CONTENTS
Reviews
Kotov O.V., Polyakov A.V., Kovachevich I.V., Pozdnyakov S.V., Repenkova L.G. Advancement of the means for medical support during extravehicular activities
Abstract
P. 5
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Special medical procedures are conducted to prevent and mitigate the medical risks for cosmonauts working outside the pressurized space vehicles, both during preparations for and implementing the extravehicular activities (EVA). These include assessment of health adequacy for EVA, control of preventing instructions, EVA medical monitoring, and advice as appropriate.
The paper presents the integrated EVA medical monitoring data from the cosmonauts of orbital station Mir and International space station (ISS RS).
Experience shows the criticality of medical prevention for successful EVAs, and necessity to have an EVA medical kit in ISS RS.
Key words: extravehicular activities, decompression illness, medical kit, orbital station Mir, piloted space vehicles, spacesuit, Russian segment of the International space station.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. Ñ. 5-9.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-5-9
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Bogotskoi Ê.À., Tarasova O.S., Panchin Yu.V. Method of laser speckle contrast imaging: investigation of brain blood flow control in experiments with rodents
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Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is used for real-time recording linear velocities of blood flow in cerebral surface vessels within a broad field of view.
The review considers the underlying theory and provides several examples of the LSCI application for determining local and global changes of blood flow in murine somatosensory cortex evoked by whisker stimulation and respiratory hypercapnia, respectively.
Key words: laser speckle contrast imaging, barrel cortex, neurovascular coupling, hypercapnic vasodilation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 10-16.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-10-16
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Savinkina À.Î., Shved D.M., Lebedeva S.À., Vinokhodova À.G., Kuznetsova P.G., Gushchin V.I. Individual traits and factors of successful adaptation to a two-week isolation modeling a mission on the Moon
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The investigation is analysis of psychological adaptation to an experimental isolation modeling a short-term space exploration mission.
Project Eskiz (Sketch) was designed as a 14-d isolation of 4 male and 2 female subjects in a small chamber including exits on a Lunar surface on days 8 and 9. Dynamics of adaptation to the psychological stress in isolation was analyzed by 4 subsyndromes.
For all crewmembers particularly stressful were the first 4 days of isolation, and EVA days. Three coping strategies were stable (reliable), situational (unstable) and asthenic (unbalanced). The favorable factors included previous experience, high motivation, goal-based cohesion of the crew and cultural commonality.
Results of the investigation can be of practical implication in optimization of the methods of selection, preparation and consulting spacecrew members in future missions.
Key words: isolation, exploration mission, psychological stress, coping strategy, asthenization.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 17-27.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-17-27
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Shpakov À.V., Voronov À.V., Puchkova À.À., Primachenko G.Ê. Biomechanical characteristics of human cyclic locomotions in the studies with various ground-based models of head-down and orthostatic bed rest
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The paper reports the results of comparative analysis of the kinematic and electromyographic data about human locomotions before and after head-down and orthostatic bed rest of varying length, and successive exposure.
We analyzed 3 experimental series, i.e. 21-d head-down bed rest at –6? (HDBR) reproducing the physiological effects of microgravity, 14-d orthostatic bed rest at +9.6? (OBR) reproducing the lunar gravity effects and sequential exposure to 3-d HDBR and 7-d OBR reproducing a mission to the Moon. Locomotions consisted of walking at 60 steps/min and running at the 10 km/h along the horizontal plane, and walking at 3.5 km/h along an inclined plane.
All hyporkinesia models unfailingly caused marked changes in kinematics and motor movements. Both types of hypokinesia affected intramuscular and intermuscular coordination as in the gravity-dependent, so flexor muscles of the ankle and knee joint. OBR had a more distinct effect on locomotion biomechanics in comparison with the baseline data. Walking along the inclined plane was characterized by significant changes equally in kinematics and EMG. In addition to changes of the external walking structure, the sequence of 3-d HDBR and 7-d OBR also redistributed the specific input to locomotion of the leg, thigh and specific muscles.
Key words: head-down bed rest, orthostatic bed rest, locomotion video analysis, electromyography, joint angle, reduced gravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 28-40.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-28-40
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Pastushkova L.Kh., Rusanov V.B., Kashirina D.N., Popova O.V., Goncharova A.G., Nosovsky A.M., Larina I.M. Blood proteomics and heart rate variability in females during modeling the effects of space flight by immersion
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The paper analyzes changes in blood proteome in a group of essentially healthy female subjects (30.17 ± 5.5 y.o.) following 3-day dry immersion (DI). Depending on the predominance of modulating vegetative effects determined by analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV), dynamics of the blood protein composition was analyzed using the dried blood spot sampling.
It was demonstrated that in the period of baseline data collection with the usual motor activity, energy expenditure was provided mainly by carbohydrate contributors which, on the proteome level, varied with type of the pentose pathway regulation in individual subjects. Adaptation to DI in the group with the dominating parasympathetic tone was more acute than in the group with the sympathetic tone. Since in DI the motor activity is minimal, the proteomic changes represented a decrease in energy expenditure; vagus-mediated differences in regulation between the groups were leveled. In the post-DI period, differences in blood proteome modification shed light on the processes involved in functioning of heat shock and exosome proteins. After DI, the system of cardiovascular control remained still strained with dominating sympathetic regulation.
These results are significant for understanding the gender-related difference in regulation of the CVS biological processes under the effects of modeled microgravity.
Key words: proteome, heart rate variability analysis, cardiovascular system, dry immersion.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 41-51.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-41-51
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Moreva T.I., Moreva O.V. Regulation of human cerebral circulation during cognitive activity. MARS-500 study
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Investigation of cerebral arterial circulation during cognitive testing was performed before and after prolonged isolation of 6 healthy subjects imitating a mission to space.
The ultrasonic technique was used to measure linear blood velocity (LBV) in the medial cerebral artery (MCA) in the course of verbal and tactile testing.
Analysis of MCA LBV both before and after isolation showed that at rest and during testing blood flow changes were equally wave-like; however, the amplitude made a significant increase at testing. It was found that LBV fluctuations occurred within the low-frequency band (LFB) and were consistent with the regular changes in tone of resistive vessels, primarily due to own myogenic activity. The wave-like LBV dynamics was observed over all testing time in all the subjects irrespective of central hemodynamics and respiration parameters. Analysis of LBV dynamics revealed a reliable seasonal (periodic) component supporting to the wave-like LBV fluctuations during testing. At large, prolonged isolation did not influence cerebral circulation much but for the reaction to the verbal testing after isolation completion when we registered a reliable rise of the LFB amplitude in left CMA due to activation of the left hemisphere resulting from specifics of communication in a small isolated group.
We assume that the wave-like blood flow in cerebral vessels is an adaptive mechanism of autoregulation capable to meet the metabolic demand of the brain during cognitive testing and protect from local hyperthermia.
Key words: cognitive tests, medial cerebral artery, transcranial doppler measurement, wave-like blood flow, vasomotions, penetrating arteries, brain metabolism.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 52-64.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-52-64
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Semenov Yu.S., Popova J.A., Gorbunova À.À., Eryukova Ò.À., Dyachenko À.I., Suvorov A.V. Characteristics of the human circulation reaction to negative pressure breathing in various body positions and during dry immersion
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Negative pressure breathing (NPB) is respiration during which different devices are used to generate a mean pressure level in airways over breathing cycle less than pressure the thorax is exposed to. One of the options is NPB on the phase of inspiration (NPBin). In 1990s, NPB and NPBin were proposed as a method to prevent the undesirable body liquids shifting towards to cranium in piloted space flights. In clinical practice, NPBin is used for resuscitation and central hemodynamics management after severe hemorrhage.
The paper discusses the significance of body positioning for the NPBin physiological effects and compares with the results of NPBin application during dry immersion (DI). The investigation was focused on NPBin-induced changes of central hemodynamics and redistribution of the body liquids in different parts of the body. It was found that NPBin raises amplitudes of the physiological parameters oscillations synchronous with breathing, and that DI and body positioning influence the reactions to NPBin by altering these amplitudes primarily.
These observations permit extrapolations of the results of NPBin tests with supine subjects on a broad variety of experimental conditions.
Key words: negative pressure breathing, dry immersion, central hemodynamics, pulmonary circulation, distribution of body liquids, respiratory oscillations.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 65-72.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-65-72
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Zhuravleva Î.À., Markin À.À., Serova A.V., Kuzichkin A.V., Zhuravleva T.V., Vostrikova L.V., Loguinov V.I., Smirnova Ò.À. Metabolic reactions of healthy human organism in dynamis of the SIRIUS-21 study
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The SIRIUS-21 study was designed as a 240-day isolation of healthy volunteers in controlled environment simulating a piloted mission to the Moon including operator's activities in lunar orbit and on the surface.
The investigation involved an international crew of two women and 3 men at the age of 29 to 44 years. The object was metabolic reactions of healthy bodies to the simulated conditions.
Crew members demonstrated a moderate stress reaction characterized by inhibition of the gastrointestinal tract secretory activity, reduction of glycolysis intensity, persistent hypercalcemia, a more intensive creatine kinase system functioning as a buffer, deficit of macroergic compounds, magnesium and essential microelements. On day 7 post isolation, the stress symptoms showed a partial leveling. Hard physical training had both the positive and negative effects on metabolism dynamics. The preventive purpose of training was to normalize the content of essential microelements in blood and suppress atherogenesis; however, training had also the negative effect of inducing hypohydration.
In future isolation studies it would be appropriate to optimize training protocols and enhance the program of countermeasures to the negative effects of simulated factors.
Key words: space medicine, isolation chamber, metabolism, stress factors, intensive physical training.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 73-80.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-73-80
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Pasekova O.B., Sigaleva Å.Ed., Matsnev Ed.I., Marchenko L.Yu., Ivanov K.P., Sigaleva Ò.V., Ilyin V.K., Morozova Yu.A., Tomilovskaya E.S. Dynamics of parameters of the human hearing organ functioning and ent microflora during ground-based simulation of the effects of microgravity
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Functioning of hearing organs and ENT microflora composition were investigated in 10 healthy male subjects (25–36 y.o.) who volunteered for a 7-day dry immersion as a model of the physiological effects of microgravity.
The functional state of the hearing organs was assessed with the registration of distortion product oto-acoustic emission (DPOAE), and tympanometry. Specifically, assessed were the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the oto-acoustic response (dB), middle ear pressure (daPa) and tympanogram maximal compliance (ml). To identify and count ENT microbial cultures, samples were gathered from the nasal and pharyngeal membranes and external skin of the auditory meatus. The eubiotic index was used to detect changes in the microflora composition.
Changes in the hearing organ functioning included a SNR decrease in DPOAE of the low-frequency band (p ≤ 0.05), increase of the middle ear pressure (p ≤ 0.05) and an obvious downward trend of the maximal compliance. Dynamic microbiocenosis assessment discovered several negative changes such as a reduction in the number of protective microorganisms and growth of the number of opportunistic groups. The eubiotic index value was below one.
These changes demonstrate a potential negative effect of modeled microgravity on the ENT microflora functioning and composition. Methods of dynamic assessment and control of the hearing organ and ENT microbiocenosis would be appropriate for use in monitoring of cosmonauts' health.
Key words: hearing organ functioning, distortion product oto-acoustic emission, tympanometry, ENT microflora, intracranial pressure, head-ward fluid shift, dry immersion.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 81-89.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-81-89
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Tipisova E.V., Alikina V.A., Ziabisheva V.N., Tipisov I.N., Elfimova A.E., Molodovskaya I.N. Anti-spermal antibodies and peripheral dopamine in men with consideration of contrast photoperiodism in the European North
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The physiological role of reference levels of antispermal antibodies (ASABs) in fertile men and mechanisms controlling their concentration are still not fully understood. It is hypothesized that they may contribute to the immunological tolerance of testicles in healthy organism.
We investigated the relation between ASABs and dopamine in blood of different groups of males living in the European North with consideration of contrast photoperiodism. Participants were 20 Caucasian males in Arkhangelsk observed over 4 seasonal photoperiods and 108 male dwellers of local settlements (Caucasians, Nenets, komi and metis aborigines), and aborigines migrating nearby who were observed in the periods of minimal light days (December) and then in March.
IFA was used to determine concentrations of ASABs in serum and dopamine in blood. Minimal ASABs and increasing dopamine were determined in Archangelsk in the period of maximal daylight hours and in the Caucasian males in settlements in the period of light time which can serve as an argument for specifying periods most favorable for conception.
Males in settlements and migrants were distinguished by a higher ASABs level in comparison to the male population in Archangelsk in December against dopamine imbalance due to, probably, oxidative stress and increased permeability of the blood-testis barrier. This finding calls for a close attention to the reproductive system condition. Elevated ASABs levels were observed on the backgrounds of undetectable (0 nmol/l) and abnormal (>0.653 nmol/l) dopamine values, whereas decreased ASABs concentrations were found with dopamine at reference levels.
Based on these results of the investigation we assume a dose-dependent dopamine effect on ASABs and propose a hypothesis that control of dopamine in blood could prevent autoimmune sterility.
Key words: dopaminergic system, ASABs, blood serum, photoperiodism, males, the Arctic.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 90-98.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-90-98
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Sekunov A.V., Protopopov V.A., Bryndina I.G. Changes in sarcolemmal caveolin-3 as a result of the ceramide-associated effects of acid sphingomyelinase at a 14-day functional unloading of rat's soleus muscle
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It is well known that functional unloading leads to a number of complex changes in the lipid-protein structural components in the sarcolemmal compartment of postural muscles' fibers. Among these changes are an increase of the sarcolemmal ceramide content, loss in cholesterol density in the lipid rafts fraction, a decrease of membrane sphingomyelin as a result of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activation and enhanced hydrolysis of sphingomyelin. These changes may underlie damages and primary elimination of damaged parts of muscle fibers' plasma membrane. Secondary reparation of sarcolemma depends on reorganization of the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton. It appears to be exocytosis of caveolin-enriched vesicles in response to the growth of ASM dependent hydrolysis in the plasma membrane of muscle fibers.
In our study, immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis were used to investigate ceramide and caveolin-3 changes in the sarcolemmal compartment of muscle fibers and total m. soleus from rats subjected to 14-d hindlimb unloading or unloading with administration of ASM inhibitor amitriptyline. In addition, muscle preparations with added exogenous sphingomyelinase were subjected to ex vivo analysis of ceramide and caveolin-3 immunofluorescence.
The 14-d unloading led to the growth of ceramide and caveolin-3 immunofluorescence on muscle sections. Ex vivo analysis also demonstrated a significant increase of ceramide and caveolin-3 content in muscle fibers exposed to exogenous sphingomyelinase. The increase of caveolin-3 sarcolemmal density was confirmed by Western blot assay which indicated the growth of its amount in isolated sarcolemmal fraction. These changes were not observed in total homogenates of the unloaded m. soleus. Thus, functional unloading of the postural muscle leads to the accumulation of ceramide in the plasma membrane of muscle fibers and an increase in the level of membrane caveolin-3.
Key words: skeletal muscles, functional unloading, sarcolemma, acid sphingomyelinase, caveolin-3, ceramide.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 99-104.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-99-104
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Koshlan N.A., Isakova M.D., Koshlan I.V., Melnikova Yu.V., Beliaeva A.G., Shtemberg A.S., Shamsutdinova O.A., Mukhametzianova Å.I., Gvaramiya I.À., Klots I.N. Dynamics of chematological, biochemical and cytogenetic changes and neurological manifestations in primates irradiated with high-energy krypton ions
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The delayed effects of high-energy krypton on neurological manifestations, biochemical, hematological and cytogenetic indices were investigated with primates as a model.
Several primates developed distinct neurological reactions. Dynamics of several biochemical and hematological indices correlated with the neurological reactions. In this case, some biochemical and hematological indices deviated from the physiological norm. In primates that had no neurological reactions these changes were less evident.
The data can be considered as a prerequisite for research and development of a system of protecting cosmonaut's organism against the effects of galactic cosmic radiation.
Key words: galactic cosmic radiation, neurological reactions, hematological and biochemical indices, chromosomal aberrations, primates, space missions.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 105-112.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-105-112
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Yasnetsov V.V. Effect of new nicotine acid derivatives on rat's hippocampus
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Experiments on hippocampal slices in rats showed that new nicotine acid derivatives LKhT 8-20 and LKhT 9-20 at a concentration of 5 mM inhibited orthrodromic population responses in field ÑÀ1 by 89 ± 1 % and 84 ± 2 %, respectively; in comparison, mexicor (reference preparation) in equal concentration inhibited these responses by 52 ± 4 %. Effectiveness of LKhT 8-20 and LKhT 9-20 exceeded that of mexicor in 1.7 and 1.6 times, respectively; LKhT 8-20 exceeded LKhT 9-20 in 1.1 times. Also, in the presence of L-glutamate (0.75 Ì) LKhT 8-20 (5 mÌ) inhibited the evoked neuron responses by 95 ± 2 % and LKhT 9-20 (5 mÌ) by 86 ± 1 %. Therefore, LKhT 8-20 and LKhT 9-20 inhibit synaptic transmission between Schaffer collaterals and pyramidal neurons in rat's hippocampal field ÑÀ1. Both compounds are L-glutamergic by nature which reveals itself by almost complete in LKhT 8-20 and to a less degree (primarily) in LKhT 9-20. It may be deduced that hippocampus has an important role in the central effect of these new compounds.
Key words: new nicotine acid derivatives, population responses, evoked responses, L-glutamate, hippocampus, rats.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 113-116.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-113-116
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Kudriavtseva N.S., Sorokin À.Å. Analysis of the reliability criteria of a lunar base life support system at the early stage of Moon exploration
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It is proposed to provide an initial manned Lunar base with an updated life support system (LSS) exploited at the Mir orbital station and ISS in context of such criteria as minimal mass expenditure and maximal closure.
Preliminary estimation of such LSS reliability was made, as well feasibility and suitability to improve regeneration subsystems in order to reduce expensive resupply delivery and save crew time for assembly of the lunar infrastructure. LSS reliability is defines as a probability of crew loss in consequence of failure of an essential regeneration subsystem.
It was shown that with a 5-fold increase of the mean error-free running time of all subsystems the probability of crew loss may be equal to 0.005–0.01 at the condition that each subsystem has 2 cold redundancy units if its functional time is two years, 3 units if its functional times is 10 years and 4 units if its functional time is 15 years.
Calculations made with the use of 3 cost-reliability models demonstrated that the proposed updating is justified, as the cost of subsystems will increase in 4.6 times on the average.
Key words: life support system, lunar base, probability of crew loss.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 2. P. 117-121.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-2-117-121
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Chronicle and Information
Belakovskiy M.S. «Space is not the place where people fly for health» (on the 75th anniversary of the birth of cosmonaut O. Yu. Atkov)
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