CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Tomilovskaya E.S., Rukavishnikov I.V., Amirova L.E., Shigueva T.A., Saveko À.À., Kitov V.V., Vasilieva G.Yu., Ponomarev S.A., Smirnova Ò.À., Êozlovskaya I.B., Orlov O.I. 21-day dry immersion: design and primary results
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 ñòàòüå ïðåäñòàâëåíû îñíîâíûå îñîáåííîñòè è èòîãè ïðîâåäåíèÿ íà áàçå ÃÍÖ ÐÔ – ÈÌÁÏ ÐÀÍ óíèêàëüíîãî 21-ñóòî÷íîãî ýêñïåðèìåíòà â óñëîâèÿõ The paper reports the design and primary results of the unique IBMP-based 21-d Dry Immersion study with participation of 10 healthy male volunteers (mean age 29.3 ± 3.56 years). The study demonstrated the admissibility and safety of long-term exposure in immersion, veridicality of the data from short exposures, and dynamics of events developing in the course of a more extended, chronic support unloading. These findings form the basis for evaluation of the effectiveness of artificial gravity and other countermeasures to the impacts of long-term weight and support unloading on the human organism.
Key words: Dry Immersion, support unloading, microgravity models.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 5-14.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-5-14
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Amirova L.E., Saveko A.A., Rukavishnikov I.V., Nistorescu A., Dinculescu A., Valeanu V., Kozlovskaya I.B., Vizitiu C., Tomilovskaya E.S., Orlov O.I. Effects of 21-day support unloading on characteristics of transverse stiffness of human muscles. Estimation of efficiency of new myotonometric approaches
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In the 21-d dry immersion (DI) study MyotonPro (Estonia) and MusTone (Romania) were used to measure lateral stiffness of the back and leg muscles.
Though the devices implement a similar operation principle, the outcomes of parallel measurements were different. Thus, the MusTone data showed a greater group variability. On DI day-21, MyotonPro registered significant lateral stiffness decreases in rectus m. of the thigh (-8.5 %, p = 0.01) and tibial m. of the shin (-19.3 %, p < 0.001) that did not reach a plateau. MusTone failed to detect reliable changes in these muscles. Both devices established a slight growth of gastrocnemius stiffness throughout the exposure. Unlike MyotonPro, MusTone revealed a progressive growth of longissimus stiffness in the projection of vertebral segments Ò12–L1. No significant change was found in m. soleus.
Our investigations showed that lateral stiffness values depend on a measurement technique and may be characterized by low stability. Even concurrent registration with the use of principally identical devices can produce different results.
Key words: muscle lateral stiffness, muscle tone, atony, MyotonPro, MusTone, support unloading, dry immersion.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 15-22.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-15-22
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Kukoba T.B., Babich D.R., Fomina E.V., Orlov O.I. Changes in the muscle strength-velocity qualities under the modeled spaceflight effects in the conditions of 21-day dry immersion
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The paper reports the results of estimating changes in leg muscles' strength and velocity properties consequent to the exposure in 21-d dry immersion.
Test-subjects were 8 normal males at the age of 45.3 ± 5.4 years. The isokinetic test performed on the first day after DI showed a reduction in the leg muscle strength particularly obvious with the plantar flexion during isometric contraction at 60°/s. A considerable strength reduction during the dorsal plantar flexion was registered at muscle contractions 30°/s and 60°/s. The test-subjects were found to decrease maximum moments of the hip flexors (Ð = 0.01) and extensors (Ð = 0.02), at angular velocity of 60°/s specifically, and to reduce the hip flexors endurance (Ð = 0.01).
The significant reductions in leg muscle strength and endurance advocate for the need of countermeasures against the hypogravity-induced disorders in short space missions as well as in future missions to a lunar base with the length comparable to the 21-d ground-based gravitational unloading.
Key words: dry immersion, non-support, strength and velocity muscle properties.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 23-27.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-23-27
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Fedyai S.O., Tomilovskaya E.S., Rukavishnikov I.V., Lebedeva S.A., Guschin V.I. Motor activity dynamics in test-subjects during 21-day dry immersion
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Monitoring of the diurnal motor activity and sleep quality was conducted in the 21-d dry immersion study in order to develop a model predicting the human psychophysiological state and efficiency in the condition of hypodynamia. Test-subjects were 10 males 25 to 32 years of age. Preliminary data of the round-the-clock actigraphy witness that lack of motion disrupts the wakefulness-sleep cycle.
Key words: actigraphy, motor activity, sleep quality, dry immersion.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 28-32.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-28-32
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Lysova N.Yu., Kitov V.V., Tomilovskaya E.S. , Fomina E.V. Locomotion with a supplementary motor task after the exposure to 21-day dry immersion
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The paper presents the results of studying changes in human locomotion biomechanics following the 21-day exposure to dry immersion.
Participants were 8 normal male subjects at the age of 45.3 ± 5.4 years who were tested twice on days 14 and 7 before DI and immediately after its completion.
After 21 days in immersion, significant changes in the clearance between the foot and bar in the range from 5 to 30 cm were observed only when the obstacle was 30 cm high. It is noteworthy that step length also reduced during crossing lower obstacles.
Therefore, after DI we observed changes in two motor task parameters (stepping over an obstacle), i.e. widening of the clearance between the foot and bar, and decrease of the step length.
Key words: dry immersion, biomechanical characteristics, locomotion.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 33-36.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-33-36
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Orlova Å.À., Vinogradova O.L., Popov D.V., Borovik A.S. Effect of the fitness level on aerobic capacity of pectorial girdle muscles and precision of complex coordination movements under loads of varying power
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We compared the ability to sustain a preset value of the thoracic girdle effort by skiers before and after three months of intensified training and untrained subjects before and after exposure to tight hypokinesia (21-day dry immersion).
Both the sportsmen and untrained volunteers were tested with the incremental manual ergometry till rejection. The anaerobic threshold was determined by blood lactate (4 mmol/l) and precision of effort sustenance by the standard deviation of actual effort from the preset.
It was shown that precision of the preset effort sustenance gradually reduced as the load increased. Precision decreased sharply with a load going up above the anaerobic threshold. Improvement of the training level did not modify the pattern of relation between deviation and load; however, the relative deviation became much less. Exposure to dry immersion led to a slight reduction of the anaerobic threshold but not to a noticeable change in precision of the shoulder girdle movements.
Key words: anaerobic threshold, dry immersion, skiers, precision of sustaining a preset effort, ski simulator.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 37-43.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-37-43
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Glukhikh D.Î., Naumov I.A., Kornilova L.N., Telitsyn N.G., Tomilovskaya E.S. Eye tracking function, visual-manual tracking and vestibular function under the conditions of 21-day dry immersion
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21-day dry immersion as a model of microgravity was used to assess the input of support and proprioceptive afferentation to the visual-manual tracking (VMT) and vestibular function (VF). Precision of VMT jerking and smooth movements of dot stimuli was assessed in 10 human subjects before, in and after immersion using the data of electrooculography and joystick records of hand movements. Computerized visual tests were presented through VR glasses using the biological visual feedback, i.e. one of two stimuli on the monitor showed the current position of the joystick handle. We analyzed temporal, amplitude and velocity parameters of visual and manual tracking (VT and MT) including calculation of efficiency and gain coefficient as the ratios between amplitudes and velocities of eye/hand movements and visual stimulus movement. The vestibular function tests were performed before and after immersion using videooculography. We evaluated the static torsional otolith-ocular and otolith-cervico-ocular reflexes (OOR and COR), dynamic vestibulo-cervico-ocular reactions (VCOR), and spontaneous eye movements.
In immersion, except for the first 3 days, the coefficients of MT efficiency (amplitude) and gain (velocity) were comparable with the baseline and significantly higher than VT parameters. All the subjects demonstrated a rather better manual but not visual accuracy of tracking. The post-immersion VF evaluation found a reliable decrease of atypical (absence or inversion) OCOR simultaneously with a reliable VSOR increase. A correlation was established between VF and VT; no correlation was stated between VF and MT. The results of investigations in the prolonged immersion study showed removal of support and minimization of proprioceptive afferentation cause reactions similar to those observed in cosmonauts after long-term space missions.
Key words: immersion, vestibular function, spontaneous eye movements, visual-manual tracking.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 44-51.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-44-51
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Shishkin N.V., Ermakov I.Yu., Amirova L.E., Abu Sheli N.M.À., Tomilovskaya E.S. Vertical stability with open and closed eyes before and after 21-day dry immersion
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Contribution of the visual feedback to the stand control was evaluated in 10 young male participants in the 21-day DI study.
Three stabilography sessions were performed before DI, in an hour after DI completion, and 2 and 4 days later.
The results showed group heterogeneity and division into 2 subgroups depending on whether the scattering of pressure center (PC) fluctuations increased or decreased in the absence of visual feedback. The ratio between the closed-eyed (CE) and open-eyed (OE) scattering in group 1 was more than 100 % (121.40 ± 18 %) implying a positive vision input to the stand control. The fact that in group 2 this ratio was less than 100 % (75.97 ± 21.91 %) implies a negative vision input to the stand control.
The accelerated CP fluctuations following immersion persisted two days in the absence of visual feedback. On post-DI day 4, the CP fluctuations velocity returned to baselines values. In group 1, the ratio between PC fluctuations with CE and OC was not altered by immersion; however, the ratio grew sharply from 115 to 150 % on post-DI day-2 which points to the vision importance for balance control in this period of readaptation.
Key words: dry immersion, vertical stability, stabilography, visual feedback, Romberg coefficient.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 52-57.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-52-57
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Lyakhovetskii V.A., Sosnina I.S., Zelenskiy Ê.À., Karpinskaya V.Ju., Tomilovskaya E.S. Effect of 21-day dry immersion on the sensorimotor evaluation of the Ponzo and Muller-Lyer illusions during grasping
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In the 21-d dry immersion (DI) study, the sensorimotor evaluation of illusions was tested by "grasping" neutral 3D objects and also objects provoking the Ponzo and Muller-Lyer visual illusions.
Ten human subjects were tested before DI, on DI days 3, 10 and 20, and after DI completion. The pre-DI strength of Muller-Lyer illusions adjusted to match the neutral stimulus evaluation was above the zero, whereas the Ponzo illusions strength was virtually same. The adjusted illusions strength tended down at the DI onset, recovered by DI day-10 and degraded again.
These results are in a good agreement with the sensorimotor data of the tracking test performed in a 5-d DI study and support the hypothesis that gravitational unloading affects the dorsal stream of visual processing.
Key words: Ponzo illusion, Muller-Lyer illusion, dry immersion, gravitation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 58-63.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-58-63
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Skedina Ì.À., Kovaleva À.À., Potapov M.G. Metabolic and electrical activities of the brain during 21-day dry immersion
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Dynamics of the CNS neurophysiological processes in 10 male volunteers during the 21-day DI study was tracked by way of plural brain investigations and tests including the concurrent EEG recording, measurements of the permanent potential levels (PPL) and the simple oculomotor reaction time (OMRT), and the Luscher color test.
On DI day-7, a buildup of the CNS tension was evidenced by growth of the EEG ?1 relative power and PPL values. On day-14, the majority of the volunteers had been adapted to DI demonstrating prevalence of EEG pattern type-I and decreased PPL values. On day-21, data of the investigations reflected CNS excitation due to, probably, the upcoming end of the study.
Initial levels of anxiety varied from low to mean. On DI days 14 and 21, mean anxiety rose to the high level; based on OMRT, the CNS state in volunteers with mean anxiety showed instability in different DI periods. Volunteers with the initially low anxiety remained unworried in the course of immersion which was favorable to their mental performance.
Baseline neurophysiological investigations help detect people with unstable CNS conditions that may impact mental performance and, therefore, can be useful in selection of candidates for long-duration space missions.
Key words: microgravity, dry immersion, level of the brain permanent potential, type of EEG pattern.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 64-72.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-64-72
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Poliakov A.V., Niyazov A.R., Fedyai S.O., Rukavishnikov I.V., Kirichenko V.V., Pozdniakov S.V., Nosovsky A.M., Zaripov R.N. Analysis of the human pain sensitivity during 21-day dry immersion
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A comprehensive analysis of pain threshold (PT) was performed with participation of ten normal 23-34 year old male subjects in the 21-d dry immersion study. Pain sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli was measured before, during and after DI. Morning and evening sessions were preceded by saliva collection for cortisol analysis.
The results of three PT probes with 30-s intervals did not reveal a significant effect of the body functional asymmetry, including the nervous system (p > 0.05). The PT values measured by a single mechanical algometry were comparable with PT means. By and large, the method showed good reproducibility of results.
Key words: pain threshold, algometry, medical support, space missions, microgravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 73-78.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-73-78
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Zaripov R.N., Suvorov A.V. External respiration in healthy humans in the conditions of 21-day dry immersion
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The purpose was to study the main external respiration parameters in healthy test-subjects during 21-day dry immersion.
The study involved 10 male subjects at the age of 23 to 34 years. To evaluate external respiration before, during and after immersion spirometer MasterScreen (Jaeger, Germany) was used. The total lung capacity and residual volume were determined with the use of the spirometer and helium.
On DI day 4, vital capacity (VC) and forced VC (FVC) were reduced reliably due to, probably, redistribution of the body liquids. By the 21st day, the respiratory muscles regained their capabilities.
Key words: external respiration, spirometry, vital capacity, residual volume, forced vital capacity, microgravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 79-83.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-79-83
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Lysova N.Yu., Babich D.R., Rezvanova S.K., Timme Å.À., Fomina E.V. Changes in physical performance of the subjects in the condition of 21-day dry immersion
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The paper presents the results of evaluating the cardiovascular system response to 21-day dry immersion as a ground model of microgravity effects on the human without countermeasures to prevent hypogravity-induced disorders.
Eight healthy male subjects (mean age 45.3 ± 5.4 years) were tested 10 to 15 days before immersion and on days 7 and 14/17 after the exposure.
The sum of pulses was decreased in the course of incremental physical test on completion of 21-d DI, and after the 7-day period of recovery. These results infer functional deterioration of the systems that control the human physical performance ascribable to the modeled effects of a 3-wk space flight.
Key words: dry immersion, pulse cost, physical performance.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 84-87.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-84-87
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Markin A.A., Zhuravleva O.A., Kuzichkin D.S., Vostrikova L.V., Zabolotskaya I.V., Tomilovskaya E.S., Loginov V.I., Stepanova G.P. Investigation of metabolic reactions in human subjects in dynamics of 21-day dry immersion
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The 21-d dry immersion study involved 10 male subjects 25 to 32 years of age. Venous blood was sampled 14 days prior to DI, on DI days 7 and 21, and on post-DI day 7. Blood serum and plasma were analyzed for 38 biochemical parameters from the Nomenclature of clinical laboratory assays approved by the Russian Ministry of Health.
Exposure to immersion produced changes in cholesterol, nucleic, electrolyte, carbohydrate and energy metabolism. The DI factors caused shifts in organo- and tissue specific biochemical parameters indicative of prenosological changes in the liver, GIT and the prostate. Hypodynamia due to the DI exposure led to depression of the skeletal musculature and myocardium functions. Most of the biochemical shifts developed in immersion regained their baseline values by day 7 of recovery. However, the parameters characterizing organs, tissues and some of particularly heavy-loaded metabolic components such as the liver, skeletal muscles and energy metabolism indicated their incomplete recovery during re-adaptation to the usual living conditions.
Key words: immersion, metabolism.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 88-92.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-88-92
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Larina I.M., Pastushkova L.Kh., Goncharova A.G., Vasilieva G.Yu., Kashirina D.N., Koloteva M.I., Taguirova S.K., Kononikhin A.S., Brzhozovsky A.G. Direction of the processes related to the significantly changing proteins in the blood proteome during 21-day dry immersion
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The investigation involved 10 healthy male volunteers (23-34 years of age) for the 21-day dry immersion (DI) study. The blood proteome was analyzed using mass spectrometry and bioinformatics techniques. We succeeded in describing the main blood proteome proteins that had increased materially by the end of DI-induced hypokinesia. Regulation of the protein pressing was modulated and the immune response underwent proinflammatory activation. The complement system contribution to hypercoagulation, endothelial dysfunction and regulation of humoral immune responses was demonstrated. Change of the pool of other proteins also suggests activation of hypercoagulation processes and increased risks of thrombosis due to the prolonged exposure in immersion.
Key words: immersion, healthy volunteers, blood proteome, direction of processes.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 93-100.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-93-100
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Kuzichkin D.S., Markin A.A., Zhuravleva O.A., Krivitsina Z.A., Vostrikova L.V., Zabolotskaya I.V., Loginov V.I., Tikhonova G.À. Investigation of the plasma component in the blood aggregate state control system of test-subjects in the 21-day dry immersion study
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Citrated plasma was obtained from blood samples of participants in the 21-d dry immersion study to determine the key components and parameters of the blood aggregate state control including fibrinogen (FBG), D-dimer (D-D), plasminogen (PG), antithrombin III (ÀÒ3), protein C (PÑ) and ?2-antiplasmin (AP), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PTT). The parameters were assayed 14 days prior to immersion, on DI days 7 and 21, and on post-DI day 7.
Levels of FBG, ÀÒ3, PG and AP were found increased on DI day 7; PC showed an increase on DI day 21. The set of DI factors raised both the procoagulant and anticoagulant potentials. Assumingly, these effects resulted from hemoconcentration and rheological changes observed in the course of the study. The parameters returned to their baseline levels during the period of recovery.
Key words: hemostasis, immersion, coagulation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 101-104.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-101-104
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Poliakov A.V., Niyazov A.R., Ogurtsov P.P., Guimadiev R.R., Fedyai S.O., Pozdniakov S.V., Nosovsky A.M. Analysis of several biochemical parameters and microRNA dynamics for use as markers of metabolic shifts in the human liver under the condition of 21-day dry immersion
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The purpose was to evaluate several biochemical parameters and microRNA as markers of metabolic shifts in the liver of the human exposed to 21-d dry immersion.
Subjects in the study were clinically selected 10 males aged 23 to 34 years. Blood samples were gathered to analyze a number of biochemical and hematological characteristics as candidate markers of the liver functioning. Blood plasma was used to investigate expression of circulating microRNAs with the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR).
Based on the analysis results it can be assumed that circulating micro-RNAs are potential predictors of future pathologies, including diseases associated with metabolic disorders in the liver.
Key words. NAFLD, microRNA, biomarkers, medical support, space flight, microgravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 105-111.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-105-111
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Ilyin V.K., Rykova M.P., Antropova E.N., Solovieva Z.O., Skedina M.A., Kovaleva À.À. The study of physiological and microbiological features of the human periodontium in the experiment dry immersion
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Periodentium anaerobes, oral immunoglobulins and periodentium microcirculation were investigated in ten 24-34 y.o. male participants in the 21-d dry immersion study.
Periodentium investigations performed before DI, on DI days 7 and 14 and on day 7 after DI completion included determination of immunoglobulins concentrations and qualitative composition of the main periodental pathogens. Blood flow velocity in periodentium tissues was assessed using the high-frequency Doppler ultrasound flowmetry.
The results showed increased concentrations of immunoglobulins on DI day-14, IgA in particular (ð=0.0173). Frequency of the 1st order pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tanerella forsythia) and 2nd order pathogens (Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia) made up 68 %, and 32 %, respectively. Variations in the blood velocity in arterioles and venules can be associated with adaptive processes in the periodentium.
To conclude, this integrated investigation points to the periodentium propensity for inflammatory diseases and weakening of its barrier functions in humans due to the modeled hypogravity effects.
Key words: periodentium, microflora, immune system, microcirculation, ultrasound investigation, microgravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 4. P. 112-117.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-4-112-117
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