone structure according to the results of investigations on biosatellites of the «Bion» series
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 5. P. 5–8
Noninvasive technologies of bone investigations measure largely the main skeletal sites and are not quite suitable to have a look at the bone internal organization in situ. However, there are data obtained noninvasively in experiments on board the space biosatellites. The review is dedicated to analysis and comparison of the evidence for the bone organic and mineral matrix restructuring due to microgravity. These changes have presumably evolved in the course of the system reaction of bone tissue and the whole skeleton.
Key words: microgravity, biosatellites, bone tissue.
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Soldatov P.E., Mednikova Î.À., Gurieva Ò.S., Dadasheva Î.À., Smolenskaya Ò.S., Orlova V.S. Comparative evaluation of the effects of hypoxic gaseous mixtures varying in oxygen concentration on Japanese quail embryogenesis
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 5. P. 9-12
The paper presents the results of comparative characterization of the effects of low oxygen levels (Î2 10 ± 0.5 and Î2 14.5 ± 0.5 %) on developing organism. Four-day old embryos of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were chosen for the object of investigation as this is the age when avians acquire their organs and systems. Acute hypoxia (10 ± 0.5 % oxygen) caused a general death of the embryos, and serious abnormalities of the eye and brain, and ectopy. Embryos that developed in the low-oxygen atmosphere (14.5 ± 0.5 %) did not exhibit many of these morphological abnormalities and yet their growth was retarded apparently.
Such abnormalities in acute hypoxia are ascribed to disturbance in development of extra-embryonic membranes, amnion in particular, desynchronization of morphogenetic processes and movement of embryo’s tissue layers.
Key words: hypoxia, gaseous composition, embryogenesis, Japanese quail.
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Mukhamedieva L.N., Oganesyan M.V., Tatarkin S.V., Barantseva M.Yu., Shafirkin A.V. Morphologic changes in mice trachea, bronchi and lungs after prolonged combined radiation and inhaled chemical exposure
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 5. P. 13–20
Investigations of morphology and morphometry of the breathing organs (trachea, bronchi and lungs) and immunogenesis of mice subject to a combined sequential exposure to fractionated external γ-irradiation by the total dose of 350 cGy and a mix of acetone, ethanol and acetaldehyde in MPCs for piloted spacecrafts simulating the estimated levels in crewed exploration missions were conducted. Morphologic changes in the breathing organs of animals after space missions point to immunogenesis activation and appearance of a «structural trace» as a chronic inflammation with the growth of fibrous connective tissue in tracheal, bronchial and lung walls, increase in volume fractions of glands and vessels and reduction in loose fibrous connective tissue. Formation of the fibrous connective tissue was particularly noticeable in respiratory parts of the breathing organs suggesting a high risk of long-term adverse effects.
Key words: morphology, space exploration mission, fibrosis, chronic inflammation.
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Voskanyan K.Sh., Vorozhtsova S.V., Abrosimova A.N., Mitsyn G.V., Gaevskiy V.N., Molokanov A.G. Mitigation of mice radiation damage after acute and prolonged g-irradiation by a laser device
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 5. P. 21–26
Effects of 7 Gy from γ-radiation 60Ñî (acute and prolonged exposure), and combined exposure to 650 nm laser and γ-radiation on survivability, peripheral blood, karyocyte count and mitotic index of bone marrow cells were studied in young C57ÂL/6 mice.
All mice died following acute γ-irradiation at the dose rate of 1.14 Gy/min for 5 days or combined exposure for 11 days. Thirty percent survival from prolonged exposure to the dose rate of 0.027 Gy/min was observed after 19-day γ- and 38-day combined irradiation. Peripheral blood parameters did not differ significantly after acute and prolonged exposure; however, hyperchromemia was found in mice after 24 hours of acute γ-irradiation. Count of mitoses per 1000 nucleus-containing BM cells evidenced that BM was virtually collapsed after 72 hours since the acute γ-exposure. It was demonstrated that laser can manage protection from à broad range of ionizing radiation doses and mitigate the untoward effects of equally acute and prolonged radiation exposure.
Key words: radiation protection, acute and prolonged exposure, laser radiation.
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Vodolazhskaya M.G., Vodolazhskiy G.I. Gender differences in weather sensitivity of normal adult people registered on the rheoencephalogram and electroencephalogram
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Aviakosmicheskaya I Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 5. P. 27–32
In the real-life environment the subjectively unperceived reactivity of rheoencephalogram (REG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) to ordinary geophysical factors (i.e. wind, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity and temperature) is gender-dependent. Correlations between REG and EEG values and weather fluctuations are more frequent and stronger in men. Dependence of EEG rhythms on weather factors increases as the rhythmic activity within the delta-theta-beta range becomes more rapid. This pattern is particularly evident in men but not women. Reactivity of neurodynamic parameters in female REG and EEG is responsive to the ovarian-menstrual cycle.
Almost all cases of cerebral weather sensitivity of women were objectified in the post-ovulatory period, whereas in the preovulatory period episodes of weather sensitivity were only singular.
Key words: normal weather sensitivity, weather, rheoencephalogram, electroencephalogram, gender differences, adaptation.
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Tikhomirova N.A., Ushakova S.A., Kudenko Yu.A., Anishchenko O.V., Tikhomirov A.A. Use of the ion–exchange substrate to optimize mineral nutrition of plants within a bio-engineering life support system with a high level of closure
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 5. P. 33–38
Purpose of the work was to test manageability of nutrient solutions containing mineralized human exometabolites by using an ion-exchange substrate (IES) for cultivating wheat in a bio-engineering life support system with a high level of closure. Object of the investigation was wheat Triticum aestivum (Lysovsky cv. l. 232). Crops were raised on clayite in a growth chamber of a hydroponic conveyor system under continuous light. Correction of nutrient solution was to lift the limits of crop supply with minerals. The experimental crop grew in nutrient solution with immersed IES «BIONA-312»; nutrient solution for the control crop was corrected by adding mineral salts. Solution correction did not have a noteworthy effect on the yield, CO2-gas exchange or mineral composition of wheat plants. IES makes simple the technology of plant cultivation on solutions enriched with human exometabolites.
Key words: ion-exchange substrate, bio-engineering life support system, human exometabolites utilization, uneven-aged wheat conveyor.
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Podolskiy I.G., Strugov O.M., Bingham G.E. Performance characteristics of root zone moisture and water potential sensors for greenhouses in the conditions of extended space flight
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 5. P. 39–45
The investigation was performed using greenhouse Lada in the Russian segment of the International space station (ISS RS) as part of space experiment Plants-2 during ISS missions 5 through to 22. A set of 6 point moisture sensors embedded in the root zone (turface particles of 1–2 mm in diam.) and 4 tensiometers inside root modules (RÌ) were used to monitor moisture content and water potential in the root zone.
The purpose was to verify functionality and to test performance of the sensors in the spaceflight environment. It was shown that with the average RZ moisture content of 80 % the measurement error of the sensors do not exceed ±1.5 %. Dynamic analysis of the tensiometers measurements attests that error in water potential measurements does not exceed ±111 Pa.
Key words: root zone, space greenhouse, moisture content, water potential, experimental error of the sensors, Russian segment of the International space station.
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Moiseev Yu.B. Mechanisms of changes in the human spinal column in response to static and dynamic axial mechanic loading
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Aviakosmicheskaya I Ecologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 5. P. 46–50
The study was concerned with the human spinal column reaction to axial static and dynamic loading.
Fresh segments of the column from dorsal vertebra 11 to lumber vertebra 2 were exposed to axial static (20 mm/min) and dynamic (200 and 500 mm/min) loading. Measured variables included load value, whole segment deformation, anterior surfaces of intervertebral disk Ò11-Ò12 and dorsal vertebra 12, and acoustic emission signals indicative of spongy bone microdestruction. It was found that vertebral body deformation augmented less in comparison with the intervertebral disk and that central parts of the spinal end plates compress greater than peripheral. This difference was more considerable due to static loading rather than dynamic.
To produce deformation of a spinal segment by dynamic loading same as by the static one, it is necessary to overcome a stronger resistance of a larger number of trabecular bones. Herefrom it follows that, first, to cause an equal segment compression the dynamic load must be heavier than static and, which is of paramount practical significance, dynamic strength of the column is markedly higher than static. Secondly, spinal stiffness during impact is higher as compared with the static condition. Thirdly, same degree of deformation due to dynamic loading should result in a larger volume of microdestructions comparing with static loading, which is testified by a reliable difference in the number of AE signals accumulated prior to fracture. The number of AE signals amounts to 444.2 ± 308.2 and 85.0 ± 36.6 in case of the dynamic and static loading, respectively (p < 0.05 according to Student’s t-criterion).
Key words: spinal column, axial loading, damage mechanisms, overload.
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Chumachenko E.N., Logashina I.V. Calculation of the strain-deformation condition of the spinal motor segment during loading
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 5. P. 51–57
A mathematical model is proposed to analyze the spinal strain-deformation condition resulting from axial and lateral g-loads generated by changes in the gravity field and/or pilot’s maneuvering high-performance aircraft. The solution algorithm takes into account changes in the intervertebral disk pressure and the fibrous ring shape at the time of close-to-critical g values.
Calculation of the spinal strain-deformation condition was implemented by the instrumentality of computer system SPLEN (KOMMEK ltd., Russia).
Analysis of the spinal strain-deformation condition was made for 2 types of external loads, i.e. normal and unilateral with a bending moment.
Maximum permissible loads on a spinal segment were evaluated, as well as distribution of strain intensity, mean strains, spinal deformation and destruction field was described. The constructed computer models could be used as a basis for developing a technique of predicting characteristic spinal injuries in consequence of specific extreme loads and pathologies.
Key words: mechanics, biomechanics, mathematical modeling, spinal column.
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Clinical Investigations
Igoshina T.V., Kotrovskaya T.I., Bubeev Yu.A., Schastlivtseva D.V., Potapov A.V. Practicing subnarcotic xenon dose inhalation in spa treatment of posttraumatic stress-induced disorders
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 5. P. 58–63
Purpose of the investigation was to compare and contrast effectiveness of xenon therapy of stress-induced neurotic disorders and traditional spa-based therapy. Patients of the experimental and control groups were people of risky professions who received drug therapy, psychotherapy and physiotherapy. The experimental group was additionally treated by inhalation therapeutic doses of medical xenon. Comparative analysis of qualitative and quantitative parameters of electroencephalogram (EEG), blood oxygen level, heart rate and blood pressure were compared in the groups before and after treatment. Recovery of the central nervous system functions, activation of parasympathetic involvement, abatement of main psychopathological and somatovegetative disorders in the experimental group were considered as signs of psychic improvement and return to the gestalt behavior.
Key words: posttraumatic stress-induced disorder, inhalation of therapeutic xenon dose, electroencephalography, pulse oximetry, heart rate.
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Brief communications
Lazarev À.Î. Topographic characteristics of the human electrodermal activity
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina. 2014. V. 48. ¹ 5. P. 64–67
The investigation with participation of 6 test-subjects provided the first evidence that two dermal areas far apart from each other may possess identical spontaneous electrodermal activity (EDÀ) (r = 0.98) and, on the contrary, adjacent dermal areas may differ in EDA (p = 0.001). Asymmetry in EDA distribution across the human body was demonstrated. Most often the left part of the body was negatively charged relative to the right part. This held true also to the upper body in 59.2 % cases and the lower body in 87.3 % cases. In the vast majority of cases (98.6–100 %) the upper body was charged negatively relative to the lower body.
Key words: electrodermal activity, delta of electrical potentials, basal system.
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