CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Fomina E.V., Romanov P.V., Burakova À.À., Ganicheva À.À., Senatorova N.À., Bakhtereva V.D., Kokueva Ì.À., Alferova I.V., Shushunova T.G., Savenko Î.À., Kharlamov Ì.Ì., Grishin A.P., Matveev V.P., Vasin A.V., Pekarskaya N.P., Poliakov A.V., Yarmanova E.N., Lemeshko E.V., Gubkin S.V., Tapalsky D.V., Vasilevskaya M.V. A new experience in the development of medical support elements for moon missions in short-term orbital missions
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According to the current scenarios of space exploration missions, the Moon is viewed as a midbase on the way to remote space. The paper presents the results of a pilot study performed in a short-term mission to the ISS.
A new experimental experience has been acquired on how to use the preventive effects of LBNP (lower body negative pressure) appropriately for crew training during the acute adaptation to microgravity before landing on the Moon. The paper describes dynamics of the movement control system re-adaptation, verticalization strategy, and progress in dealing with the double challenge on days 1-3 of recovery after a short-term mission. We obtained unique data about rearrangements in the gravity-dependent body systems during short-term missions. Results of the investigations of these systems after return from the mission point to some degradation of the body functional reserves and the need to develop countermeasures.
The investigation is among the first steps towards working-out new crew medical operations in the phase of changing the paradigm from the orbital missions to remote space exploration.
Key words: space mission, countermeasures, microgravity, lower body negative pressure, cardiovascular system.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 5-14.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-5-14
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Popova O.V., Rusanov V.B., Luchitskaya E.S., Orlov Î.I. Regarding the cardiac rhythm disorders in space missions
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It is common knowledge that during space missions (SMs) the cosmonauts are subjected to stresses. One of potential SMs problems is disorders in the bioelectrical parameters of the myocardium conductivity or arrhythmias.
The paper analyzes the results of investigations into the changes of cardiac rhythm variability in a group of 5 cosmonauts (46 ± 4.5 yrs of age) using ECG records containing episodes of atrial and/or ventricular arrhythmias. Mean mission duration of each cosmonaut was about six months as a standard. Analysis of the experimental data on occurrence of cardiac rhythm disorders may point to SMs arrhythmogenicity. It was shown that frequency of ventricular extrasystoles in SMs increases in comparison with the baseline data. Atrial extrasystoles become more frequent by the end of SMs. The largest numbers of extrasystoles were recorded after extravehicular activities (EVAs).
Assembly of the Russian orbital (service) station RO(S)S will increase the number of EVAs which should be taken into account, as additional loading on the cardiovascular system may provoke disorders in the cardiac rhythm.
Key words: space mission, cardiovascular system, cardiac rhythm variability, electrocardiogram.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 15-24.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-15-24
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Borovik A.S., Pavlova Å.À., Zhediaev R.Yu., Rukavishnikov I.V., Tarasova O.S., Vinogradova O.L. Change in the phase relationship of the arterial pressure and heart rate oscillations during orthostasis: the effect of gravitational unloading
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Investigation of the amplitude characteristics of arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) within the low-frequency (LF) band (baroreflex waves, ~ 0.1 Hz) and high-frequency (HF) band (breathing rate) is commonly used to asses the cardiovascular system functioning.
This work was concerned with the effects of 7-d dry immersion (DI) (period of distinct hemodynamic shifts) on the phase characteristics of AP and HR oscillations within the LF and HF bands during the orthostatic test. Eight young healthy male subjects were exposed to the passive tilt test, i.e. 15 min in supine position followed by 15-min tilt at 60°. During the test, ECG, AP and breathing rate were registered continuously; breathing rate was set by the vocal command from PC. Breathing control and data analysis were performed using a specially developed program.
It was found that orthostasis increased synchronization of the AP and HR oscillations within the LF band and also reduced the phases difference (temporal shift) between the oscillations within the HF band. Disappearance of these changes after DI reflects deterioration of the cardiac rhythm control by the nervous system. The comprehensive analysis of the AP and HR phase relations within the LF and HF bands can be useful for assessing changes in nervous regulation of the heart during gravitational unloading, diagnostics of orthostatic instability due to cardiovascular diseases, and developing methods of prevention.
Key words: orthostatic instability, baroreflex, respiratory arrhythmia, phase difference, index of phase synchronization.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 25-31.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-25-31
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Astafyeva S.N., Zaripov R.N., Mikhailovskaya A.N., Dyachenko A.I. Study of the ventilation function of the human lungs with the methods of respiratory acoustics during 5-day female dry immersion
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Èññëåäîâàíî âëèÿíèå ìîäåëèðóåìîé ìèêðîãðàâèòàöèè â âèäå «ñóõîé» èììåðñèè (ÑÈ) ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòüþ 5 ñóò íà äûõàòåëüíóþ ñèñòåìó 18 æåíùèí.
Effects of modeled microgravity on the human respiratory system were investigated during a 5-day dry immersion (ID) study with participation of 18 female subjects.
The paper describes the registration technique and results of analysis of the tracheal respiratory noise (RN) in the course of maximal lung ventilation maneuver (MLV). Statistically significant dynamics of several spirometric parameters and RN during DI was observed. Application of an exponential regression model to describe RN power is discussed. On day-3 after DI, a high coefficient of correlation between RN power and MLV was derived; the established regression coefficients can be used to estimate ventilation by RN power, i.e. comparing the values of MLV and RN in different people. It may be considered that a bigger RN power, a more profound lung ventilation. However, in the course of DI the respiration system condition changes very much and deviations of the RN power from the regression dependence are significant. In future, RN can be used as an indicator of processes occurring within the human system of respiration.
Key words: respiratory acoustics, tracheal respiratory noise, respiration system, dry immersion, lung ventilation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 32-38.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-32-38
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Orlov O.I., Ozerov D.S., Mukhamedieva L.N., Lashukov P.V., Nosovsky À.Ì. Neuronet models of the analysis of exhaled air biomarkers for non-invasive evaluation of lipid peroxidation processes in a healthy human organism
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The paper considers the possibility in principle to use neuronet models for predicting the oxidative stress by lipid peroxidation (LPO) biomarkers identified in exhaled air by healthy humans (EA).
Oxidative stress was modeled by normobaric 2-hour breathing 100 % oxygen with participation of 12 male subjects at the age of 24 to 40 years who were tilted at -6° over 21 days. Expired air (EA) was sampled using masks ReCiva (Owlstone Medical) and analyzed by gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). Data were analyzed using own neuronets based on programming language Python, TensorFlow library (Google open source) and module Keras. The paper describes the main stages of the neuronet model development.
It was shown that data processing and tabulation are critical for accuracy of a neuronet algorithm. Application of the neuronet technologies in EA biomarkers analysis appears to be a promising approach to the non-invasive assessment of LPO processes to improve significantly diagnostics and prediction of OS-related pathologies.
Key words: neuronet analysis, expired air, oxidative stress.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 39-46.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-39-46
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Osetsky N.Yu., Man'ko O.M., Konstantinova N.A., Artamonov À. À., Orlov O.I. Dependence of the human cardiorespiratory system functioning on geomagnetic field variations in the conditions of wintering on antarctic station "Vostok"
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The paper presents the results of analysis of correlation between levels of geomagnetic disturbance and cardiorespiratory parameters measured in members of the 64th Russian Antarctic expedition.
Analysis established a correlation between geomagnetic disturbance (K-index) and blood saturation with oxygen. Blood saturation determined using the K-index showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.022) by the Kruskal-Wallis criterion. The greater is geomagnetic disturbance, the higher blood saturation with oxygen.
Considering the similarity of extreme environments of polar explorers and cosmonauts, the method of blood oxygen saturation can be recommended for use in low-orbit missions in order to study how geomagnetic disturbances affect cosmonaut's organism.
Key words: geomagnetic field, cardiorespiratory system, wintering, Antarctic station "Vostok", blood saturation with oxygen.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 47-53.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-47-53
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Blaguinin À.À., Vu Ê.Kh., Zhiltsova I.I. Evaluation of the effects of positive pressure breathing on the functional state of vietnamese aviation specialists using hard- and software BARS-GD
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The paper reports the results of psychophysiological and physiological investigations using hard- and software BARS-GD with the aim of training 11 Vietnamese volunteers (22 to 23 yrs of age) to breathing and speaking under positive pressure (PP) in a partial-pressure suit (VVK-15) and oxygen mask (ÊÌ-34 and ÊÌ-35).
During the first PP session, a reliable growth of blood pressure (BP), respiration rate (RR) and blood saturation (SpO2) started at 300 mm H2O. Only four volunteers reached PP = 1000 mm H2O. Speech intelligibility degraded starting at 500 mm H2O. It was concluded that at least 3 sessions are necessary to increase PP tolerance up to 750 mm H2O; minimum 5 sessions are required to train for breathing and speaking at PP equal to 1000 m H2O. Our results demonstrated effectiveness of this PP training procedure. The investigation laid the basis for development of a procedure for PP training of the Vietnam AF pilots.
Key words: breathing and speaking under positive pressure, aircraft cabin depressurization, psychophysiological training, high-altitude flight, pilot's reliability.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 54-59.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-54-59
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Kartashov D.A., Pavlenko V.I., Cherkashina N.I., Ivanova O.A., Tolochek R.V., Shurshakov V.A. Analysis of radiation loads in an iss crew-quarter protected with a composite material
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The paper reports the results of calculating doses in the location of a cylindrical container of a protective composite (teflon of 1 cm in thickness and 4.05 g/cm3 density) in the left crew quarter of the ISS Service module (space experiment "Protective composite"). Calculations were compared with the data of passive PILLE-MKS detectors installed inside the container and on the nearby wall. Calculation was performed using ray tracing for the detectors' locations with consideration for the input of galactic cosmic rays and particles in Earth's radiation belts in the conditions modeling the space station compartment. The calculation was made for the ISS orbit in the period between February 21 and September 19, 2022 on the background of increasing solar activity. According to the PILLE-ISS measurements, the protective effect of the composite in terms of absorbed dose made up 1.39 ± 0.03, largely due to a reduced input of Earth's radiation belts which agrees with the calculations.
Key words: space station, radiation, dose calculation, composite material, radiation protection.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 60-65.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-60-65
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Bondarenko V.A., Mitrikas V.G. Additional absorbed dose from solar proton events on ISS
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The authors studied the input of protons from solar proton events (SPEs) in the absorbed dose over the entire period of piloted ISS operation. It was shown that as the solar activity decreased, the number of SPEs, power of proton radiation and, consequently, its input in the absorbed dose decreased also. Apparently, it should be forthcoming that in the next solar activity cycle which, predictably, will be weaker than the current 25th cycle and fall in the period of launch and operation of the Russian Orbital Station, an additional input of SPEs will not be critical.
Key words: International space station, absorbed dose, representative phantoms' point.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 66-71.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-66-71
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Yakubets D.A., Markina Å.À., Buravkova L.B. Differential expression of the adhesion and cell-to-cell interaction molecules genes in bone marrow microexplants under simulated microgravity
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Functional activity of the bone marrow cells is dependent on external signals received from a local microenvironment. In addition to the soluble growth factors and hormones, contacts with neighbor cells and signals from the extracellular matrix are also the most important homeostasis regulators in the bone marrow niche. Purpose of the work is to explore the effects of simulated microgravity on the transcription activity of genes the products of which define the cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions in bone marrow micro-explants.
Femoral marrow cells from male mice BalbC 19-20 wks of age were used in the investigation. After isolation, bone marrow cells were pooled and exposed to simulated microgravity in vitro over 14 days. Following the exposure, bone marrow micro-explants were found to increase expression of genes of the cell adhesion molecules responsible for cell-to-cell interaction (Ncam1, Icam1, Vcam1), and integrins α-Ì (Itgam) and β-1 (Itgb1). Also, there was a reliable decrease in expression of genes involved in the cell-to-matrix interaction, including integrins β-3 (Itgb3), β-2 (Itgb2), α-Õ (Itgax), α-l (Itga1), α-5 (Itga5), receptor CD44 (Cd44), and molecules of the adhesion complexes, such as α- and β-katenins (Ctnna1, Ctnnb1).
These changes in the pattern of cells-to-environment interaction may induce disorders in self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation of stromal and hemopoietic precursors which may end up with distortion of hemopoiesis, change in bone homeostasis leading to osteopenia observed after space missions.
Key words: bone marrow, microgravity, adhesion, gene expression, bone marrow stromal precursors, cell-cell interactions.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 72-77.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-72-77
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ÕKharin S.A., Poddubko S.V. Characteristics of microbial coloniztion of hardware structural materials after long-term exposure in the environment of the International space station
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The paper presents the results of studying quantitative dynamics, changes in composition and species diversity (Shannon diversity index, SDI) of the cultivable microbial community on samples of structural materials in the course of long-term exposure inside the International space station (space experiment Biorisk).
It was found that the total number and species diversity of microorganisms changed in waves but the general trend was downward. In all, over the period of the experiment we detected, after cultivation in nutrient media, 20 bacterial species and 5 species of microscopic fungi grown on the samples of structural materials. Among bacteria, dominating species belonged to genus Bacillus, and species of the normal cutaneous and mucous microbiota belonged to genus Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. Genus Aspergillus and Penicillium dominated among fungi. Species diversity of the cultivable microbial community was maximal for textured glass and minimal for polyvinylchloride. SDI was 2.99 and 1.72 respectively. Also, these materials were populated by the largest (11) and least (5) numbers of cultivable microorganisms.
The low microbial load on all types of materials after different periods of exposure suggests eco-safety of the ISS environment and effectiveness of the respective control measures.
Key words: cultivable microbial community, structural materials, International space station, artificial environment, bacteria, microscopic fungi.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 78-88.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-78-88
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Fialkina S.V., Osipova P.D., Vasin A.L., Lebedev V.M., Spassky A.V., Buravkov S.V., Poddubko S.V., Orlov O.I. Effect of hypomagnetic field on the character of growth and morphology of cells bacteria g. Bacillus
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Biological effects induced by hypomagnetic field (HMF) were investigated using g. Bacillus as a model. HMF was found to affect the growth of bacterial population and morphological structure of prokaryotic cells.
Cultivation of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis in HMF was characterized by a more active growth and formation of a dense surface film in contrast to a uniform medium turbidity in the geomagnetic field (GMF). Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize segmentation disorders and morphological modifications of the bacterial cells characterized by changes in the form and size due to, probably, destructive transformation of peptidoglycane.
In HMF, sub-inhibiting concentrations of the ultraviolet chemical analog (4-NQO) in the medium have a synergic effect on the microbial growth, and also produce distinct morphological transformations.
Key words: hypomagnetic field, biomagnetic effects, character of a bacterial population growth, morphologic modifications, bacteria g. Bacillus, scanning electron microscopy.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 5. P. 89-99.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-5-89-99
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Chronicle and Information
Belakovskiy M.S. Space, radiation, human (on the occasion of the 70-th birthday of academician Igor Borisovich Ushakov)
Orlov O.I., Kotov O.V., Belakovskiy Ì.S. With a dream about space and biology
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