CONTENTS
Reviews
Bubeev Yu.A., Ivanov A.V., Usov V.M., Mikhalyuk M.V. Use of virtual media for modeling in isolation studies of combined control of a lunar rover vehicle with automatic navigation and positioning
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Advanced virtual reality products can be used to control robots in unexplored environments. One of the instances is virtual prototyping a human-machine system in view of the robotized lunar exploration in future.
Piloting a lunar rover (LR) in EVA suits following a prolonged transit is a critical risk factor for successful mission accomplishment. Simulation of LR driving and operation scenarios in isolation studies is a way to get a more insight in the type of operations to be performed on the Moon and to update the virtual control model as novel navigation and positioning technologies appear.
The investigation was an attempt to test the applicability of our model in the conditions reproducing some factors which, based on literature, will complicate operator's activities. Specifically, we were focused on the effects of hindered visibility and improvements that will be required as in the computer-generated VR technologies, so visualization tools. The point is that spatial orientation with the use of opto-electronic devices and multimedia systems will be successful provided a proper consideration is given to the VR effects on operator's behavior, activity and psychic condition.
Studies of the human factor limitations with the help of virtual and augmented reality lay the ground for devising original approaches to the lunar rover operations both automatic and manual, and enhance the navigation and positioning capabilities in the event of visibility deterioration.
Key words: virtual reality, isolation study, lunar rover simulator, hindered visibility, combined operation of a lunar rover, navigation and positioning, extravehicular activity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 5-23.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-5-23
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Orlov O.I., Gurieva T.S., Ionov S.V., Sychev V.N. Effect of hypomagnetic environment on biological objects
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Recent experimental and theoretical investigations have produced an abundance of facts that the hypomagnetic environment (HME) affects the development and vital functions of organisms.
Purpose of the review is to show the HME significance and effects during preparation for and implementation of experiments on the Moon and Mars.
In expectation of human exploration missions and prolonged stays on the Moon and Mars, investigators are challenged with a new task, i.e. to explore HME effects on the human organism. Evolution of the biological material advanced in the strong magnetic field of Earth that protects largely the life on the planet surface from flows of charged particles. In the absence of the magnetic field, the life on Earth in the form it exists now would not have been possible. Whereas the radiation-protection role of Earth's magnetic field has been known for a long time, its role in evolution of the biological material and importance for the normal functioning of living systems is less clear.
Key words: magnetic field, space missions, magnetic chamber, physiology of the human and animals.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 24-29.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-24-29
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Shenkman B.S., Kalashnikov V.E., Sharlo Ê.À., Turtikova O.V., Bokov R.O., Mirzoev Ò.Ì. Spontaneous activity of the postural muscle during functional unloading. Neuronal mechanisms and signaling effects
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The soleus is one of the key muscles for stability of the majority mammals in Earth's gravity. It is well known that as soon as a laboratory animal (rat) is put in a real or modeled weightlessness (loss of the hindlimb contact with substrate due to tail-suspension) the electrical activity in m. soleus decreases sharply. However, starting on day 3 of the functional unloading this activity renews and grows to the level characteristic of control animals (approximately by day 14 of suspension). The phenomenon was termed "the spontaneous activity of unloaded postural muscle". The review discusses spinal mechanisms of the spontaneous postural muscle activity, the input of ion co-transporters in marrow motoneurons specifically, and effect of this activity on intra-cell signaling in fibers of unloaded m. soleus.
Key words: functional unloading, m. soleus, bone marrow, motoneurons, KCC2, CLP290.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 30-40.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-30-40
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Barantseva M.Yu., Mukhamedieva L.N., Ozerov D.S., Pakhomova À.À., Lashukov P.V. Toxico-gyhienic assessment of the chemical composition of Moon soil samples gathered in marine and land regions
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High reactivity of the Moon's nano dust that is capable to penetrate through protective bio-barriers and accumulate in organs will pose a toxic risk to the human health in both short- and long-term (for months or years) missions to the Moon through contact.
The degree of toxic effects will depend on chemical composition of the dust, physical and chemical properties of particles (powder, geometry, adhesion, solubility in bio-media). Toxicological investigations of dust components are usually performed with imitators. Bio-effect is assessed by one of the most toxic components and various concentrations of compounds. This means that systematization of the data about dust (regolith) chemical composition is required to optimize the composition of imitators and develop a priority list of components that can be used for setting hygienic regulations in case of dust inhalation inside a pressurized module.
The paper presents systematization and comparative analysis of research data on chemical composition of the dust (regolith) samples from various Moon regions in context of defining the priority list, setting hygienic regulations and developing methods of contact prevention.
Key words: Moon dust (regolith), toxicity, priority list of chemical components.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 41-54
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-41-54
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Supolkina N.S., Shved D.M., Yusupova À.Ê., Nosovsky À.Ì., Kanaeva Ò.R., Gushchin V.I. Dynamics of the crew-mcc communication in isolation studies of 120- and 240-day days in duration (projects Sirius-19 and Sirius-21)
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Observations of the communicative behavior in the 120- and 240-d isolation studies enrich the long experience of content analysis of communications within the closed circuit of crew-Mission control center (MCC) in space mission simulation studies. The data confirm the previously established relationship between workload and style of crew communication with MCC. In addition, the paper describes how mission duration, crew training and cohesion influence the structure of communication.
Key words: isolation studies, content-analysis, crew-MCC communication, crew selection, workload.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 55-62.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-55-62
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Goncharova A.G., Pastushkova L.Kh., Koloteva M.I., Goncharov I.N., Kashirina D.N., Glebova T.M., Larina I.Ì. Determination of the ST2 cardiomarker level following repeated rotations on a short-arm centrifuge
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Rotation on a short-arm centrifuge (SAC) is considered as an option to prevent the cardiovascular disorders consequent to exposure in microgravity during long-term space missions. However, a conceivable cumulative effect and gravitational deformation of the hollow organs, e.g. the heart, calls for objectification of the risks of excessive stretching of cardiomyocytes caused by a specific protocol or number of rotations.
We conducted measurements of a soluble ST2 cardiomarker in 6 essentially healthy male subjects at the age of 34-45 years who participated in a series of 6 SAC rotations along the head-to-pelvis g-vector (+Gz). Each rotation session continued 60 minutes. Venous blood was sampled on each rotation completion for ST2 analysis using the solid phase enzyme immunoassay (ELISA).
The baseline analysis demonstrated ST2 variability. Low level of the cardiomarker points to a high adaptive potential and low cardiologic risk. Single rotation did not change the ST2 blood level. The group averaged level of the marker was increased relative to the estimated average after the first rotation. This dynamics may suggest an increased cardiologic risk associated with myocardium distention.
Therefore, ST2 measurements in a series of SAC rotations may reveal an individual reaction of cardiomyocytes, group people with a high and low adaptive potential, determine a cumulative effects, and detect potential cardiologic risks following serial rotations.
Key words: soluble ST2, essentially healthy human subjects, short-arm centrifuge, risk of cardiac fibrosis, countermeasures.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 63-67.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-63-67
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Zaripova Ê.À., Belova S.P., Shenkman B.S., Nemirovskaya Ò.L. Inhibition of the PI3Ks slows down atrophy development in rat's m. Soleus after 3-day functional disloading
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Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) (PI3Kγ, specifically) can be activated by a change in the membrane potential due to muscle functional unloading; as a result, IP3 enhances Ca2+ entry in the nucleus via IS3R. This benefits activation of the transcriptional factors that trigger atrophy.
Inhibitor LY294002 was used to explore the PI3K role in ATP-dependent regulation of signaling in rat's muscles after 3-day suspension. PI3K inhibition after functional unloading slows down m. soleus atrophy, prevents ATP deposition, and expression of Å3-ubuquitine ligase MuRF1 and ubuquitine, prevents rise in expression of IP3-receptors, regulates the activity of Ca-dependent signaling pathways by reducing expression of Ca-dependent ìÐÍÊ CaN markers, and phosphorylation of CaMKII (Ñà/calmodulin kinase II); the inhibitor modulates also regulation of the anabolic signaling markers IRS1 and 4E-BP in unloaded muscles.
Key words: phosphoinositide-3-kinase, ATP, MuRF1, muscular atrophy.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 68-75.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-68-75
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Bryndina I.G., Protopopov V.A., Sekunov A.V., Omeliukhina D.V. Effect of acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor on regulation of fast and slow isoforms of myosin heavy chain expression in rat soleus muscle during 7-day functional unloading
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Functional unloading of postural muscles leads to atrophy and changes in regulation of myosin heavy chains (MyHC) expression resulting in shifting the muscle phenotype towards a more active synthesis of fast MHCs isoforms.
This investigation was concerned with regulation of Iβ, IIA, IIB and IIDX expression in rat m. soleus after 7-day tail-suspension; some of the suspended rats were treated with amitriptyline, an acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) inhibitor. Expression of the MyHC genes was assessed using real-time PCR and western-blotting. Blotting was also used to determine levels of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of proteins involved in the regulation of muscle myosin phenotype (NFAT1 and MyoD1). Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to analyze muscle sections for changes in ceramide and ASM, and morphological signs of atrophy.
It was shown that amitryptiline prevented such typical unloading-induced changes in m. soleus phenotype, as a decreased expression of slow MyHC isoform and increased expression of fast isoforms. Also, amitryptiline prevented muscle atrophy, activation of MyoD1 and inactivation of NFAT1. These observations indicate participation of ASM and ceramide in signaling pathways involved in the development of postural muscle atrophy and changes in its myosin phenotype caused by functional unloading.
Key words: skeletal muscles, functional unloading, muscle phenotype, atrophy, acid sphingomyelinase, ceramide, NFAT1, MyoD1.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 76-83.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-76-83
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Fomina D.I., Goghicheva Ê.Ê., Biriukov N.S., Ogneva I.V. Cellular respiration in native and de-choreionized oocytes of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster following 6-hour exposure in simulated microgravity and hypergravity
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Polarography was used to determine the cellular respiration rate as a marker of the mitochondrial function of native and de-choreinonized oocytes from fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster following 6-hr exposure in simulated microgravity and hypergravity (2 g). Relative content of cytochrome c and ATP-synthase (blw) were determined using western-blotting. Two types of fly were those collected from the standard nutrient medium and from a medium with added 500 mg/kg of phospholipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the grumulus (essential phospholipids).
The findings point to a decrease of the cellular respiration rate in native oocytes at the expense of follicular cells (de-choreinonized oocytes had no change) that took place both in hypergravity (change in complex I in the mitochondrial respiration chain) and simulated microgravity (change in complex II and, probably, complex I). The relative cytochrome c content reduced after exposure in microgravity, while the ATP-synthase content was found reduced following exposure in hypergravity. Essential phospholipids added to the medium reduced the cholesterol content in membrane cells and thus prevented these changes.
Key words: microgravity, hypergravity, oocyte, cellular respiration, Drosophila melanogaster.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 84-91.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-84-91
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Gaisenok O.V., Gaisenok D.O., Bogachev S.À. Evaluation of the fffect of disturbed geomagnetic field on well-being and functional parameters of the cardiovascular system of humans: first results of a pilot follow-up study
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We studies changes in the cardiovascular functional parameters and well-being on the background of Earth's magnetic field disturbances. Participants were 19 young females (median age = 19 (16; 26)). The participant profile sheet included information about age, lab data, diseases in the past, smoking, and data of the cardiovascular system investigation using AngioScan-01P. Information about well-being, activity and mood was collected using a validated WAM questionnaire. Level of the geomagnetic field disturbance was calculated by monitoring the Kp- and Ap indices.
Correlation analysis showed significant relations (ð < 0.05) between the calculated vascular age and Êð-3 (r = 0.46) and Ap-3 (r = 0.59), smoking (r = 0.61) and WAM score, well-being, specifically (r= -0.51). The WAM total score correlated reliably with Àð-3 (r = -0.5); well-being correlated with the calculated vascular age (r = -0.52), Êð-3 (r = -0.49) and Àð-3 (r = -0.47); the positive smoking status correlated with Kp-3 (r = 0.63) and Ap-3 (r = 0.63). Calculated vascular age of smokers was older –44 (41;49), vs – 33 (30;37), ð = 0.01. Comparative analysis of these data showed a decrease of the total WAM score in the period of GMF disturbance.
These findings confirm the negative effect of disturbed GMF on well-being, activity and mood. Among the factors that amplify the effect of particular concern is smoking. Absence of difference in the cardiovascular parameters on the days of quiet and disturbed GMF can be explained by youth and good health of the participants.
Key words: disturbed geomagnetic field, GMF indices, well-being, young age, functional parameters, cardiovascular system.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 92-97.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-92-97
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Shchegoleva L.S., Shashkova E.Yu., Filippova Î.Å., Kabbani Ì.S. Correlation between concentrations of leukocytes and vascular endothelium growth factor in peripheral blood of residents of the Russian subarctic region who have had COVID-19
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The extreme climate and eco-environment of the Russian subarctic region hamper the processes of self-regulation and re-establishment of optimal functioning of the body systems. This leads to activation and stressing the cell and humoral mechanisms of immunity and disruption of immune homeostasis. Vascular endothelium growth factor (EGF) is key for the immune system as it influences substantially the blood-forming processes and immune cell differentiation. The fact that VEGF concentration rises during COVID-19 and impacts its pathogenesis can be used as a prognostic indicator of COVID-19 severity.
Correlation of VEGF and leukocytes after the COVID-19 epidemic was investigated in residents of the subarctic Arkhangelsk region. Participants were 29 females at the age of 40 ± 2 yrs without chronic diseases who had had light or severe COVID-19 six months earlier. The examination included peripheral blood analysis for neutrophils, lymphocyte phenotypes CD8+ and CD16+, and VEGF.
In 6 moths after COVID-19, the females had a deficient total lymphocyte count (20.7 %), and increases in concentration of CD8+ – 0.52 (0.44; 0.68) × 109 cells/l) and CD16+ – 0.55 (0.48; 0.72) × 109 cells/l). The increase in VEGF (>100 pg/ml) was in a strong correlation (r = 0.79, p < 0.01) with high levels of CD8+ and CD16+ in 51.7 % females.
The examination showed also a delayed recovery of immune homeostasis which is dependent on the correlation between VEGF and cells CD8+ and CD16+.
Key words: subarctic, COVID-19, growth factors of the vascular endothelium, immune homeostasis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 98-102.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-98-102
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Yasnetsov V.V. Effect of a new nicotinic acid derivative and a new heterocyclic compound on the level of animal's hippocampus
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Experiments on hippocampal slices in rats demonstrated that new nicotinic acid derivative LKHT 20-19 and heterocyclic compound LKhT 3-21 at the concentrations of 5 mM inhibited orthodromic population responses in field ÑÀ1 by 78 ± 2 % and 96 ± 3 %, respectively; comparison preparation mexicor (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate) in the similar concentration inhibited these responses by 52 ± 4 %. Effectiveness of LKHT 20-19 and LKHT 3-21 exceeded that of mexicor in 1.5 and 1.8 times, respectively; LKHT 3-21 exceeded LKHT 20-19 in 1.2 times. Competitive AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX at 1 µM counteracted the depressing effect of LKHT 20-19 in 1.1 times more distinctly than of LKHT 3-21: by 91 ± 1 % and 85 ± 1 %, respectively. Also, in the presence of L-glutamate (0.75 Ì), LKHT 20-19 (5 mÌ) inhibited the evoked responses of neurons by 83 ± 1 % and LKHT 3-21 (5 mÌ) by 92 ± 1 %. In its turn, CNQX mitigated inhibition of the LKHT 20-19 evoked responses in 1.1 times more distinctly than LKHT 3-21, i.e. by 94 ± 1 % and 84 ± 1 %, respectively. Therefore, LKHT 20-19 and LKHT 3-21 inhibit the synaptic transmission between the Schaffer colaterals and ÑÀ1 pyramidal neurons. Both compounds have the L-glutamate origin that shows itself almost entirely in LKHT 3-21 and less, though predominantly, in LKHT 20-19. Effects of these new compounds are achieved owing the main (LKHT 20-19) or predominant (LKHT 3-21) involvement of the AMPA glutamate receptors. It can be concluded that the hippocampus has a significant role in realization of the central effect of these new compounds.
Key words: new nicotinic acid derivative, new heterocyclic compound, population responses, evoked responses, L-glutamate, AMPA glutamate receptors, hippocampus.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 103-107.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-103-107
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Naumov P.Yu., Kholikov I.V., Utiuganov À.À. Legal matters of the observance of medical secrecy in the process of army (flight) medical examination
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The reason for social concern over the observance of medical secrecy is that illegal disclosure of specific information may have serious adverse consequences for patients, infringe upon their rights or rights of their family members, harm dignity and business reputation. This is why investigations in this field are topical, especially considering that medical and legal literature on the subject is scanty.
The paper describes and justifies the legal regime of medical secrecy observance in the process of army (flight) medical examination.
Methodology of the investigation rested on the system, comparative-legal and dialectic approaches. The principle methods were analysis and synthesis, comparison and analogy, deduction and induction, systematization and classification, abstracting and generalization of empirical, historical and legal data.
Scrutiny of the legal aspects underlying the army flight medical examination proves that at present the subject of investigation is well regulated. Also, medical secrecy is protected by the established law enforcement and judicial practices. However, revision of the legal norms that pertain to handling confidential information by the army flight medical boards should not be excluded.
Key words: examination report, types of medical examination, army flight medical examination and certification, army flight medical board, medical secrecy, confidentiality protected by law, legal regime.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2024. V. 58. ¹ 6. P. 108-116.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2024-58-6-108-116
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Chronicle and Information
Baranov V.M., Belakovskiy M.S. Nefedov Yuri Gerasimovich. On the 100th anniversary of his birth
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