CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Medenkov À.À., Nesterovich Ò.B. Vital problems of aviation medicine (found in international research papers)
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 5–13
Publications disclosing the thematic areas of aeromedicine researches conducted worldwide have been reviewed and subjects of reports to aerospace medicine conferences and congresses have been condensed and analyzed. Key issues pursued in experimental and analytical studies with the aim to improve the efficiency of flying personnel have been defined. Distinctions in the content and objectives of Russian and international researches have been outlined. Noteworthy is a large scope of experiments in order to pinpoint pilot's skills and characteristics critical for his readiness to fulfill duties. In future, assessment of pilot's psychophysiology and psychosomatic condition can increase both flight safety and pilot's fighting capability.
Key words: aviation medicine, flight safety, pilot's performance, functional state, flight factors, medical certification, spatial awareness, flight accelerations.
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Ushakov I.B., Voronkov Yu.I., Bukhtiyarov I.V., Tikhonova G.I., Gorchakova T.Yu. Retrospective health assessment of cosmonauts after participation in space flights
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 14–20
A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to estimate the risk of mortality for Soviet/Russian cosmonauts using the data of 54-year follow-up (1960–2013). The cohort comprised 114 cosmonauts including those who had made a single space flight. Causes and rate of death among cosmonauts flown to space in 1961–2013 were analyzed. Age-standardized mortality ratio for cosmonauts was compared and contrasted with that for the male population of Russia and Moscow region. As a result it was established that the mortality risk attributable to diseases was high for the reference population but not the cohort of cosmonauts. The reasons are rigorous medical selection of candidates to cosmonauts, crew protection from space factors, and good medical and psychological monitoring in pre- and post-flight periods. A better understanding of how health is impacted by long life in the spaceflight environment, including very long orbital and exploration missions calls for continuation of epidemiological cohort studies of causes for disease and death among spacecrew members.
Key words: cosmonauts, cohort, epidemiological study, mortality risk.
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Praskurnichiy Å.À., Kniga V.V., Bystrova À.G., Yustova V.D. Aeromedical aspects of controlling factors of risk to flight safety
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 21–27
The article discusses theoretical foundations of controlling medical risk factors in commercial flights by development and implementation of approaches to risk prevention and management. Procedures of identifying factors of hazard and risk to flight safety are described and term "medical risk" is defined. The process of controlling risks associated with health issues is outlined. Practicality of the concept of risks control within the framework of medical certification of pilots and traffic controllers is demonstrated.
Key words: flight safety, flight safety control, risk factors for flight safety, flight safety threatening conditions, risk of cardiovascular complication.
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Builov S.P., Voronkov Yu.I., Stepanova G.P., Filatova L.M. Prognostic value of some cardiovascular risk factors in cosmonauts
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 28–30
A 10-year follow-up study was focused on comparison of risk factors of atherosclerosis and damage to target-organs in a group of 40 to 65 year-old cosmonauts and volunteers within the same age range. It was shown that incidence of supraventricular extrasystoles in the groups increased with aging by 85 and 80 % respectively, inferring the risk of supraventricular tachyarrythmias. The primary predictors of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) in cosmonauts are decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the right brachial artery, C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level >2 mg/l, and high atherogenic index. These CAD predictors must be of particular concern during medical screening of candidates to cosmonauts.
Key words: cosmonauts, cardiovascular risk, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease.
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Khairullina R.R., Bubeev Yu.À. Evaluation of the blood circulation system in pilots of deck aircrafts in the period of long-distance mission
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 31–36
In a long-distance mission of a heavy aircraft carrier, the cardiovascular functioning was examined in 17 pilots of deck fighters, 9 helicopter pilots, and 21 flight executive officers. Oscillometric analyzer APKO-8 was used for volumetric compression oscillography. Heart rate (HR) dynamics was monitored with the help of AnnaFlash 2000.
Analysis of central and peripheral hemodynamics discovered a significant prevalence of marginal and mild hypertension in deck aircraft pilots. Maximal values of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were most common to helicopter pilots and minimal, to fighter pilots. Disparity in these parameters of two categories of pilots increased gradually with the mission time. In fighter pilots, HR rose to the maximum of up to 157 beats/min during landing on the flight deck. Hoisting a rescue specialist was the most challenging task for helicopter pilots, as HR grew up to 132 beats/min.
Adaptation responses varied within a broad range. Fighter pilots adapted more successfully than pilots of helicopters. The above implies revision and enhancement of methods for drafting and training pilots for deck aviation, as well as health monitoring during remote mission.
Key words: cardiovascular system, central hemodynamic parameters, extreme environment, adaptation, deck aircraft.
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Ivanov I.V., Chulaevsky À.Î., Burmistrov V.I. Improvement of flying personnel monitoring in the course of flight simulator training
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 37–41
Analysis and classification of trends in designing flight simulators made it evident that they are brought on by new human – machine interactions and flight operations, and upgrading the capabilities used for monitoring or testing pilot's functional ability and skills.
Key words: flight personnel, flight simulators, training success, objective test methods, professional efficacy.
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Saltykova Ì.Ì., Kuzmin I.V., Zhuravleva Î.À. Effect of short-timed cooling at -70 °Ñ in an air cryogenic sauna on body temperature and lipid profile of healthy people
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 42–46
The investigation was aimed at evaluation of level and rate of cutaneous and tympanic temperature drop due to a single short-timed (3 min) cooling in a cryosauna (-70 °Ñ), and adaptation-indicative physiological parameters, including blood catecholamines, ACTH, lipoproteins and free fatty acids. Subjects were 7 healthy males. Exposure in the cold invariably reduced the internal (tympanic) and cutaneous temperature by 1 °Ñ and 7 °Ñ on the average respectively. Tympanic temperature remained 0.4 °Ñ low on the average for more than 20 minutes after exposure. Cutaneous temperature was 1 °Ñ below the norm for an hour after cooling. Over one hour after the short-timed cold exposure blood norepinephrine remained increased, and so did the blood concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and free fatty acids. These results demonstrate brief adaptive changes following a single exposure at -70 °C.
Key words: cold adaptation, air cryogenic sauna.
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Khulapko S.V., Lyagushin V.I., Arkhanguelsky V.V., Shurshakov V.À., Nikolaev I.V., Semkova J., Smith M., Machrafi R. Comparison of dose equivalents from charged particles and neutrons inside the spherical tissue-equivalent phantom on the Russian segment of the International space station
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 47–52
Dose equivalents from charged particles and neutrons measured with Lyulin-5 and a bubble-dosimeter inside the spherical tissue-equivalent phantom were compared within Russian space experiment Matryoshka-R. Measurements were made during main the International space station (the ISS) missions 35/36 (March – September, 2013) and 41/42 (September, 2014 – March, 2015) when the phantom spent time in the Small Research Module (MIM1) of the ISS RS. The daily average rate of neutron dose equivalent in phantom tunnels varies between 77 ± 13 to 157 ± 25 µSv|d constituting 17 to 28 % of full dose.
Key words: bubble-dosimeter, Lyulin-5, Matryoshka-R, neutron radiation, dose equivalent, spherical phantom, radiation safety.
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Smirnov S.Ê., Ilyin V.Ê., Usanova N.À., Orlov Î.I. Effect of prophylactic consumption of prebiotic Eubikor on microflora in an experiment with isolation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 53–56
The purpose is to evaluate benefits from prebiotic Eubikor (a biologically active substance) as an anti-disbacteriosis agent for human subjects exposed to changed environments.
Effectiveness of the prebiotic was tested in volunteers for a chamber experiment. Eubikor was found to activate obligatory flora, to decrease variations in intestinal microflora and to reduce time for elimination of pathogens.
Key words: prebiotics, habitable hermetic chambers, microflora.
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Kuznetsova P.G., Gushchin V.I., Vinokhodova A.G., Chekalina A.I., Shved D.Ì. Interpersonal interaction in the condition of high autonomy simulating a space exploration mission ("Mars-500" experiment)
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 57–63
The paper discusses the influence of social status and psychological stability on communicative behavior in space flight on the basis of retrospective analysis of the findings in “Mars-500” experiment with 6 subjects isolated for a period simulating a long-term exploration mission. Data were obtained using both classic social-psychological methods and observation of video recorded behavior. Communicative behavior of the crew members was dependent on level of individual anxiety and social status in the isolated small group.
Key words: long-term isolation, communication strategies, psychological stability, anxiety, leadership, video monitoring.
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Yasnetsov V.V., Tsublova E.G., Yasnetsov Vik.V., Karsanova S.Ê. Action of a new compound with a vestibuloprotective activity on central neurons
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 64-68
Experiments with cats demonstrated that pneumatic microinjection of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine L-asparaginate, a new 3-hydroxypyridine derivative, exerted a direct action on 79 % neurons of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and 73 % Purkinje cells. Interestingly, the inhibitory response to microinjection was 4.2 and 4.5 times oftener than activation in MVN and Purkinje cells respectively. Specific noncompetitive antagonist of NMDA receptor complex (ÌÊ-801) prevented fully or mitigated considerably the inhibitory effect on spontaneous activity of 83 % MVN neurons and 75 % Purkinje cells. It can be deduced that inhibition of MVN and cerebellum cortex neurons occurs mainly with involvement of the NMDA-receptor complex. Survival sections of rat's hippocampus were used to show that 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine L-asparaginate (5 mÌ) inhibits orthodromic population responses by 50 ? 3 %; in the presence of ÌÊ-801 (50 µÌ) the depressing effect was attenuated 71 ? 5 %. Therefore, 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine L-asparaginate is capable to inhibit materially the synaptic pathway via Schaffer collaterals – ÑÀ1 pyramidal neurons, while ÌÊ-801 counteracts this effect.
Key words: new 3-hydroxypyridine derivative, medial vestibular nucleus, cerebellum, Purkinje cells, hippocampus.
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Brief Communications
Buynov L.G., Blaginin À.À., Kotov Î.V., Sorokina L.À. Effect of the course electrical tranquilization of the central nervous system on the statokinetic stability of the human
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2016. V. 50. ¹ 2. P. 69-71. Electrical tranquilization of the central nervous system was investigated as a method of strengthening general and nonspecific resistance of human organism including tolerance to statokinetic loads.
Key words: flight personnel, statokinetic stability, electrical tranquilization of the central nervous system.
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