CONTENTS
Oleg Georgievich Gazenko (the 100th anniversary of the birth)
Reviews
Ilyin V.K., Kiruikhina N.V., Usanova N.A., Solovieva Z.O., Morozova Yu.A., Gueguenava A.V., Poddubko S.V. Factors of the microbiological risk and substantiation of the approaches to infection prevention and control for crews in space exploration missions and on lunar bases
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 7–18.
Factors of the microbiological risk for crews in exploration missions and dwellers of lunar bases, both the established and new or eventual, were analyzed. The well-known factors are the "horizontally" spreading microorganisms and genetic factors interchanged by people living in pressurized habitats; growth of the pathogenicity potential within the human-microorganisms-artificial environment system predisposing the risk of auto- and cross-infection and decay of the colonization barrier; anthropotechnical niches; microgravity that stabilizes bacterial aerosols, and radiation. Among possible factors is exogenous contamination by cryptic microorganisms during extravehicular and surface activities. One of the risk mitigation options is providing crews with ingenious probiotics isolated from microorganisms that so far have not been used in production and/or based on autologic strains representing of human protective microflora (autopriobiotics).
Key words: space flight, lunar base, microbiological risk factors, probiotics, autoprobiotics.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-6-7-18
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Karpenko M.P., Davydov D.G., Chmykhova E.V. Crew training in the course of long-duration space missions as a way to maintain cosmonauts' socialization and cognitive abilities
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 19–25.
Negative factors in the cognitive processes and behavior of crews on remote space missions are discussed. It was demonstrated that the directive in-mission training may have the goals of preserving the cognitive functions and emotional balance, learning, preventing idleness, controlling relations in the crew and affiliation with the society. In-mission training can be introduced into the piloted mission architecture as a safety and dependability component. Advanced didactic technologies engaging robotics and VR, direct and indirect cognition control and affiliation with ground-based educational centers are suggested as the pivot of a crew education system integrated with the board control system and medical center.
Key words: piloted exploration missions, crew, training, human factor, safety, cognitive functions, interaction.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-6-19-25
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Glebova Ò.Ì., Koloteva M.I. Comparative analysis of g-load tolerance by russian cosmonauts on the stage of return from orbit to earth after missions of varying duration
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 26–32.
The subject of analysis was tolerance of chest – back g-loads (+Gx) during descent in vehicles Soyuz after 52 ISS missions of varying duration: 121–150 days (n = 7), 151–180 days (n = 29), 181-200 days (n = 16) made in period from 2003 to 2016.
Based on the analysis, g-tolerance of cosmonauts after various lengths of exposure in microgravity was principally satisfactory. Comparison of the objective physiological records and subjective reactions to re-entry discovered some differences between the groups. Extension of mission time increased incidence of disorders pointing to progressing cardiovascular deconditioning i.e. elevated heart rate (HR) and breathing rate (BR), arrhythmias (p < 0.05), conductivity, T-wave changes in ECG, visual disorders (p < 0.05), and also vestibulo-vegetative reactions (p < 0.05).
At the landing site, all cosmonauts exhibited symptoms of orthostatic instability and VVR of different severity. The CV deconditioning after 151- to 200-day missions sometimes led to syncope.
These results of g-tolerance analysis will contribute to preparations for exploration missions, especially to implementation of the idea to use artificial gravity (AG), as conceptually generation of physiologically effective AG values can safeguard against adaptation to space microgravity.
Key words: cosmonauts, long-duration space missions, microgravity, +Gx loads, deconditioning, vestibulo-vegetative disorders.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-6-26–32
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Gordienko K.V., Novikov V.E., Servuli Å.À., Nosovsky À.M., Vasilieva G.Yu. Detail analysis of the central osteodensitometry data from cosmonauts-participants in the Mir and ISS programs
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 33–36.
The paper presents the results of IBMP osteodentometry (ODM) investigations of the Mir and ISS cosmonauts (n = 57, 30 to 60 yrs. of age) including 122 pre-launch and 74 post-landing ODM sessions. Mission duration varied between 73 and 438 days. ODM changes were examined selectively in lumbar vertebrae L1–L4 and structurally and metabolically different regions of the proximal femoral bone. We undertook the first analysis of auxiliary and estimate values of a projected area and mass of its constituents. It was found that after a long-duration mission loss of mineral density (MD) occurs largely in lower L3–L4 that bear the main functional loading in the Earth's gravity. MD losses by the femoral proximal epiphysis were uniform despite the structural and functional inequality of bones in the region. No significant difference was documented in the projected vertebral areas pre- and post-flight (R+ 7–14) which suggests absence of considerable anatomical changes. Predicted elongation of the L1-L4 segment in microgravity due to the intervertebral disks was not evident on R+7–14.
Key words: space flight, bone mineral density, selective analysis.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-6-33–36
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Zhuravleva Ò.V., Nichiporuk I.À., Bubeev Yu.À., Chistokhodova S.À., Loguinov V.I. Psychological and metabolic characteristics of adaptation of the participants in 17-day experiment "Sirius" to the conditions of isolation and confinement
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 37–44.
The paper dwells on the psychological and metabolic adaptation to 17-d isolation and confinement of an international crew in experiment SIRIUS. Crew members were tested 7 days prior and 2 days after the experiment using a battery of standardized methods including: Psychological Stress Measurement (N.E. Vodopianova), Psychache Scale (Ê.À. Chistopolskaya and Ò.V. Zhuravleva), multilevel personality inventory "Adaptability" (A.G. Maklakov and S.V. Chermianin), Strategic Approach to Coping Scale (N.E. Vodopianova and E.S. Starchenkova), Extreme Environmental Response Inventory (À. Volkov and N.Å. Vodopianova) and Ermuedung – Monotonie – Saetting – Stress (À.B. Leonova and S.V. Velichkovskaya). Psychological testing was accompanied by venous blood sampling for biochemical and hormonal analyses. The investigations revealed moderate increases in the content of stress-markers and a certain correlation of psychological, biochemical and hormonal stress-markers. Based on this evidence we conclude that stress was moderate and that organism responded adequately. Adaptive potential testing showed that each of the crew members had been highly adaptive to the stressful environment so that neither health, nor skills or efficiency were affected.
Key words: personal adaptive potential, neuropsychic stability, efficiency, psychological, hormonal and biochemical stress-markers.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-6-37-44
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Yakubets D.A., Ratushnyi A.Yu., Buravkova L.B. The expression of paracrine-related genes of mesenchymal stromal cells after short-term exposure to simulated microgravity
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 45–49.
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) are a one of the population of stem cells in adults. MMSCs are tightly involved in supporting of tissue homeostasis through paracrine regulation. They are also known to change their functions in response to mechanic stimulation including exposure to a reduced gravity during space flight. The study was concerned with early effects of simulated microgravity (up to 48-hr) on MMSC paracrine gene expression. Upon 24-hr of simulated microgravity the expression of IL6 was down- and IL8 was up-regulated; however, transcription came to control already on the next day in microgravity. The mRNA level of growth factors (IGF-1, VEGFa, FGF2, ANGPT1) and MRS-1 was increased after the 48-hr exposure. Changes in TGF? and HGF expression were insignificant. It could be assumed that paracrine activation is one of the earliest responses of MMSCs on simulated microgravity.
Key words: multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, RPM, paracrine activity.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-6-45-49
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Blaguinin À.À., Sinelnikov S.N., Dzankisov R.A., Chichikov À.À. Dynamics of human physical performance in the condition of hypobaric hypoxia depending on the individual psychological characteristics
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 50–53.
The article deals with the effects of flight factors, hypobaric hypoxia specifically, on physical performance depending on the individual psychological profile. Physical performance was evaluated using the Ruffier test during the baseline data collection, in the course and after chamber ascent to the altitude of 5,000 m. Measurements were analyzed with consideration for such psychological traits as neuroticism, extraversion and personal anxiety. Neuroticism and extraversion were assessed with EPI and personal anxiety, with the Spielberg test (Khanin's modification).
It was found that myocardial efficiency declined more significantly in subjects with high but not low neuroticism reaching 17.3 % (p < 0.05) and 23.4 % (ð < 0.01) on minutes 30 and 60 of the ascent, respectively.
Comparison of the Ruffier scores showed that subjects with low personal anxiety (baseline score was 28 % less (ð < 0.05) than of subjects with high anxiety) had this index increased in 2.16 times (ð < 0.01) on ascent minute 30 and in 2.25 times (ð < 0.01) on minute 60 as compared to baseline data.
In the group of introverts myocardial efficiency on ascent minutes 30 and 60 reduced 20.0 % (p < 0.05) and 17.8 % (ð < 0.01), respectively, as compared to the group of extroverts.
To sum up, tolerance of moderate hypoxia should be evaluated with consideration for the dependence of myocardial efficiency on individual psychological profile.
Key words: hypoxia, individual psychological profile, neuroticism, personal anxiety, extroversion, physical performance, Ruffier index.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-6-50-53
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Mirzoev Ò.Ì., Tyganov S.A., Petrova I.O., Viko L., Shenkman B.S. Effect of chronic hypergravity on protein synthesis rate and markers of anabolic signaling pathways in skeletal muscles of mice
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 54–60.
It is common knowledge that in microgravity protein synthesis slows down and the mass of postural muscles in mammals reduces owing to the lowered activity of anabolic signaling pathways and increased proteolysis. However, little is known about the pathways that control protein synthesis in skeletal muscles of animals exposed to chronic hypergravity. For this reason, purpose of the investigation was to reveal molecular mechanisms controlling protein synthesis in skeletal muscles of mice following chronic centrifugation at +2 g. Puromycin labeling and Western-blogging were applied to measure the rate of protein synthesis and phosphorylation of key anabolic pathways markers. Chronic centrifugation at +2 g accelerated reliably protein synthesis in m. tibialis anterior. According to our data, intensification of protein synthesis could result from as elevated phosphorylation of ribosomal kinase p70s6k and deactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3? (GSK-3?), so reduced phosphorylation of elongation factor eEF2. Chronic centrifugation (+2 g) intensified also protein synthesis in m. longissimus dorsi. However, changes of this type were not found in m. soleus. Hence, prolonged exposure to +2 g can produce various anabolic reactions in different skeletal muscles of mice.
Key words: m. soleus, m. tibialis anterior, hypergravity, centrifuge, protein synthesis, AKT, p70s6k, GSK-3?, eEF2.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-6-54-60
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Lebedeva-Gueorgievskaya K.B., Shurtakova À.Ê., Kokhan V.S., Bazian A.S., Kudrin V.S., Perevezentsev À.À., Shtemberg A.S. Effect of tail-suspension and g-load on adaptation to a new environment, motor activity, exploratory behavior and monoamines turnover in the brain of mice
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 61–69.
We studied effects of 30-day tail-suspension (TS) of mice and TL combined with acceleration (8 g) on the exploratory activity and adaptive behavior of animals in a new environment, and monoamines turnover in cerebral structures after the experimental exposures. The open-field test evidenced shifts in behavior-guiding emotions and motivation toward a greater anxiety and passive defensive behavior. Observations of the motor activity, adaptation to the new environment and spatial orientation in experimental installation IntelliCage established a significant suppression of the exploratory activity and growth of the stereotypic behavior that suggest a TS-induced reduction of the nervous system plasticity. Analysis of monoamines turnover in the brain prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, striatum and hippocampus demonstrated particularly large variations in the serotonin-ergic system. Interaction between the combined factors had an antagonistic character.
Key words: behavior, mice, adaptation, tail-suspension, centrifugation, IntelliCage.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-6-61-69
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Yasnetsov V.V., Kasanova S.K., Yasnetsov Vik.V. GABA-ergic component in the action of vestibulo-protectors on the level of rat's hippocampus
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 70–75.
Experiments with rats showed that GABA-negative substances, i.e. bicuculline, a specific GABAA receptor antagonist, and picrotoxin (2.5 mg/kg), a blocker of chloride ionophore within the GABAA benzodiazepine receptor complex, aggravated motion sickness and reduced post-rotation food consumption in 1.5 and 1.4 times, respectively. Mexidol and novel 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives (5 mM) suppressed to various degrees the orthodromic population responses in the ÑÀ1 region in the hippocampal survival sections. The strongest effect was produced by IBKhF-27 (97 ? 3 % suppression). Mexidol and 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine L-asparaginate had an essentially identical effect (85 ? 4 and 79 ? 4 %, respectively), while suppression by SK-119 was the least (68 ? 3 %). Based on analysis of the suppressive effects of GABA-negative bicuculline and picrotoxin (20 µM) on the population responses in the hippocampus it can be concluded that the GABAA benzodiazepine receptor complex contributes to the action of mexidol as well as all the novel 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives. By the extent of the complex involvement they can be conventionally graded as follows: ÑÊ-119 > mexidol > 2- ethyl-6-methyl-3- hydroxypyridine L-asparaginate > IBKhF-27.
Key words: mexidol, novel 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives, GABA-negative substances, bicuculline, picrotoxin, hippocampus, rats.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-6-70-75
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Soldatov P.E., Tiurin-Kuz'min À.Yu., Shulaguin Yu.À., Gurieva Ò.S., Mednikova Î.I., Dadasheva Î.À., Krychenkov D.À., Smolenskaya Ò.S., Ilyin V.Ê., Morozova Yu.À., Nosovsky À.Ì., Smirnov I.À. Investigations of carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogel and a special-purpose pelletized feed to nourish mice onboard spacecraft of the «Bion-M» series
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 76–85.
In the course of the BION-M space mission in 2003 the experimental animals received water and simultaneously paste-like food with 68–72 % moisture which created a substantial loading on their water metabolism. To make the diet more natural, a dry pelletized feed was developed and a dense hydrogel with a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) ballast was proposed as a water source.
Purpose of the work was to compare well-being of mice C57BL/6 consuming the new feed with water or 2 % hydrogel in the conditions analogous to the spaceflight environment. Criteria of comparison were consumption of feed, water or hydrogel, dynamics of Î2 uptake and ÑÎ2 output, body mass, microbial content of food and chamber, and general habitus.
An analog of the space animal holding module with controlled environment was manufactured and used in two 30-day laboratory experiments.
No difference was detected in body mass and habitus of animals drinking water or hydrogel. Expenditure of feed was 6 % higher when combined with water; on the other hand, the hydrogen expenditure was 31 % higher or 25 % higher in water terms. The ÑÎ2 output and the respiration coefficient were significantly higher in animals supplied with water but not hydrogel. Uptake of Î2 was equal.
The total microbial content of pelletized feed was within the normal range irrespective of whether the animals received water or hydrogel.
Considering that changes in visceral organs become less marked with CMC reduction, we suggest change of the hydrogel concentration from 2% to 1.5 %.
Key words: space experiment, mammals, diet, hydrogel.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-52-6-76-85
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Berkovich YuA., Ochkov Î.À., Perevedentsev O.V. Substantiation of the approach to adaptive optimization of light-emitting diode illumination of crops in vitamin greenhouses within the life support system for space crews
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2018. V. 52. ¹ 6. P. 86–94.
The proposed adaptive optimization of light-emitting diode illumination of crops in space greenhouses embodies the principle of continuous automatic search of illumination parameters that will be most adequate to a maximum of a current value of the product of visible crop photosynthesis by coefficient of light energy expenditure for photosynthesis. An infrared ÑÎ2 gas-analyzer was used to measure transient duration in visible photosynthesis after light switch from blue (440 nm) to red (660 nm) and vice versa with the photon flux density (PFD) being equally 500 µmol/(m2•s) or 900 µmol/(m2•s). The wavelength switch caused considerable though different changes in visible photosynthesis implying different values of the crop light absorption coefficient. It was established that length of the light-induced transient in crop photosynthesis did not exceed 90 s at all tested surges of LED lighting. As the crop grew from day 15 to 25 and the leaf index rose from 3.5 to 12.8, visible photosynthesis increased approximately 50 % as under the blue, so red light. By and large, this adaptive optimization of LED lighting in space greenhouses allows determination of light dynamics with minimum requirements for board resources per a unit of edible to biomass.
Key words: space greenhouse, adaptive optimization of crop lighting, light-emitting diodes, light spectrum, transient, visible photosynthesis.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2018-526-6-86-94
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