CONTENTS
Reviews
Larina I.M., Buravkova L.B., Grigoriev A.I. Oxygen-dependent adaptation processes in the human organism in usual living conditions and during space flight
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The review examines various parties of oxygen-dependent human adaptation to microgravity belonging to different levels of the integral system organization. Particular emphasis has been placed on the cellular sensing systems of immediate and chronic reactions to altered O2 delivery. The authors expound the key oxygen sensors and heterogeneity of the sensing mechanisms. They also concern themselves with the role of O2 active forms and O2-sensing elements developing in the spaceflight environment. The first post-flight evidence of an increase in frequency of oxidation post-translational modifications in proteins suggests a hypothesis about the direction and systemic mechanisms of oxygen-dependent adaptation of the human organism to in microgravity.
Key words: oxygen-dependent adaptation, space flight.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 5-19.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-5-19
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Zen'ko M.Yu., Rybnikova Å.À. Hypoxic adaptation and training: historic, biomedical and sport aspects
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The review outlines the milestones in studying the processes of human adaptation to hypoxia, and hypoxic training applications in medicine and sports. Contribution of the Russian science to these investigations is disclosed and literary data on the mechanisms of hypoxic adaptation, models and effectiveness of hypoxic training are summarized. The paper is concluded by discussion of hypoxic training potential in high achievements sports.
Key words: hypoxia, adaptation, hypoxic training, hypoxic therapy, sport.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 20-26.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-20-26
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Kiku P.F., Naguirnaya L.N., Bogdanova V.D. Medical problems of adaptation to transmeridian flights
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The paper contains analysis of the medical problems of human adaptation to fast time zone changes such as symptoms of desynchronosis and impacts on sporting activity, factors modulating the effects of transmeridian flights, as well as methods and means to facilitate adaptation to rapid light/dark cycle shifting.
Key words: transmeridian flight, adaptation, circadian rhythm, desynchronosis, prevention, treatment.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 27-32.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-27-32
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Glebova Ò.Ì., Koloteva M.I., Orlov O.I., Ovchinin A.N., Vasin A.V., Konovalova I.V., Salnikov A.V. G-tolerance of the ISS crew during the ballistic landing after off-nominal launch of space vehicle Soyuz
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Tolerance of the chest-to-back accelerations (+Gx) at the peak value of 6.7 g was evaluated in two Soyuz crew members after the ballistic landing following the off-nominal launch. G-tolerance of CM-1 was evaluated as good based on analysis of reported subjective sensations and results of objective physiological investigations. CM-2 tolerance was also evaluated as good though using the available results of objective investigations only. CM-1 appreciated highly the ground-based emergency training, including centrifuge sessions.
Key words: space flight, off-nominal launch, ballistic landing, chest-to-back accelerations (+Gx).
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 33-37.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-33-37
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Man'ko Î.Ì., Smoleevsky À.Å., Tomilovskaya Å.S. Change in eye hydrodynamics as a pathogenesis factor of the space-flight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS)
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Studies of the mechanisms of visual analyzer adaptation in remote space missions are of paramount importance in the domain of space medicine. Pathogenesis of ocular nerve edema, the fundamental symptom of space-flight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), remains unclear. One of the hypothesized SANS trigger is a change of the pressure gradient in the sclera lattice coat of the membrane due to fluctuations of both the intracranial and intraocular pressures in the absence of gravity.
This work extended the previous studies of ocular hydrodynamics during 5-day simulation of the microgravity body effects by dry immersion.
We present the results of intraocular hydrobalance analysis after 21-d DI with participation of 8 male subjects at the age of 24 to 35 years. Data of electron tonography and diurnal intraocular pressure measurements were correlated with the fluid balance dynamics.
Ocular hydrodynamics disbalance was registered in 80 % of the subjects. Tonography revealed clinically significant changes in 25 % of the subjects.
These results enabled determination of the degree and character of ocular hydrodynamics autoregulation in the condition of compensatory body hypohydration.
Key words: intraocular hydrodynamics, fluid balance, hydrodynamic homeostasis of the eye, space-flight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), diurnal fluctuations of the intraocular pressure, dry immersion, electron tonography of the eye.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 38-45.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-38-45
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Orlova Å.À., Tarasova Î.S., Son'kin V.D., Borovik À.S. Influence of the age on baroreflex synchronization of arterial pressure and heart rate during the passive standing test
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Age-related changes in phase synchronization of spontaneous blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) fluctuations within the baroreflex wave range (about 0.1 Hz) were studied in 66 subjects aged 20 to 52 years. Measurements performed during the head-up tilt test included continuous BP monitoring using the volume-compensation method, ECG recording for ensuing HR calculation, and breathing rate recording. The phase synchronization index (PSI) was used for evaluation of BP-HR coupling. In supine position, phase synchronization in the subjects over 40 years was higher as compared with their counterparts at the age of 20 to 24 years. Along with that, less pronounced PSI increase in people over 40 in response to the tilt test suggests a decline of the baroreflex activity with aging.
Key words: age-related changes, BP, HR, phase synchronization index, head-up tilt test.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 46-50.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-46-50
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Manuilov V.M., Suvorov À.V., Kurkin S.V., Olenev Yu.O., Pavlov N.B., Logunov A.T., Orlov O.I. Evaluation of the oxygen-helium therapy efficiency for patients with COVID-19 associated pneumonia
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Evidence from patients in the intensive care department of a multifield hospital treated for COVID-19 associated pneumonia with or without the use of a heated heliox mixture points to the beneficial effect of the mixture in the complex therapy of the disease.
Comparative analysis of the clinical symptoms and laboratory data of the patients who received the heliox therapy and who did not (controls) testifies that heliox improves blood oxygenation, returns acid-base balance to normal, maintains dynamics of key pamaters positive and, therefore, increases effectiveness and shortens time of treatment.
Key words: coronavirus infection, associated pneumonia, COVID-19, hypoxia, respiratory compromise treatment, heliox, heliox inhalation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 51-58.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-51-58
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Kuzichkin D.S., Markin À.À., Zhuravleva Î.À., Krivitsina Z.À., Vostrikova L.V., Zabolotskaya I.V., Loguinov V.I. Study of the plasma component of the blood aggregation regulatory system in subjects in the experiment with 120-day isolation inside pressurized module SIRIUS-19
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Citrate plasma samples gathered 31 days prior to, on days 37, 63, 120 in and on days 7 and 14 after isolation (project Sirius-19) were analyzed for blood aggregation parameters including fibrinogen (FBG), D-dimer (DD), plasminogen (PG), antithrombin III (ÀÒ3), protein C (PC) and ?2-antiplasmin (AP), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and prothrombin time (PT).
DD was lowered in all samples gathered during isolation. The complex of isolation factors combined with physical exercise reduced levels of fibrin formation and fibrinolysis. However, after isolation the procoagulent activity showed an increase manifested by elevated DD and reduced APTT. Appears that in the absence of insertion and reentry effects (redistribution of body fluids in microgravity) and high psychophysiological stresses it is the appropriate use of physical countermeasures that ensures plasma efficiency within the blood aggregation control system, and good body tolerance of the spaceflight factors.
Key words: aerospace medicine, homeostasis, isolation, physical exercise, hemocoagulation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 59-62.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-59-62
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Oshurkova V.I., Deshevaya Å.À., Suzina N.E., Shubralova N.E., Shcherbakova V.A. Methanogenic archaea in the space environment
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Next phase of experiment TEST is aimed to evaluate microbial viability after a prolonged external exposure on the International space station (ISS). Methanogenic archaea isolated from various habitats have been tested in ground facilities for the ability to survive exposure to such open space factors as UV and vacuum. Methanosarcina mazei S-6T (VKM B-1636T) was found to be the most viable and, therefore, suitable for the experiment. Our investigations showed that the Methanosarcina mazei population maintained viability in the course of 24-month exposure. On this evidence we conclude that genome of this metanogenic archaea possesses mechanisms against the space vacuum, UV and thermal differences that, probably, underlie the ability of the strain to form peculiar cyst-like dormant cells.
Key words: methanogenic archaea, International space station, viable microorganisms, Methanosarcina mazei, vacuumization, UV-iradiation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 63-69.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-63-69
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Ilyin V.K., Afonin B.V., Komissarova D.V., Shef K.A., Agureev A.N., Usanova N.A., Valuev V.A., Dzekh S.A.
Investigation of the effect of changes in gut microflora and preventive taking of probiotics on the functional state of the stomach during isolation study SIRIUS-18/19
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Investigations of the gastrointestinal tract functioning in isolation simulating a mission to the Moon and an experimental "space" diet showed changes in the gut microflora, an increase of the empty stomach juice and quickened evacuation. Probiotic beverage, a food additive, kept the gut microflora stable, and controlled juice volume in the empty stomach and evacuation. The inhibitory effect on evacuation consisted in increasing the hydrochloric acid production in the empty stomach.
Key words: isolation study, gastric acid secretion, evacuation activity, intestinal microflora, probiotics.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 70-75.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-70-75
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Mitrikas V.G. Modeling radiation loading of radiation monitor Radom onboard space vehicle «Chandrayaan-1» during its flight within Earth's magnetosphere
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Planners of a crewed mission to the Moon should have confidence in reliability of radiation dose estimations. In the absence of proton events during solar minimum the absorbed dose to the crew crossing the magnetosphere will be contributed primarily by protons and electrons of the inner and outer radiation belts of Earth, respectively. It is necessary to examine whether the existing electron forecast model is good enough for this purpose.
The paper describes our efforts to model the radiation environment of RADOM onboard Chandrayaan 1 launched to the Moon on 22.10.2008, including the vehicle design in order to assess its shielding function. The geomagnetic field parameters were reproduced with the use of model À2000 developed at the Nuclear Physics Institute (Moscow State University). The absorbed doses were calculated with the help of standard Canopus-80 tools.
Comparison of calculated and experimental data showed a good agreement for the period of solar minimum and quiet geomagnetic conditions.
Key words: space ionizing radiation, absorbed dose, Earth's magnetosphere.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 76-81.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-76-81
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Deshevaya Å.À., Fialkina S.V., Polianskaya A.B., Novikova N.D., Khamidullina N.M., Zakharenko D.V., Sychev V.N. ExoMars-2020 mission: choosing effective disinfecting agents
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The paper reports testing and selection of appropriate disinfectants against the entire spectrum of bacteria and fungi detected in clean assembly rooms of organizations cooperating in the ExoMars-2020 project. As a result, we chose and recommended two agents to be used for decontamination of assembly room interiors, namely EKOR (Novodez, Russia) and Litosanit (Satellit, Russia).
Key words: ExoMars-2020 mission, disinfectant, antimicrobial activity, microbial resistance, clean room.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 82-90.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-82-90
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Methods
Orlov O.I., Mamonova E.Yu., Levanov V.M., Perevedentsev O.V. Use of the risk management technology in evaluation of health services for employees of enterprises of a large oil producing company
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Protection of personnel health is part and parcel of the corporate social policy adopted by oil producing companies with the divisional structure. The medical care system using outsourcing needs a proficient control of its functioning. Since it incorporates dozens of objects, the control is workable only provided digital technologies are applied. We made choice of the infographic matrix to build up two matrices, i.e. one for health risk management and the other, for resources and processes management. Besides, we developed systems for quantitative risk evaluation, and to score key resources, processes, and medical personnel efficiency on 5-point scales. Weight coefficient was accepted for each factor. The technique has been implemented for health analysis and healthcare evaluation at 49 enterprises. Scrupulous attention was given to the enterprises within the orange zone (51-75 on the scale). Out of 9 to 10 enterprises that traveled in the zone over 3 years of monitoring, 4 were present in both matrices. Analysis of the reports provided guides to develop response measures suitable for specific enterprises. Health risk matrices can find application in a large number of enterprises for online information acquisition, problem identification and solving.
Key words: medical care system, petroleum industry, risk-oriented management in health care, risks to health, matrix technique, medical IT systems.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 91-98.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-91-98
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Levin R.E., Shamraeva M.A., Larina I.M., Bormotov D.S., Pekov S.I., Shivalin A.S., Silkin S.V.1, Eliferov V.A., Bocharov K.V., Nikolaev E.N., Popov I.A. The development of a method for direct mass spectrometric analysis of biological samples using porous samplers
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The paper presents a method for rapid multi-omics investigation of biological samples using polypropylene bulk porous samplers. The use of porous samplers makes it easy to collect samples from the surface of the skin, mucous membranes, and biological fluids even in a field, and the surfaces of wounds and injuries. Collected samples do not require special storage conditions, and the samplers are lightweight and very compact. They can be used to monitor the condition of cosmonauts before, during, and after the spaceflight with the same sample collection method. The analysis of biomaterial applied to the sampler is performed using direct mass spectrometry methods, similar to the dried blood spot technique that is already used in clinical practice. However, bulk porous samplers allow expanding the range of analytes ionization conditions, which increases the stability and reliability of the ionization process, which expands the variety of analyzed molecules. The proposed method can be used to study compounds of various classes, including proteins, lipids, and metabolites, to systematically monitor the status of people in extreme conditions (athletes, astronauts), or to study the condition of patients in the clinic.
Key words: mass spectrometry; dried blood spot; health monitoring; biomaterial sampling; biomaterial storage
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 1. P. 99-103.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-1-99-103
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