CONTENTS
Reviews
Poliakov A.V., Gladkikh V.D., Filin K.N., Balandin N.V. Radioprotection agents: history, today, prospects
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The paper is a brief excursus in the history of radioprotection agents (RPAs) with analysis of the present state and trends in the development of agents that will increase radioresistance and mitigate the radiation-induced damage to organism.
Search for the RPA was particularly intensive in 1950-70s. Although a huge amount of chemical compounds has been investigated, the RPS nomenclature is very short. In the Russian Federation, it contains two names, B-190 and PS-12. The base radioprotector in other countries is amifostine. In Russia, the approved agent for prevention and mitigation of the primary reaction to radiation is ondansetron hydrochloride dehydrate (latran) and combined agents (PRO-16, PRO-19); in other countries, granisetron.
In Russia, prevention from and treatment of damages by incorporated radionuclides are provided using potassium iodide, potassium-ferrum ferricyanide (ferrocin) and diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid calcium trisodium salt of hydrate (pentacin). Abroad, analogous agents and diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic of zinc trisodium are also used to decorporate radionuclides. In future, efforts will be focused on the development of radiomitigators, compositions and advanced PRAs.
Key words: ionizing radiation, radioprotection agents, radiomitigators, radioprotectors.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P. 5-14.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-5-14
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Artamonov À.À. Phenomenological model of the effects of electromagnetic fields on the human
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The paper discussed the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on the human hormonal, cardiorespiratory and nervous systems, sleep, cognitive functions and hearing.
The purpose of this theoretical work is to come up with a phenomenological model for evaluation of subcritical EMF effects on operators in line with the Sanitary Rule and Standards document (SanPiN). A systemic review and meta-analysis of investigations did not include the Russian data SanPiN relies upon. Effects of E-field radiation within the 7–2450 MHz band and time of exposure from 0.5 to 525 min were analyzed.
It was shown that hormonal changes are minimal (cortisol increases and thyrotropin decreases), cardiorespiratory responses vary from an elevated parasympathetic activity to blood pressure rise by 5–10 mm Hg. EEG demonstrates modulation of the α- and β- rhythms. While sleep is sensitive to extended exposure (latency reduction, shifted phases), cognitive functions and hearing are stable. The key factor is exposure duration, i.e. effects of an exposure of up to 60 min are rare and a 2 to 8-hour exposure influences EEG and sleep quality. The proposed phenomenological model can be applied to evaluate subcritical effects of EMR.
Key words: electromagnetic radiation, hormonal system, nervous system, cognitive functions, hearing, operator’s activity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P. 15-26.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-15-26
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Supolkina N.S., Yusupova À.Ê., Shved D.M., Nosovsky À.Ì., Guschin V.I. Dynamics of communication within the crew-MCC loop in the process of long-term space mission
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The paper presents the results of studying dynamics of the crew-to-MCC open channel communication in long-duration space missions (SM) using modified content-analysis of transcripts.
Structure of cosmonauts’ communication comprises critical periods associated with adaptation to the persistent SM stress factors. The ground control team should be aware of and know how to identify three communication styles the crews switch to in certain situations, and react appropriately.
Key words: crew-MCC communication, space mission, content-analysis, stress-factors in space mission, 3rd quarter phenomenon, communication functions, mission phases, crew assignment, communication style, year-long mission.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P. 27-34.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-27-34
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Shafirkin A.V., Mitrikas V.G., Bondarenko V.À. Calculation of effective residual tissue average doses from scr doses to cosmonauts in long-duration missions aboard orbital stations «Mir» and ISS with consideration of reparation processes
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Äëÿ íàèáîëåå ìîùíûõ ñîëíå÷íûõ ïðîòîííûõ ñîáûòèé (ÑÏÑ) 22-ãî öèêëà ñîëíå÷íîé àêòèâíîñòè (ÑÀ) ïðè ïîëåòàõ íà îðáèòàëüíîé ñòàíöèè «Ìèð» ñ ÿíâàðÿ 1989 ã. ïî èþëü 1991ã., à Tissue average effective residual equivalent doses (TAERED) from solar cosmic rays (SCR) were calculated for powerful solar proton events (SPEs) during solar cycles 22 and 23. The first mentioned cycle was a background for the MIR missions in the period between January, 1989 and July, 1991 and the second, for the ISS missions between July, 2000 and June, 2006. Doses for cosmonauts were calculated with account of rapid reparative processes on the cell and organism levels. Calculations were performed for the blood-forming system, lens and skin of cosmonauts in compartments with unequal and even poor shielding properties. To estimate hazards of SCR protons, we compared calculations to the dose limits set in the initial space radiation safety standards and subsequent revision documents.
It was established that the maximal TAERED (7.4 mSy) in the Mir missions was received in October, 1989. It was 20.3 and 13.5 times less than dose limits in the space radiation safety standards set for the orbital missions in 2004 and 2021. On the ISS, the maximal dose of 0.175 mSy was observed in October, 2003. However, this dose was 570 times less than the dose limit of 100 mSy approved in 2021.
Analogous calculations with consideration of the reparative processes were made in order to estimate the risk of exposure to protons of particularly powerful SCRs behind various aluminum thicknesses during solar cycles 19 and 20. According to the calculation made for the most powerful SCR on 08.05.1971 (ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ñòàíäàðò: ìåñÿö, ÷èñëî, ãîä) and aluminum shielding thickness of 20 g cm2, TAERED was 11 times less than the limit of 100 mSy as set in the space radiation standard document of 2021.
Key words: orbital station Mir, ISS, absorbed and equivalent doses to the representative body organs, tissue average effective residual equivalent doses, fast reparation on the cell and body levels.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P. 35-46.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-35-46
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Goncharova À.À., Besedina N.G., Danilenkova L.V., Kamysheva Å.À., Bragina J.V. Effect of gender and stage of drosophila development during stay onboard the ISS on the ability to adapt behavior to Earth’s gravity
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After a 12-day exposure on the ISS RS, Drosophila's behavior and adaptability to Earth's gravity were examined in relation to their gender and developmental stage. The experiment was carried out using two gender-mixed groups of flies, i.e. launched at the age of 1-2 day old imago and larvae at the third instar (all metamorphosis stages and the first week occurred on the ISS). Tests were performed to determine the fly’s ability to climb a vertical wall, their level of spontaneous locomotor activity, courtship behavior, and male sound production.
It was found that after the in-space metamorphosis parameter of behavior in all tests were decreased in both genders. Climbing, courtship, and sound production disorders persisted until the end of life. However, some behavior disorders of the imago flies partly recover.
Key words: exposure onboard ISS, drosophila, behavior.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P. 47-55.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-47-55
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Zhukova Å.À., Kharin S.A., Poddubko S.V., Rodimin V.D., Shef Ê.À. Microbial characterization of potable water and atmospheric condensate of the russian segment of the International space station
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The paper presents an investigation of the taxonomic composition of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria in potable water and atmospheric condensate in the Russian segment of the International space station (ISS RS), and resistance of the most commonly occurring species to high concentrations of silver ions and heating.
Water samples collected on the stages of pre-launch treatment contained 3 species of nonpathogenic bacteria, their total number did not exceed 200 CFU/ml. Acidovorax temperans prevailed in all samples. Taxonomic composition of bacteria in the water storage tank SVO-ZV included 6 species. A. temperans and Cupriavidus metallidurans were the most occurring species. The second is adapted to survive several forms of heavy metal stress, including silver. The largest number of microorganisms was detected in the AC sample (1.1 × 105 CFU/ml). The sample contained 9 species; the most numerous were Ralstonia insidiosa and C. metallidurans. All tested A. temperans isolates demonstrated resistance to high silver ions concentrations. Resistance was observed even in solutions with silver concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/l equal to and exceeding twofold silver concentration in the ISS RS disinfectant solution for potable water regenerated from condensate. To eliminate the silver-resistant strains, additional water sterilization can be performed by heating at 70 °Ñ over 30 minutes.
Key words: International space station, potable water, atmospheric condensate, bacteria, ionic silver.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P. 56-63.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-56-63
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Mamonova E.Y., Rusanov V.B., Kussmaul A.R., Belakovskiy M.S., Orlov O.I. The risk factor of fatigue among extractive industry workers
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The activities of workers in extractive industries occur in unfavorable conditions, as a rule, significantly exceeding the optimal physiological limits and negatively affecting their performance causing a fatigue associated with production activities. It increases the risk of critical errors, injuries, and other incidents, including deaths, and can lead to long-term health problems, both physical and mental. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the key factors contributing to the development of fatigue in extractive industries, including a set of working regime parameters (labor intensity, working day and working week), adverse environmental conditions and working locations (climatogeographic, physical, etc.), individual factors, etc. Identifying the factors that influence fatigue and actively working with them can improve work efficiency and productivity and preserve the professional longevity of employees.
Keywords: industrial medicine, extractive industries, risk factor "fatigue", efficiency, ability to work, extreme working conditions, work and rest regime.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P. 64-73.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-64-73
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Tekutskaya Å.Å., Gusaruk L.R., Pavliuchenko I.I., Il’chenko G.P. Structural changes of lymphocyte DNA due to exposure to non-ionizing microwave radiation in a medium with a modified isotope content
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Fluorescent spectroscopy was used to determine the relative content of DNA single-strand breaks in human peripheral blood lymphocytes following exposure in vitro to nonionizing microwave radiation. The number of DNA breaks in lysates isolated from lymphocytes was determined by comparison of the ratio of fluorescence in control and irradiated samples.
Increase of the microwave radiation frequency increased the number of DNA breaks when compared with the control (p < 0.05). It was noted that incubation of lymphocytes in physiological solutions with the deuterium content at 40 ppm reduces the number of breaks by 15–19 % in comparison with lymphocytes incubated in water-based solutions (p <0.05).
It was concluded that cell adaptation to the low deuterium concentration in water may stimulate functional activities of the cell systems engaged in intense traffic of hydrogen ions, activation of the DNA-reparation system, and reduction of the formation of active oxygen forms.
Key words: lymphocytes, single-strand DNA breaks, fluorescent spectroscopy, nonionizing microwave radiation, active forms of oxygen, deuterium-depleted water.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P. 74-82.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-74-82
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Rykova M.P., Shmarov V.A., Kutko O.V., Antropova E.N., Shulgina S.M., Kotikova À.À., Vlasova D.D., Zhirova E.A., Orlova K.D., Zhuravleva T.V., Lysenko Å.À., Utkin K.V., Ponomarev S.À. Interindividual and intraindividual patterns of the immune system in healthy males in habitual environment
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Fluorescent spectroscopy was used to determine the relative content of DNA single-strand breaks in human peripheral blood lymphocytes following exposure in vitro to nonionizing microwave radiation. The number of DNA breaks in lysates isolated from lymphocytes was determined by comparison of the ratio of fluorescence in control and irradiated samples.
Increase of the microwave radiation frequency increased the number of DNA breaks when compared with the control (p < 0.05). It was noted that incubation of lymphocytes in physiological solutions with the deuterium content at 40 ppm reduces the number of breaks by 15–19 % in comparison with lymphocytes incubated in water-based solutions (p <0.05).
It was concluded that cell adaptation to the low deuterium concentration in water may stimulate functional activities of the cell systems engaged in intense traffic of hydrogen ions, activation of the DNA-reparation system, and reduction of the formation of active oxygen forms.
Key words: lymphocytes, single-strand DNA breaks, fluorescent spectroscopy, nonionizing microwave radiation, active forms of oxygen, deuterium-depleted water.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P. 83-89.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-83-89
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Mamonova E.Y. Development of a knowledge base as a basis for a matrix assessment of group health risks for employees as factors of physiological adaptation in industrial activities
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The purpose of this research is to develop a knowledge base as a basis for an algorithm for constructing a matrix model for assessing group health risks as a factor of physiological adaptation in industrial activities. The development of the knowledge base was carried out by a working group of experts (32 people) and was conducted in various directions by analyzing the entire range of legislative, regulatory, scientific literature and accounting documentation. As a result, six main risk groups were identified: climatic, geographical, occupational, man-made, social, psychological and medical, necessary for a unified assessment of group risks to the health of employees of the enterprise. Risk factors have been identified in each group, which, when conducting an integrated assessment, will form the basis of a matrix system for assessing group health risk. This will allow companies to be ranked according to the degree of risk and will become an intellectual support for making managerial decisions in corporate healthcare.
Keywords: knowledge base; group health risk; health risk assessment matrix.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P. 90-95.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-90-95
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Yasnetsov V.V. Effects of novel heterocyclic compounds LKHT 1-22 and LKHT 4-22 on hippocampal slices in rats
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Experiments on hippocampal slices in rats showed that novel heterocyclic compounds LKhT 1-22 and LKhT 4-22 (nicotinic acid derivatives) at the concentration of 5 mM inhibited orthodromic population responses in ÑÀ1 by 65 ± 3 and 86 ± 1 %, respectively. Comparison preparation mexicor (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate) in the equal concentration also inhibited the responses by 54 ? 3 %. Effects of LKhT 1-22 and LKhT 4-22 exceeded that of mexicor in 1.2 and 1.6 times, respectively. Besides, LKhT 4-22 was more effective than LKhT 1-22 in 1.3 times. Competitive AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX (1 µM) weakened the depressing effect of LKhT 4-22 in 1.2 times were markedly than LKhT 1-22, i.e. 73 ± 1 % and 61 ± 2 %, respectively. Also, in the presence of L-glutamate (0.75 Ì) LKhT 1-22 (5 µM) inhibited the evoked neuronal responses by 58 ± 3 %, and LKhT 4-22 (5 µM) by 81 ± 2 %. In its turn, CNQX weakened inhibition of the LKhT 4-22 evoked response in 1.1 times more markedly than LKhT 1-22, i.e. by 76 ± 1 % and 67 ± 2 %, respectively. It follows that LKhT 1-22 and LKhT 4-22 inhibit the synaptic transmission within the Schaffer collateral - ÑÀ1 pyramidal neurons. Moreover, LKhT 4-22 demonstrates a largely L-glutamatergic nature which is much less evident in LKhT 1-22. Involvement of AMPA glutamate receptors is highly important for effect of LKhT 4-22 and a bit less for LKhT 1-22. We can conclude that the hippocampus is crucial for the central effect of these novel compounds.
Key words: novel heterocyclic compounds, novel nicotinic acid derivatives, population responses, evoked responses, L-glutamate, AMPA glutamate receptors, hippocampus.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P. 96-100.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-96-100
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Methods
Klimarev S.I., Diachenko A.I., Krychenkov D.A. Development of a device for sterilization of atmospheric moisture condensate
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The authors discuss the invention of two atmospheric moisture sterilizers for integration into the system of atmospheric moisture regeneration. One is an input VHF sterilizer and the other, an output rf current sterilizer for treatment of mineralized water to kill remaining microflora, if any.
This is an optional solution for AMC regeneration subsystem within a lunar life support system.
Key words: electromagnetic field, VHF, rf current, life support system (LSS), atmospheric moisture condensate (AMC), rectangular waveguide, sterilization.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2025. V. 59. ¹ 4. P.
101-106.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-4-101-106
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Chronicle and Information
Shurshakov V.A., Voloshin O.V., Belakovskiy M.S. Grigoryev Yuri Grigorevich – the founder of space radiobiology
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