CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Zhdanko I.M., Pisarev À.À., Vorona À.À., Lapa V.V., Khomenko Ì.N. Aviation medicine: theoretical concepts and focal fundamental and practical issues (for the 80th anniversary of the Research Test Center of Aerospace Medicine and Military Ergonomics)
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 2. P. 5–11.
The article discloses postulates of theoretical concepts that make the methodological basis for addressing the real-world aviation medicine challenges of humanizing aviator’s environment, labor content and means, and health and performance maintenance.
Under consideration are focal fundamental and practical issues arising with the technological progress in aviation and dealt with at the AF CRI Research Test Center of Aerospace Medicine and Military Ergonomics.
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Bogomolov V.V., Kondratenko S.N., Êîvachevich I.V. Testing stability of tableted acetaminophen and furosemide after 6-month storage in space flight
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 2. P. 12–15.
It was shown that multiple spaceflight factors (i.e., acceleration, overvibration, microgravity etc.) do not impact stability of acetaminophen and furosemide tablets stored onboard the International space station over 6 months. Acetaminophen dose in a tablet was 496.44 ± 6.88 mg (99.29 ± 1.38 %) before space flight (SF) and 481.77 ± 2.40 mg (96.35 ± 0.48 %) after 6 mos. of storage; furosemide dose in a tablet was 40.19 ± 0.28 mg (100.47 ± 0.71 %) before and 39.24 ± 0.72 mg (98.105 ± 1.80 %) after SF remaining within the established limits.
Key words: International space station, board medical kit.
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Inozemtsev Ê.Î., Kushin V.V., Tolochek R.V., Shurshakov V.À. Measurement of space radiation doses and linear energy transfer spectra inside biological satellite Bion-M1
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 2. P. 16–22.
The paper presents the results of measuring biologically important characteristics of space radiation (spectra of linear energy transfer (LET), absorbed and equivalent doses and averaged quality factors) inside the descend capsule of biosatellite BION-M1 in space experiment Bioradiation. Measurements combined the use of thermoluminescent detectors DTG-4 and solid track detectors CR-39 (Tastrak). Differential and integral LET spectra of the space radiation heavy component were determined for 4 stacks of passive detectors (PDS) placed inside the spacecraft. Total absorbed dose rates for PDSs 1-4 made up 2.4 ± 0.2; 1.1 ± 0.1; 1.6 ± 0.2; 2.0 ± 0.1 mGy/d, respectively, whereas total equivalent dose rates estimated based on ICRP Publication 60 made up 3.4 ± 0.2; 2.0 ± 0.1; 2.6 ± 0.2; 3.1 ± 0.1 mSv/d, respectively. Values of the averaged quality factor for different PDSs were in the range between 1.4 and 1.8.
Key words: space dosimetry, passive detectors, passive dosimeters, linear energy transfer spectrum, biologically important characteristics of space radiation, heavy component of space radiation, BION-M1, averaged quality factor of space radiation.
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Soldatov P.E., Dadasheva O.A., Gurieva T.S., Markin À.À., Tatarkin S.V., Nosovskiy À.Ì., Smirnov I.À., Tuyrin-Kuzmin À.Yu., Shulagin Yu.À., Smolenskaya Ò.S., Grishin V.I. Testing the protective properties of argon during subacute exposure to hypoxic hypoxia
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 2. P. 23–31.
Previously it has been shown that argon has a stimulating effect on biological processes including, specifically, strong protective properties during exposure to acute (1-4 hrs.) hypoxic hypoxia. Experiments with animals under hypoxia gradually growing over 3 to 7 days may give insight into mechanisms of the argon protective action. Purpose of the work was to explore character and severity of developing disorders, to attempt their prognosis and to test potentiality of argon as a protector from the effects of subacute hypoxic exposure.
In two series of experiments Wistar male rats were housed in pressure chambers with different rates of Î2 reduction without argon and with argon in concentration of 32–38 %. Oxygen reduction from 20.9 to 9.0 % in 3 days led to the death of 50 % animals. Oxygen reduction to 12.0 % in 7 days and one day in low-oxygen atmosphere was harmless for animals. Argon in air makes the response to hypoxia almost twice as sharp on virtually every level (red blood system, physiological, morphological and biochemical shifts) validating the concept that argon acts as a stimulator. In context of the most critical processes of adaptation to hypoxia – activation of blood formation and lipid metabolism - this sharpening of the response results in depletion of body resources and instigates irreversible shifts.
Key words: pressure chambers, artificial gaseous environment, hypoxic hypoxia, protective properties of argon, laboratory rats.
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Ivanov I.V., Bondarenko R.À. Individual approach to the use of medications to normalize situational anxiety under the psycho-emotional stress
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 2. P. 32–35.
Analysis of archival data revealed subsidence of situational anxiety accompanying work under psycho-emotional stress after administration of Russian pharmacologically different psychotropic agents, such as stimulant mesocarb, nootropic and anxiolytic fenibut, tranquilizer fenazepam and alpha-adrenoblocker proroxan. Effectiveness of pharmacological anxiety control was dependent on individual sensitivity to these agents. Prescription of the medications with allowance for the factor reduced group-average levels of situational anxiety in 1.3 to 7.2 times.
Key words: performance, psycho-emotional stress, situational anxiety, accentuated personality, medications (mesocarb, fenazepam, fenibut, proroxan), individual sensitivity to medications.
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Moreva Ò.I., Pasekova Î.B., Kriushev E.S., Dobrokvashina Å.I., Ìîreva Î.V., Buylov S.P., Smirnov Î.À., Bragin L.Kh., Voronkov Yu.I. Effect of voluntary breath-holding and cognitive loads on regional cerebral blood flow and bioelectric activity of the brain
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 2. P. 36–43.
Cerebral blood flow and bioelectric activity were studied in 10 normal volunteers in order to assess cerebrovascular reactivity during different types of functional testing. The transcranial Doppler was used to measure linear blood velocity (LBV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) during maximal voluntary breath-holding (apnea), controlled verbal association test and tactile memory test. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) registered the bioelectric activity of the brain cortex. Both investigations were performed continuously in the course of each test. Breath-holding induced a smooth symmetric increase of CMA blood velocity; LBV rose to maximum values in the majority of the volunteered subjects. Two subjects with small focal changes in the brain’s white matter displayed an asymmetric blood flow reaction to apnea. Gain in LBV was materially less during the cognitive tests; the verbal test decreased LBV in one half of the subjects and increased LBV in the other. The tactile memory test increased LBV which was particularly high in the left CMA of all subjects. LBV dynamics during the cognitive tests was essentially different from what was observed in apnea. Blood flow variations in the course of equally the verbal and tactile tests had a regular undulatory character.
Concurrent LBV and EEG monitoring made it possible to compare and contrast dynamics of the cerebral blood velocity and bioelectric activity directly during testing and thus to reveal peculiar reactions of the cerebral blood flow to cognitive and physiological testing.
Key words: linear blood velocity, middle cerebral artery, cognitive tests, apnea, cerebrovascular reactivity, transcranial Doppler, alpha-rhythm, electroencephalography.
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Clinical investigations
Biryukbaeva G.N., Bystrova A.G., Kuzmina A.Yu., Potievskiy B.G. Flight certification of civilian pilots following surgery of brachiocephalic atherosclerotic stenosis
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 2. P. 44–49.
The paper presents cases of surgery of brachiocephalic atherosclerotic lesions with asymptomatic stenosis in civilian pilots reviewed by a Flight Certification Board. Cerebrovascular diseases varying in their clinical presentation (syncopes, transitory ischemic attacks or strokes) may culminate in acute conditions and, consequently, threaten flight safety. There is an exigent need of law-guided regulations for flight certification boards on how to manage cases of pilots with a history of cerebrovascular disease.
Key words: asymptomatic atherosclerosis, flying personnel, acute conditions (syncope, transitory ischemic attacks, strokes), flight certification issues.
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Lectures
Ushakov I.B., Polyakov A.V., Usov V.M., Boyarintsev V.V. The prospects for using simulation technologies on manned spacecraft for effective training and refreshing cosmonauts’ skills in providing the emergency medical aid
Tarasova O.S., Sofronova S.I., Gainullina D.K., Borzhykh À.À., Martyanov À.À. Control of nitrogen oxide production by the vascular endothelium during physical exercise: role of thyroid hormones
Stupakov G.P., Simonenko V.B., Shcherbinina N.V. The universal causality of chronic diseases, their etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment
From history of aerospace medicine
Medenkov À.À. Vital problems of aerospace psychophysiology in the works of G.M. Zarakovskiy
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